A. A. K. Krisnandika, I. Wijaya, I. A. A. Ambarawati, A. A. Adi, E. Tamura, C. Hongo
The trend of rice productivity and its stability in Badung Regency are presented in this study. The area is a tourism-based economy without leaving the role of rice production to feed the people. Time series data were collected from five sub districts covering 53 villages during 2008-2016 due to the completeness of the data. Variability of the data was observed from the coefficient of variance (C.V.) to decide rice productivity stability. This study also observed correlation between rainfall and rice productivity in the area. Result of the study shows that rice productivity trend in Badung Regency tend to decline during nine years of observation especially in 2014-2016. Three sub-districts had stable condition, while two sub-districts in tourism area contributed to the decline of this matter. Analysis using bi-plot revealed that there is no significant correlation between rainfall in sub-district and rice productivity, implying that water is available throughout the year. In terms of stability, majority of villages (69.81%) had stable condition of rice productivity ranging from middle and high category. Other 30.19% villages were categorized as unstable ranging from low to high productivity. This condition showed that Badung Regency were able to maintain stability of rice productivity during nine years of observation. Implication of this study is to pay more attention to two sub districts in tourism area to improve their rice productivity such as implementation of good agricultural practices.
{"title":"Rice Productivity Growth During Nine Years in Badung Regency, Bali Province","authors":"A. A. K. Krisnandika, I. Wijaya, I. A. A. Ambarawati, A. A. Adi, E. Tamura, C. Hongo","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.1808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.1808","url":null,"abstract":"The trend of rice productivity and its stability in Badung Regency are presented in this study. The area is a tourism-based economy without leaving the role of rice production to feed the people. Time series data were collected from five sub districts covering 53 villages during 2008-2016 due to the completeness of the data. Variability of the data was observed from the coefficient of variance (C.V.) to decide rice productivity stability. This study also observed correlation between rainfall and rice productivity in the area. Result of the study shows that rice productivity trend in Badung Regency tend to decline during nine years of observation especially in 2014-2016. Three sub-districts had stable condition, while two sub-districts in tourism area contributed to the decline of this matter. Analysis using bi-plot revealed that there is no significant correlation between rainfall in sub-district and rice productivity, implying that water is available throughout the year. In terms of stability, majority of villages (69.81%) had stable condition of rice productivity ranging from middle and high category. Other 30.19% villages were categorized as unstable ranging from low to high productivity. This condition showed that Badung Regency were able to maintain stability of rice productivity during nine years of observation. Implication of this study is to pay more attention to two sub districts in tourism area to improve their rice productivity such as implementation of good agricultural practices.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"106-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41438455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Akib, A. Nuddin, R. Prayudyaningsih, Syatrawati Syatrawati, Henny Setiawaty
Mycorrhizal fungi that are capable of adapting and resistant to heavy metal contaminated environments have received special attention for phytorhizoremediation researchers. The aim of the study was to explore native mycorrhizal fungi from areas contaminated with heavy metals to be used as starter biological agents in the phytorhizoremediation program. This research was carried out in two phases, i.e. rhizosphere sampling of Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Sumasang sp (local name) and Spathoglottis plicata at coordinates 2 O 31'57,6"S and 121 O 22'50,7"E. Rhizosphere of Chromolaena odorata, Melastama affine and Nephrolepis exaltata at coordinates 2 O 31'53,5"S and 121 O 22'35,4"E, Sorowako, Indonesia; While the other phase is isolating and identifying mycorrhizal spores in the Microbiology Laboratory, Research and Development Center for Environment and Forestry in Makassar, Indonesia. The results showed that be discovered three genus of mycorrhizal fungi were able to adapt and resistant in areas contaminated with Cr, Co, and Cu, i.e. 44.44% to 75.86% Acaulospora sp; 9.52% to 44.44% Gigaspora sp, and 3.38% to 19.05% Glomus sp. which could be used as source of inoculum in Phyto-rhizoremediation program. We recommend using native mycorrhizal fungi combined with endemic plant of location to rehabilitation heavy metal contaminated soils.
能够适应和抵抗重金属污染环境的菌根真菌受到了植物根修复研究人员的特别关注。本研究的目的是探索来自重金属污染地区的原生菌根真菌，在植物根修复计划中用作起始生物制剂。本研究分两个阶段进行，即在坐标2 O 31'57,6“S和121 O 22'50,7”e处对甘草、Sumasang sp（当地名称）和褶皱Spathoglotis plicata的根际取样。在坐标2 O 31'53,5“S和121 O 22'35,4”E处，印度尼西亚索罗瓦科，臭蝶、仿射Melastama和高肾线虫的根际；另一个阶段是在印度尼西亚望加锡环境与林业研究与发展中心微生物实验室分离和鉴定菌根孢子。结果表明，在Cr、Co、Cu污染区，菌根真菌有3个属能适应和抗性，分别为：Acaulospora sp44.44%～75.86%；9.52%至44.44%的Gigaspora sp.和3.38%至19.05%的Glomus sp。我们建议使用本地菌根真菌与当地特有植物相结合来修复重金属污染的土壤。
{"title":"Native Mycorrhizal Fungi in Land Contaminated Cr, Co and Cu","authors":"M. Akib, A. Nuddin, R. Prayudyaningsih, Syatrawati Syatrawati, Henny Setiawaty","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.1918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.1918","url":null,"abstract":"Mycorrhizal fungi that are capable of adapting and resistant to heavy metal contaminated environments have received special attention for phytorhizoremediation researchers. The aim of the study was to explore native mycorrhizal fungi from areas contaminated with heavy metals to be used as starter biological agents in the phytorhizoremediation program. This research was carried out in two phases, i.e. rhizosphere sampling of Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Sumasang sp (local name) and Spathoglottis plicata at coordinates 2 O 31'57,6\"S and 121 O 22'50,7\"E. Rhizosphere of Chromolaena odorata, Melastama affine and Nephrolepis exaltata at coordinates 2 O 31'53,5\"S and 121 O 22'35,4\"E, Sorowako, Indonesia; While the other phase is isolating and identifying mycorrhizal spores in the Microbiology Laboratory, Research and Development Center for Environment and Forestry in Makassar, Indonesia. The results showed that be discovered three genus of mycorrhizal fungi were able to adapt and resistant in areas contaminated with Cr, Co, and Cu, i.e. 44.44% to 75.86% Acaulospora sp; 9.52% to 44.44% Gigaspora sp, and 3.38% to 19.05% Glomus sp. which could be used as source of inoculum in Phyto-rhizoremediation program. We recommend using native mycorrhizal fungi combined with endemic plant of location to rehabilitation heavy metal contaminated soils.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"116-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43784945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Upland agriculture faces threats in the ecological crisis that will affect the sustainability of highland communities. The process lasts quite long because of external and internal influences, leading to ecological exploitation. Agricultural development, is closely related to the influence of government policy. Research focuses on discussing aspects of policy influence on the development of upland agriculture. The research is a qualitative study, using an inductive approach, the case of ethnic thorn communities in Enrekang Regency. The results of the study indicate that the three main policies that influence the development of upland agriculture are: 1). Political policy and government system, 2). Rural development policies and infrastructure, 3). Decentralization or regional autonomy, 4). Economic policies, especially investment and markets. The conclusion is that the development of agriculture is economically progressing in the shadow of the ecological crisis, drought, flooding and impact on humanitarian crisis, because it needs arrangements in land management and the application of technology for agricultural development.
{"title":"Influence of Government Policy on Highland Agriculture Development in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia","authors":"I. Summase, M. Ali, D. Salman, D. Rukmana","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.1916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.1916","url":null,"abstract":"Upland agriculture faces threats in the ecological crisis that will affect the sustainability of highland communities. The process lasts quite long because of external and internal influences, leading to ecological exploitation. Agricultural development, is closely related to the influence of government policy. Research focuses on discussing aspects of policy influence on the development of upland agriculture. The research is a qualitative study, using an inductive approach, the case of ethnic thorn communities in Enrekang Regency. The results of the study indicate that the three main policies that influence the development of upland agriculture are: 1). Political policy and government system, 2). Rural development policies and infrastructure, 3). Decentralization or regional autonomy, 4). Economic policies, especially investment and markets. The conclusion is that the development of agriculture is economically progressing in the shadow of the ecological crisis, drought, flooding and impact on humanitarian crisis, because it needs arrangements in land management and the application of technology for agricultural development.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"100-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44978934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Syamsia, Abubakar Idhan, A. Patappari, N. Noerfitryani, R. Rahmi, I. Rahim
Local rice is rice that has been cultivated for generations by the community and commonly cultivated without using chemical inputs. Endophytic fungi are fungi that live in the plant tissue and does not cause disease symptoms in the host plants. This study aimed to molecular identifying isolates of MDTA and MDTB endophytic fungi which have been isolated from the local Pulu Mandoti rice plant tissue and growth test on the four types of culture media those were synthetic PDA, natural PDA, MPA, and MEA. The fungi DNA isolation using DNesay Kit. DNA sequencing analysis using the mega BLAST program showed that the MDTB fungus has similarities to Podoscypha bolleana strain 32034 no accession JQ675334 and Podoscypha bolleana strain 32032 no accession JQ675332, whereas the MDTA fungus has similarities to Coprinopsis cinerea A2S3-5 isolate and Coprinopsis cinerea strain CNRMA / F 07-32. The best culture media and sporulation of endophytic fungi is MPA media. This research is the first study to molecular identifying with endophytic fungi from local rice and viability test on the four types of culture media. The results of this study contribute to the diversity of local rice endophytic fungi in Sulawesi.
{"title":"Molecular Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Local Rice and Growth Test on Several Types of Culture Media","authors":"S. Syamsia, Abubakar Idhan, A. Patappari, N. Noerfitryani, R. Rahmi, I. Rahim","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.2031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I2.2031","url":null,"abstract":"Local rice is rice that has been cultivated for generations by the community and commonly cultivated without using chemical inputs. Endophytic fungi are fungi that live in the plant tissue and does not cause disease symptoms in the host plants. This study aimed to molecular identifying isolates of MDTA and MDTB endophytic fungi which have been isolated from the local Pulu Mandoti rice plant tissue and growth test on the four types of culture media those were synthetic PDA, natural PDA, MPA, and MEA. The fungi DNA isolation using DNesay Kit. DNA sequencing analysis using the mega BLAST program showed that the MDTB fungus has similarities to Podoscypha bolleana strain 32034 no accession JQ675334 and Podoscypha bolleana strain 32032 no accession JQ675332, whereas the MDTA fungus has similarities to Coprinopsis cinerea A2S3-5 isolate and Coprinopsis cinerea strain CNRMA / F 07-32. The best culture media and sporulation of endophytic fungi is MPA media. This research is the first study to molecular identifying with endophytic fungi from local rice and viability test on the four types of culture media. The results of this study contribute to the diversity of local rice endophytic fungi in Sulawesi.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42022042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study contributes to the improvement of knowledge of farmers based on reproductive technology training interventions in terms of knowing that signs of lust, how to administer hormones to cause uniformity of lust or estrus or prostaglandin, and to know the exterior shape of productive female beef cattle. This study uses a pre-test and post-test model approach through training interventions. Also using mixed method research is a methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative methods. This method allows researchers to present qualitative studies through descriptive explanations and also quantitatively through numbers, tables, graphs, charts and statistical data. For the measurement scale to quantify qualitative data, the measurement scale is Likert 3 levels. The results show that training interventions can improve the knowledge or skills and expertise of beef cattle farmers in terms of reproductive technology and minimize the dependence of farmers on extension workers.
{"title":"Farmer Technical Knowledge of Reproductive Technology and Training Interventions","authors":"T. Rasyid, M. Darwis, Andi Suarda","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1801","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributes to the improvement of knowledge of farmers based on reproductive technology training interventions in terms of knowing that signs of lust, how to administer hormones to cause uniformity of lust or estrus or prostaglandin, and to know the exterior shape of productive female beef cattle. This study uses a pre-test and post-test model approach through training interventions. Also using mixed method research is a methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative methods. This method allows researchers to present qualitative studies through descriptive explanations and also quantitatively through numbers, tables, graphs, charts and statistical data. For the measurement scale to quantify qualitative data, the measurement scale is Likert 3 levels. The results show that training interventions can improve the knowledge or skills and expertise of beef cattle farmers in terms of reproductive technology and minimize the dependence of farmers on extension workers.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49117985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to assess lowland rice-based organic farming system in selected municipalities of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. It was conducted in Magsaysay, San Jose and Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines from June 2016 up to March 2017. This study employed descriptive method of research utilizing pre-constructed questionnaire administered to 133 farmer-respondents using an interview schedule. Key informant interviews, focus group discussion and observation were also utilized to gather data. Descriptive statistics, as well as costs and returns analysis were used to present the results. Results showed that lowland rice-based organic farmers are old, predominantly male and literate. They have an average household size, with long farming experience, in general but with short engagement to organic farming practices. Farmers are owners of their farm land and affiliated to organizations, and had experience availing credit. They have high awareness on organic agriculture, while farmers have moderate adoption of it. Lowland rice-based organic farms are less productive but more profitable as compared to conventional farms. Farmers encountered problems in production, certification and marketing aspects of organic agriculture.
{"title":"Assessment of lowland rice-based organic farming in selected municipalities of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines","authors":"R. A. Dagos","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1839","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to assess lowland rice-based organic farming system in selected municipalities of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. It was conducted in Magsaysay, San Jose and Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines from June 2016 up to March 2017. This study employed descriptive method of research utilizing pre-constructed questionnaire administered to 133 farmer-respondents using an interview schedule. Key informant interviews, focus group discussion and observation were also utilized to gather data. Descriptive statistics, as well as costs and returns analysis were used to present the results. Results showed that lowland rice-based organic farmers are old, predominantly male and literate. They have an average household size, with long farming experience, in general but with short engagement to organic farming practices. Farmers are owners of their farm land and affiliated to organizations, and had experience availing credit. They have high awareness on organic agriculture, while farmers have moderate adoption of it. Lowland rice-based organic farms are less productive but more profitable as compared to conventional farms. Farmers encountered problems in production, certification and marketing aspects of organic agriculture.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47950401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the value chain in cocoa marketing activities that occur in cocoa farmers to cocoa bean processing institutions. The typological approach is carried out to find out the relationships that are established in each chain starting from the farmers as the first chain (producers) to the processing institutions. An efficient marketing process is one of the objectives of cocoa marketing activities. Value chain governance can illustrate typological coordination patterns that are related to each actor and show the type or type of governance type of each chain involved in marketing cocoa beans. Value chain governance (VCGs) is used to (1) identify the value chain and (2) determine the type of governance that is established in the cocoa market. So that we can know the conditions and types of governance that occur in the marketing of cocoa from the farmer to the final consumer. The method used is the analyze of VCGs by selecting a sample in a snowball sampling and calculating based on existing variables (complexity, codified, and capability). The results showed that through the VCGs approach which resulted in (1) there are 3 value chains with types of governance in cocoa marketing activities and (2) there are 3 value chains with types of governance, namely the value chain 1 (farmers–collectors-exporters) shows the Market type, value chain 2 (farmers-exporters) in Relational type, and value chian 3 in Hierarchy type (farmers-processing). Market type occurs if the value of complexity in low score, codification and capability gets a high score, Relational occurs if complexity and capability are in high value and the codification value is low, and Hierarchy occurs when the complexity is high but the codification and capability are low.
{"title":"Typology of Cocoa Value Chain Governance in West Sulawesi","authors":"Astina Astina, S. Jahroh, A. Fariyanti","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1764","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the value chain in cocoa marketing activities that occur in cocoa farmers to cocoa bean processing institutions. The typological approach is carried out to find out the relationships that are established in each chain starting from the farmers as the first chain (producers) to the processing institutions. An efficient marketing process is one of the objectives of cocoa marketing activities. Value chain governance can illustrate typological coordination patterns that are related to each actor and show the type or type of governance type of each chain involved in marketing cocoa beans. Value chain governance (VCGs) is used to (1) identify the value chain and (2) determine the type of governance that is established in the cocoa market. So that we can know the conditions and types of governance that occur in the marketing of cocoa from the farmer to the final consumer. The method used is the analyze of VCGs by selecting a sample in a snowball sampling and calculating based on existing variables (complexity, codified, and capability). The results showed that through the VCGs approach which resulted in (1) there are 3 value chains with types of governance in cocoa marketing activities and (2) there are 3 value chains with types of governance, namely the value chain 1 (farmers–collectors-exporters) shows the Market type, value chain 2 (farmers-exporters) in Relational type, and value chian 3 in Hierarchy type (farmers-processing). Market type occurs if the value of complexity in low score, codification and capability gets a high score, Relational occurs if complexity and capability are in high value and the codification value is low, and Hierarchy occurs when the complexity is high but the codification and capability are low.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43722299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Rahim, Syamsiar Zamzam, S. Suherman, S. Syamsia, Selis Meriem, Yunarti Yunarti, A. Nasruddin
Shallot production is affected by the cultivation techniques, one of them is seed coating. The technique is a practice by covering seeds by using particular substances such as growth regulators, micronutrients, fungicides, or antioxidants that increase seed vigor in the field. Micro nutrients and growth regulators can be collected from rot fungi. This study aimed to determine the leaf chlorophyll content and root diameter of shallot plants with seed coating used 4 superior rot fungi isolates that applied using single and combination isolates. The research was arranged in an experiment using a Randomized Block Design consisting of 11 treatments repeated 3 times so that there were 99 experimental units. Leaf chlorophyll content was measured by SPAD-502 plus chlorophyll meter, while the length and width of the leaf was measured by Leaf Area Meter. The results showed that seed coating with combination of Tramella sp + Pleurotus sp isolates gave the best response to the leaf chlorophyll content and the primary root diameter of the shallot. The highest content of leaf chlorophyll was 0.029 nm with a primary root diameter of 1.33 nm. Seed coating with a combination of rot fungi isolates is likely one of the techniques to increasing plant growth and chlorophylls content.
{"title":"Enhance content of leaf chlorophylls and the primary root diameter of shallot (Allium cepa L.) with seed coating by rot fungi","authors":"I. Rahim, Syamsiar Zamzam, S. Suherman, S. Syamsia, Selis Meriem, Yunarti Yunarti, A. Nasruddin","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1779","url":null,"abstract":"Shallot production is affected by the cultivation techniques, one of them is seed coating. The technique is a practice by covering seeds by using particular substances such as growth regulators, micronutrients, fungicides, or antioxidants that increase seed vigor in the field. Micro nutrients and growth regulators can be collected from rot fungi. This study aimed to determine the leaf chlorophyll content and root diameter of shallot plants with seed coating used 4 superior rot fungi isolates that applied using single and combination isolates. The research was arranged in an experiment using a Randomized Block Design consisting of 11 treatments repeated 3 times so that there were 99 experimental units. Leaf chlorophyll content was measured by SPAD-502 plus chlorophyll meter, while the length and width of the leaf was measured by Leaf Area Meter. The results showed that seed coating with combination of Tramella sp + Pleurotus sp isolates gave the best response to the leaf chlorophyll content and the primary root diameter of the shallot. The highest content of leaf chlorophyll was 0.029 nm with a primary root diameter of 1.33 nm. Seed coating with a combination of rot fungi isolates is likely one of the techniques to increasing plant growth and chlorophylls content.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"18-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47615660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nepal is developing country and it’s economic mainly based on Agricultural sector. A large number of people are relying on agriculture sector. However, still some districts are suffering from food deficit and huge amount of food items import from neighboring countries as well as others countries. In these reason, the Nepalese export import trade is unbalance. In this condition, this paper is trying to identify the role of agriculture sector in foreign trade of Nepal. For these purpose, we have used the secondary data and using the descriptive methods for getting the results. The analysis of data showed that imports of agricultural products are increasing from neighboring country as well as others countries. Two third amounts of agricultural products have imported from India and remaining portion from others countries. Due to large amount of imported agricultural product, Nepalese foreign trade is unbalanced. So policy maker should be focused on development of agriculture field, concerning policy and programs of this sector and pattern of foreign trade should be revised and reformed by the diversification, modernization, instrument-focused agriculture system, which could help to reduce trade deficit and keep it in certain trade balance of Nepal.
{"title":"Role of Agricultural Products in Foreign Trade of Nepal","authors":"Udaya Bahadur Rana Magar","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1819","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal is developing country and it’s economic mainly based on Agricultural sector. A large number of people are relying on agriculture sector. However, still some districts are suffering from food deficit and huge amount of food items import from neighboring countries as well as others countries. In these reason, the Nepalese export import trade is unbalance. In this condition, this paper is trying to identify the role of agriculture sector in foreign trade of Nepal. For these purpose, we have used the secondary data and using the descriptive methods for getting the results. The analysis of data showed that imports of agricultural products are increasing from neighboring country as well as others countries. Two third amounts of agricultural products have imported from India and remaining portion from others countries. Due to large amount of imported agricultural product, Nepalese foreign trade is unbalanced. So policy maker should be focused on development of agriculture field, concerning policy and programs of this sector and pattern of foreign trade should be revised and reformed by the diversification, modernization, instrument-focused agriculture system, which could help to reduce trade deficit and keep it in certain trade balance of Nepal.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"52-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48428310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farming in fishing communities has been little investigated in Japan up to now. Agriculture and fisheries are sectionalized and treated as different industries, and the farming situations in fishing households have not been studied statistically since 2003. This paper investigates farming in fishing communities (fishing-cum-farming households). Two methods used in the study. They are census analysis and survey analysis by picking up Sanriku Region, Japan. The results show that, fishing-cum- farming households were more than 80% of farming households in 1968. By 2003, the percentages had decreased to 15% and below. For fishing-cum-farming households, whether one owns paddy fields or not is significant because rice has been the dominant staple food in Japan. It was fortunate for fishermen to live in communities where paddies could be cultivated, but paddy fields were owned by a limited number of households. The total area of paddy fields increased as the northern limit of paddy production was extended.
{"title":"Farming in Fishing Communities in Japan: Case Study in the Sanriku Region","authors":"K. Yoshino, T. Kawaguchi","doi":"10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20956/IJAS.V7I1.1840","url":null,"abstract":"Farming in fishing communities has been little investigated in Japan up to now. Agriculture and fisheries are sectionalized and treated as different industries, and the farming situations in fishing households have not been studied statistically since 2003. This paper investigates farming in fishing communities (fishing-cum-farming households). Two methods used in the study. They are census analysis and survey analysis by picking up Sanriku Region, Japan. The results show that, fishing-cum- farming households were more than 80% of farming households in 1968. By 2003, the percentages had decreased to 15% and below. For fishing-cum-farming households, whether one owns paddy fields or not is significant because rice has been the dominant staple food in Japan. It was fortunate for fishermen to live in communities where paddies could be cultivated, but paddy fields were owned by a limited number of households. The total area of paddy fields increased as the northern limit of paddy production was extended.","PeriodicalId":30744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture System","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45377024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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