{"title":"The Stuff of Soldiers: A History of the Red Army in World War II through Objects by Brandon M. Schechter (review)","authors":"Kenneth D. Slepyan","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132223555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper discusses the concept of personal property as an ideological construct of Soviet power in its agricultural application. The case in point is the collectivized reindeer husbandry of the Russian Far North. I argue that personal property, as it developed in Soviet agricultural history, was a critical, informally employed tool in the creation of an existentially secure, paternalistic reality, represented by the Soviet farm (sovkhoz). "Sovkhoism" is introduced as a cover term for the practices and general worldview symbolized by the sovkhoz. A methodological claim I make is that reindeer husbandry provides the best possible example of how sovkhoism was engendered and developed. The paper also looks at post-Soviet reinterpretations of sovkhoism and makes predictions for its future. I conclude that the study of personal property and the worldview of sovkhoism calls attention to the role of mixed property categories and, further, the blurring of categorial distinctions in general. The blurring of the line between private and public (collective) property in the case discussed, with its lasting attractiveness for powered and disempowered actors alike, provides a hitherto ignored explanation for the popularity of Soviet and Soviet-like regimes.
{"title":"The \"Magic Tablecloth\": Personal Property and Sovkhoism in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia","authors":"Y. Konstantinov","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper discusses the concept of personal property as an ideological construct of Soviet power in its agricultural application. The case in point is the collectivized reindeer husbandry of the Russian Far North. I argue that personal property, as it developed in Soviet agricultural history, was a critical, informally employed tool in the creation of an existentially secure, paternalistic reality, represented by the Soviet farm (sovkhoz). \"Sovkhoism\" is introduced as a cover term for the practices and general worldview symbolized by the sovkhoz. A methodological claim I make is that reindeer husbandry provides the best possible example of how sovkhoism was engendered and developed. The paper also looks at post-Soviet reinterpretations of sovkhoism and makes predictions for its future. I conclude that the study of personal property and the worldview of sovkhoism calls attention to the role of mixed property categories and, further, the blurring of categorial distinctions in general. The blurring of the line between private and public (collective) property in the case discussed, with its lasting attractiveness for powered and disempowered actors alike, provides a hitherto ignored explanation for the popularity of Soviet and Soviet-like regimes.","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128275465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Iamal is the largest reindeer husbandry region in the world in both reindeer and herders. Here the market of reindeer production existed and the growth of personal reindeer numbers continued throughout the Soviet period and the period of the post-Soviet economic crisis. Economic liberalization has lifted restrictions on private reindeer ownership and the resulting growth of private herds has led to overgrazing. The paper discusses the cultural, economic, and ecological role of private reindeer herding as well as its legal aspects. The ecological role is given emphasis in the context of Hardin's "tragedy of the commons" concept. It is demonstrated that private/personal reindeer herding has always been the main driver of local reindeer herding and currently it is much more efficient than post-sovkhoz reindeer herding. However, as authority over the pasturelands still officially belongs to the ineffective and stagnant successors of Soviet sovkhozes and the political will to change this situation is absent, grazing resources represent common-pool resources and a situation closely resembling the tragedy of the commons emerges. It is argued that this situation necessitates state intervention, and measures to mitigate this situation, proposed by the reindeer herders themselves, are sketched. Finally, a list of principles to be adopted in order to ensure the further development of private reindeer herding and the continuation of its positive cultural and economic role are proposed.
{"title":"Siberian Private Reindeer Herders and the Market: The Case of Iamal","authors":"A. Yuzhakov","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Iamal is the largest reindeer husbandry region in the world in both reindeer and herders. Here the market of reindeer production existed and the growth of personal reindeer numbers continued throughout the Soviet period and the period of the post-Soviet economic crisis. Economic liberalization has lifted restrictions on private reindeer ownership and the resulting growth of private herds has led to overgrazing. The paper discusses the cultural, economic, and ecological role of private reindeer herding as well as its legal aspects. The ecological role is given emphasis in the context of Hardin's \"tragedy of the commons\" concept. It is demonstrated that private/personal reindeer herding has always been the main driver of local reindeer herding and currently it is much more efficient than post-sovkhoz reindeer herding. However, as authority over the pasturelands still officially belongs to the ineffective and stagnant successors of Soviet sovkhozes and the political will to change this situation is absent, grazing resources represent common-pool resources and a situation closely resembling the tragedy of the commons emerges. It is argued that this situation necessitates state intervention, and measures to mitigate this situation, proposed by the reindeer herders themselves, are sketched. Finally, a list of principles to be adopted in order to ensure the further development of private reindeer herding and the continuation of its positive cultural and economic role are proposed.","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134074255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In this paper, I discuss current practices of managing family budgets among nomadic reindeer herders of three raiony [municipalities] of the Iamal-Nenets Autonomous Region, Russian Federation. I also give examples of how informal practices of trade and exchange influence the development of reindeer herding in the region as well as the herders' ability to adapt to the market economy. On this basis, I explain why reindeer herders are driven to accumulate large private herds of reindeer despite growing overgrazing problems.
{"title":"The \"Success Story\" of Private Reindeer Husbandry in Iamal? A Look at Herders' Budgets 30 Years After","authors":"S. Zuev","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this paper, I discuss current practices of managing family budgets among nomadic reindeer herders of three raiony [municipalities] of the Iamal-Nenets Autonomous Region, Russian Federation. I also give examples of how informal practices of trade and exchange influence the development of reindeer herding in the region as well as the herders' ability to adapt to the market economy. On this basis, I explain why reindeer herders are driven to accumulate large private herds of reindeer despite growing overgrazing problems.","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123959726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enterprising Empires: Russia and Britain in Eighteenth-Century Eurasia by Matthew P. Romaniello (review)","authors":"C. Leckey","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129663390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This contribution seeks to compare the different preconditions and historical dynamics of socialist agriculture in two adjacent regions (northwest Poland and northeast Germany), along with the ways socialist agriculture is remembered and valorized nowadays. Based on interviews and written sources on agricultural history, the author sketches out divergent trajectories of sovkhoism. Comparing the two cases, the author examines how skill, spatial distance between farmhands and managers in a setting of mutual connivance, and ideas about land ownership shaped local varieties of give-and-take, and ultimately, how they informed memories about socialist agriculture.
{"title":"Private-in-the-Collective: Comparing the History and Legacy of Sovkhoism in Poland and Germany","authors":"J. O. Habeck","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This contribution seeks to compare the different preconditions and historical dynamics of socialist agriculture in two adjacent regions (northwest Poland and northeast Germany), along with the ways socialist agriculture is remembered and valorized nowadays. Based on interviews and written sources on agricultural history, the author sketches out divergent trajectories of sovkhoism. Comparing the two cases, the author examines how skill, spatial distance between farmhands and managers in a setting of mutual connivance, and ideas about land ownership shaped local varieties of give-and-take, and ultimately, how they informed memories about socialist agriculture.","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131906315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The study focuses on the way in which the satirical graphic art of the Russian Revolution of 1905 used the image of the bear to represent revolutionary events and both supporters and opponents of the autocracy. The author comes to the conclusion that this time period saw the emergence of the bear as a political symbol in Russia. The use of the bear as a political image became part of the symbolic struggle in which some political forces sought to delegitimize power, while others pursued the goal of discrediting the revolution. Left-wing journals used the image of the bear to designate both "us" and "them"; in some cases, the image served as an allegory of the oppressed and rebellious people, and in others it personified the autocracy and its supporters, particularly, the reactionaries of the Black Hundreds. Right-wing journals used the bear image as a symbol representing "us," and the bear was associated only with positive characteristics. Despite the differences mentioned, however, left- and right-wing journals also had something in common: the bear symbol was used to identify "Russianness," with both its positive and negative aspects. In the "political bestiary," therefore, the bear received the status of national animal symbol. At the same time, the semantics of the bear as a political symbol during this period were not yet fully established and it had not yet become an allegory personifying Russia.
{"title":"The Birth of the Russian Bear? The Bear Symbol in the Satirical Journals of the Russian Revolution of 1905","authors":"O. Riabov","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The study focuses on the way in which the satirical graphic art of the Russian Revolution of 1905 used the image of the bear to represent revolutionary events and both supporters and opponents of the autocracy. The author comes to the conclusion that this time period saw the emergence of the bear as a political symbol in Russia. The use of the bear as a political image became part of the symbolic struggle in which some political forces sought to delegitimize power, while others pursued the goal of discrediting the revolution. Left-wing journals used the image of the bear to designate both \"us\" and \"them\"; in some cases, the image served as an allegory of the oppressed and rebellious people, and in others it personified the autocracy and its supporters, particularly, the reactionaries of the Black Hundreds. Right-wing journals used the bear image as a symbol representing \"us,\" and the bear was associated only with positive characteristics. Despite the differences mentioned, however, left- and right-wing journals also had something in common: the bear symbol was used to identify \"Russianness,\" with both its positive and negative aspects. In the \"political bestiary,\" therefore, the bear received the status of national animal symbol. At the same time, the semantics of the bear as a political symbol during this period were not yet fully established and it had not yet become an allegory personifying Russia.","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128370937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Reindeer herding constitutes the basis of the traditional economy and culture of many indigenous peoples of Eurasia. This paper discusses the diverse trajectories reindeer herding in Russia has taken in different areas of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It is shown that three regional trajectories of reindeer-herding development can be distinguished: (1) the northeastern/taiga trajectory, characterized by a collapse of Soviet-era state farms (sovkhozes) and a dramatic decrease of reindeer herding; (2) the west Siberian trajectory, characterized by a collapse of sovkhozes and a boom in private reindeer herding; (3) the European (Barents Region) trajectory, characterized by a relative stability in the number of farms, reindeer, and reindeer herders. This diversity can be explained by three factors: the degree to which local reindeer herding has been "modernized" in the Soviet era, the legal status of the herders, and, most importantly, the worldview of "sovkhoism" as a complex of informal practices that manipulate collective property for personal advantage and communal security.
{"title":"Post-Soviet Reindeer Herders: Between Family and Collective Herding","authors":"K. Istomin","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Reindeer herding constitutes the basis of the traditional economy and culture of many indigenous peoples of Eurasia. This paper discusses the diverse trajectories reindeer herding in Russia has taken in different areas of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It is shown that three regional trajectories of reindeer-herding development can be distinguished: (1) the northeastern/taiga trajectory, characterized by a collapse of Soviet-era state farms (sovkhozes) and a dramatic decrease of reindeer herding; (2) the west Siberian trajectory, characterized by a collapse of sovkhozes and a boom in private reindeer herding; (3) the European (Barents Region) trajectory, characterized by a relative stability in the number of farms, reindeer, and reindeer herders. This diversity can be explained by three factors: the degree to which local reindeer herding has been \"modernized\" in the Soviet era, the legal status of the herders, and, most importantly, the worldview of \"sovkhoism\" as a complex of informal practices that manipulate collective property for personal advantage and communal security.","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121425152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: Beyond the Sayable: Informal Economic Precursors of the Post-Soviet Semiotic Crisis","authors":"Y. Konstantinov, K. Istomin","doi":"10.1353/reg.2020.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/reg.2020.0000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132063259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corn Crusade: Khrushchev's Farming Revolution in the Post-Stalin Soviet Union by Aaron Hale-Dorrell (review)","authors":"Y. Konstantinov","doi":"10.1353/REG.2020.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/REG.2020.0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307724,"journal":{"name":"Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia","volume":"4 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131540105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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