Why is Trafficking in Persons (TIP) more widespread in some countries than others? Different theories associate this with levels of economic development, political institutions, government policies and particular historical and cultural traditions. This article analyzes human trafficking rates (HTR) from 64 countries compiled by UNODC for the period 2003-2008. The following eight arguments find significant empirical support: Countries with Protestant traditions, higher Misery Index, higher GDP per capital, and (especially) OECD members were less susceptible to TIP. Countries with a higher level of 'ethno-linguistic' fragmentation and Islamic countries had higher HTR. While openness of the economy increases HTR, we found that countries can grow their way out of TIP after long exposure to trade.
{"title":"Trafficking in Persons - An Economics Perspective Part 1 of 3","authors":"Bo Jiang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1961393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1961393","url":null,"abstract":"Why is Trafficking in Persons (TIP) more widespread in some countries than others? Different theories associate this with levels of economic development, political institutions, government policies and particular historical and cultural traditions. This article analyzes human trafficking rates (HTR) from 64 countries compiled by UNODC for the period 2003-2008. The following eight arguments find significant empirical support: Countries with Protestant traditions, higher Misery Index, higher GDP per capital, and (especially) OECD members were less susceptible to TIP. Countries with a higher level of 'ethno-linguistic' fragmentation and Islamic countries had higher HTR. While openness of the economy increases HTR, we found that countries can grow their way out of TIP after long exposure to trade.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130098190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate 218 Related Party Transactions (RPTs) in Israel, an economy characterized by a high percentage of closely held firms, and identify a non-linear inverted U connection between the value effect of RPT and the level of firm ownership concentration. This non-linear connection is similar to the worldwide documented quadratic (inverted U) relation between ownership concentration and a firm's Tobin's Q. The relation becomes even stronger statistically, when we measure ownership concentration using a strategic power approach, in an attempt to identify the source of this puzzling connection.
{"title":"Ownership Concentration and the Value Effect of Related Party Transactions","authors":"Yaron Amzaleg, Ronen Barak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1959557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1959557","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate 218 Related Party Transactions (RPTs) in Israel, an economy characterized by a high percentage of closely held firms, and identify a non-linear inverted U connection between the value effect of RPT and the level of firm ownership concentration. This non-linear connection is similar to the worldwide documented quadratic (inverted U) relation between ownership concentration and a firm's Tobin's Q. The relation becomes even stronger statistically, when we measure ownership concentration using a strategic power approach, in an attempt to identify the source of this puzzling connection.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131282234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Skill shortages are often portrayed as a major problem for the economies of many countries including the Australian economy. Yet, there is surprisingly little evidence about their prevalence, causes and consequences. This paper attempts to improve our understanding about these issues by using econometric methods to analyse the Business Longitudinal Database, an Australian panel data-set with information about skill shortages in small- and medium-sized businesses during 2004/05. We use this information to: (1) explore the incidence of skill shortages and the business attributes that are associated with them; (2) identify which businesses face more complex skill shortages, as measured by the number of different causes reported simultaneously; and, uniquely, (3) examine how this complexity affects businesses' responses to skill shortages and aspects of their subsequent performance. We show that complex skill shortages are more likely than simpler (single-cause) skill shortages to persist and to trigger defensive responses from businesses. We reject the conception of skill shortages as a homogenous phenomenon, and demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between skill shortages according to whether they have simple or complex causes.
{"title":"Adjusting to Skill Shortages: Complexity and Consequences","authors":"J. Healy, K. Mavromaras, P. Sloane","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1958753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1958753","url":null,"abstract":"Skill shortages are often portrayed as a major problem for the economies of many countries including the Australian economy. Yet, there is surprisingly little evidence about their prevalence, causes and consequences. This paper attempts to improve our understanding about these issues by using econometric methods to analyse the Business Longitudinal Database, an Australian panel data-set with information about skill shortages in small- and medium-sized businesses during 2004/05. We use this information to: (1) explore the incidence of skill shortages and the business attributes that are associated with them; (2) identify which businesses face more complex skill shortages, as measured by the number of different causes reported simultaneously; and, uniquely, (3) examine how this complexity affects businesses' responses to skill shortages and aspects of their subsequent performance. We show that complex skill shortages are more likely than simpler (single-cause) skill shortages to persist and to trigger defensive responses from businesses. We reject the conception of skill shortages as a homogenous phenomenon, and demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between skill shortages according to whether they have simple or complex causes.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123833138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper builds a model for the evolution of the labor market in a rapidly growing economy in response to the arrival of a large number of foreign (high-productivity) rms. Such high-productivity rms increase demand for skill which requires both education and experience. While the return to education will rise, the wages of young college graduates may decrease. The dynamic version of the model also predicts that in the short run, there will be an over-supply of young college graduates and higher wage inequality than in the long run. Using a unique wage dataset, I found that these predictions are consistent with the recent development of the labor market in China. I also found supporting evidence from other rapidly developing countries in the last thirty years.
{"title":"Evolution of the Labor Market in a Rapidly Developing Economy","authors":"James Liang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1984833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1984833","url":null,"abstract":"This paper builds a model for the evolution of the labor market in a rapidly growing economy in response to the arrival of a large number of foreign (high-productivity) rms. Such high-productivity rms increase demand for skill which requires both education and experience. While the return to education will rise, the wages of young college graduates may decrease. The dynamic version of the model also predicts that in the short run, there will be an over-supply of young college graduates and higher wage inequality than in the long run. Using a unique wage dataset, I found that these predictions are consistent with the recent development of the labor market in China. I also found supporting evidence from other rapidly developing countries in the last thirty years.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115986454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose - This paper develops a discussion looking at the correlation between revenue as the independent variable and profit at two levels (EBIT and NPAT).Design/methodology/approach - This study entails Australia, The United States of America and The United Kingdom.The data collected is from public listed corporations from 2000 - 2010 for the development of multivariate regression models for parametric data. These developed models are constructed to test relationships between dependant and independent variables in line with research questions and hypotheses.Findings - The findings found that there is a high correlation using the adjusted R2 measure between revenue and profit.Originality/value - The paper will be of vital importance to other academics looking at this question, and to both public and private sector entities.
{"title":"Business Seem to Be Doing Their Share","authors":"P. Rampling","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1959107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1959107","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose - This paper develops a discussion looking at the correlation between revenue as the independent variable and profit at two levels (EBIT and NPAT).Design/methodology/approach - This study entails Australia, The United States of America and The United Kingdom.The data collected is from public listed corporations from 2000 - 2010 for the development of multivariate regression models for parametric data. These developed models are constructed to test relationships between dependant and independent variables in line with research questions and hypotheses.Findings - The findings found that there is a high correlation using the adjusted R2 measure between revenue and profit.Originality/value - The paper will be of vital importance to other academics looking at this question, and to both public and private sector entities.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124312476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.1920/WP.CEM.2011.3611
P. Carneiro, Michael Lokshin, Cristóbal Ridao-cano, N. Umapathi
This paper estimates average and marginal returns to schooling in Indonesia using a non-parametric selection model estimated by local instrumental variables, and data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. The analysis finds that the return to upper secondary schooling varies widely across individual: it can be as high as 50 percent per year of schooling for those very likely to enroll in upper secondary schooling, or as low as -10 percent for those very unlikely to do so. Returns to the marginal student (14 percent) are well below those for the average student attending upper secondary schooling (27 percent).
{"title":"Average and Marginal Returns to Upper Secondary Schooling in Indonesia","authors":"P. Carneiro, Michael Lokshin, Cristóbal Ridao-cano, N. Umapathi","doi":"10.1920/WP.CEM.2011.3611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1920/WP.CEM.2011.3611","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates average and marginal returns to schooling in Indonesia using a non-parametric selection model estimated by local instrumental variables, and data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. The analysis finds that the return to upper secondary schooling varies widely across individual: it can be as high as 50 percent per year of schooling for those very likely to enroll in upper secondary schooling, or as low as -10 percent for those very unlikely to do so. Returns to the marginal student (14 percent) are well below those for the average student attending upper secondary schooling (27 percent).","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128474781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-30DOI: 10.1920/WP.IFS.2011.1101
R. Blundell, Antoine Bozio, G. Laroque
This paper documents the key stylised facts underlying the evolution of labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins in the last forty years in three countries: United-States, United-Kingdom and France. We develop a statistical decomposition that provides bounds on changes at the extensive and intensive margins. This decomposition is also shown to be coherent with the analysis of labour supply elasticities at these margins. We use detailed representative micro-datasets to examine the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins in explaining the overall changes in total hours worked.
{"title":"Extensive and Intensive Margins of Labour Supply: Working Hours in the US, UK and France","authors":"R. Blundell, Antoine Bozio, G. Laroque","doi":"10.1920/WP.IFS.2011.1101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1920/WP.IFS.2011.1101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the key stylised facts underlying the evolution of labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins in the last forty years in three countries: United-States, United-Kingdom and France. We develop a statistical decomposition that provides bounds on changes at the extensive and intensive margins. This decomposition is also shown to be coherent with the analysis of labour supply elasticities at these margins. We use detailed representative micro-datasets to examine the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins in explaining the overall changes in total hours worked.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116194992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews and discusses available empirical research on the impact of violent conflict on the level and access to education of civilian and combatant populations affected by violence. Three main themes emerge from this empirical review. The first is that relatively minor shocks to educational access can lead to significant and long-lasting detrimental effects on individual human capital formation in terms of educational attainment, health outcomes and labour market opportunities. Secondly, the destruction of infrastructure, the absence of teachers and reductions in schooling capacity affect secondary schooling disproportionately. Finally, the exposure of households to violence results in significant gender differentials in individual educational outcomes. The paper then turns its attention to the specific mechanisms that link violent conflict with educational outcomes, an area largely unexplored in the literatures on conflict and education. The paper focuses six key mechanisms: soldiering, household labour allocation decisions, fear, changes in returns to education, targeting of schools, teachers and students and displacement.
{"title":"Violent Conflict and Human Capital Accumulation","authors":"P. Justino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1948651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1948651","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews and discusses available empirical research on the impact of violent conflict on the level and access to education of civilian and combatant populations affected by violence. Three main themes emerge from this empirical review. The first is that relatively minor shocks to educational access can lead to significant and long-lasting detrimental effects on individual human capital formation in terms of educational attainment, health outcomes and labour market opportunities. Secondly, the destruction of infrastructure, the absence of teachers and reductions in schooling capacity affect secondary schooling disproportionately. Finally, the exposure of households to violence results in significant gender differentials in individual educational outcomes. The paper then turns its attention to the specific mechanisms that link violent conflict with educational outcomes, an area largely unexplored in the literatures on conflict and education. The paper focuses six key mechanisms: soldiering, household labour allocation decisions, fear, changes in returns to education, targeting of schools, teachers and students and displacement.","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122332895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women on corporate boards have been the subject of an abundant literature (theoretical and empirical) in many countries, mainly in the United States, in the United Kingdom and in Scandinavian countries. Main results show an average slow progress and relatively low number of women on corporate boards. There are significant differences between countries. Overall, women hold about 10% of the seats of boards.To our knowledge, there are no study-examining women on corporate boards in France. The article describes how women managed to break through what the author so-called the “glass ceiling” by examining empirically their progress on the boards of the 120 largest firms in France (SBF 120). Similarly, we investigate their role as internal and external directors and as CEO.Overall, our results show a significant increase in the number of women on corporate boards. In 2009, 66% of the SBF 120 large-cap companies have at least one board seat filled by a woman (against 40% in 2000). Women hold nearly 10% of the seats. However, a closer analysis reveals that the number of women serving as internal director and as CEO of a company remain low (around 2%), corroborating the Anglo-Saxon studies in this matter. There are no signs predicting any progress in this number, which even tends to regress.We analyze women’s progression on corporate board in light of various theoretical explanations, across two levels: board (Social identity, and Social Network and Social Cohesion theories) and firm (Resource Dependency).
{"title":"Women's Progression on French Corporate Board: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the SBF 120 Index, 2000-2009","authors":"R. Dang","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1945189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1945189","url":null,"abstract":"Women on corporate boards have been the subject of an abundant literature (theoretical and empirical) in many countries, mainly in the United States, in the United Kingdom and in Scandinavian countries. Main results show an average slow progress and relatively low number of women on corporate boards. There are significant differences between countries. Overall, women hold about 10% of the seats of boards.To our knowledge, there are no study-examining women on corporate boards in France. The article describes how women managed to break through what the author so-called the “glass ceiling” by examining empirically their progress on the boards of the 120 largest firms in France (SBF 120). Similarly, we investigate their role as internal and external directors and as CEO.Overall, our results show a significant increase in the number of women on corporate boards. In 2009, 66% of the SBF 120 large-cap companies have at least one board seat filled by a woman (against 40% in 2000). Women hold nearly 10% of the seats. However, a closer analysis reveals that the number of women serving as internal director and as CEO of a company remain low (around 2%), corroborating the Anglo-Saxon studies in this matter. There are no signs predicting any progress in this number, which even tends to regress.We analyze women’s progression on corporate board in light of various theoretical explanations, across two levels: board (Social identity, and Social Network and Social Cohesion theories) and firm (Resource Dependency).","PeriodicalId":306816,"journal":{"name":"Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics eJournal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134559231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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