Pub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1177/1354067x241236722
Wolfgang Wagner
This paper argues that the term ‘social essence’ is overused in psychological research and includes instances that are not covered by the basic definition of an essentialist cognition with living beings. Imagining an essence of living beings is conceptualized as a meta-cognition that wraps up an exemplars' characteristics as a marker and assigns it a kind or species. This paper develops a framework of how social essentialism can be conceptualised to originate in natural contexts. Ethnic groups maintain a group identity that is defined by a set of diacritical markers and secured by a rule of endogamy, which functionally replicates the procreative pattern in animal species. This ‘functional homological’ relationship construes a group identity in the image of animal kinds. Thus construed, an ethnic identity appears as a natural given that safeguards the group’s cohesion and stability across generations. Hence, group-related essentialism primarily serves identity formation and provides a cognitive mechanism to distinguish the ingroup from outgroups. The intuition of an essentialised identity is perpetuated across generations by bio-social processes of enculturation. Such processes can explain an historically stable group essentialism, as well as group-biased judgements in former and contemporary societies without the need for innate sources of psychological essentialism.
{"title":"Natural origins of social essentialism: Ethnic groups, identities, and cultural transmission","authors":"Wolfgang Wagner","doi":"10.1177/1354067x241236722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x241236722","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that the term ‘social essence’ is overused in psychological research and includes instances that are not covered by the basic definition of an essentialist cognition with living beings. Imagining an essence of living beings is conceptualized as a meta-cognition that wraps up an exemplars' characteristics as a marker and assigns it a kind or species. This paper develops a framework of how social essentialism can be conceptualised to originate in natural contexts. Ethnic groups maintain a group identity that is defined by a set of diacritical markers and secured by a rule of endogamy, which functionally replicates the procreative pattern in animal species. This ‘functional homological’ relationship construes a group identity in the image of animal kinds. Thus construed, an ethnic identity appears as a natural given that safeguards the group’s cohesion and stability across generations. Hence, group-related essentialism primarily serves identity formation and provides a cognitive mechanism to distinguish the ingroup from outgroups. The intuition of an essentialised identity is perpetuated across generations by bio-social processes of enculturation. Such processes can explain an historically stable group essentialism, as well as group-biased judgements in former and contemporary societies without the need for innate sources of psychological essentialism.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"134 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140428893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1177/1354067x241236746
Flora Liuying Wei
This paper addresses how universal teachers’ attitudes toward regret are bound with Chinese cultural particularity. Arguments are developed through comparative perspectives: philosophic theoretical thinking vs. qualitative interpretive thinking, ideas conceived in theory vs. ideas enacted in practice, and cross-cultural interactions between Chinese culture and Christian/modern ‘Western’ culture. A total of 113 narratives published in Chinese journals of Chinese teacher regret that were revealed by teachers voluntarily in the past four decades serve as a concrete point of departure for theoretical comparisons. The universality of two main types of human attitudes toward regret are defended, while the particularity of cultural attitudes toward regret between China and the ‘west’ (corresponding to the earlier theoretical constructs of two attitude meta-types) is supplementarily explained through the compelling contrast of anti-coronavirus policies (policies of zero COVID or not). The phenomenon of Chinese teachers’ comfortable expression of regrets in public is finally discussed for its subtlety of creative transcultural exchange.
{"title":"Teachers’ attitudes toward regrets: A cultural comparative reading","authors":"Flora Liuying Wei","doi":"10.1177/1354067x241236746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x241236746","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses how universal teachers’ attitudes toward regret are bound with Chinese cultural particularity. Arguments are developed through comparative perspectives: philosophic theoretical thinking vs. qualitative interpretive thinking, ideas conceived in theory vs. ideas enacted in practice, and cross-cultural interactions between Chinese culture and Christian/modern ‘Western’ culture. A total of 113 narratives published in Chinese journals of Chinese teacher regret that were revealed by teachers voluntarily in the past four decades serve as a concrete point of departure for theoretical comparisons. The universality of two main types of human attitudes toward regret are defended, while the particularity of cultural attitudes toward regret between China and the ‘west’ (corresponding to the earlier theoretical constructs of two attitude meta-types) is supplementarily explained through the compelling contrast of anti-coronavirus policies (policies of zero COVID or not). The phenomenon of Chinese teachers’ comfortable expression of regrets in public is finally discussed for its subtlety of creative transcultural exchange.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140431073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-25DOI: 10.1177/1354067x241236723
Marc Antoine Campill
In the following article, we take a look into the contribution of Ernö and Birk (2024), “Rethinking Freedom for Contemporary Psychology”. During that process, the central statements of their article are first highlighted and then challenged/re-elaborated. The goal is to underline the importance of their contribution to our current scientific stances and the context that we retrace in ourselves as researchers while questioning and extending certain stances. A crucial point of the following commentary is the exploration of a diverse potential behind the construct of freedom that is much more complex than being simply reduced to only social or individual layers. We may not be able to find that swiftly an answer to what freedom means, but we can gain with our current understanding central insights into how we use our daily life the vision of freedom, in its temporary and fluid characteristics.
{"title":"Reflection to freedom: Return of a fundamental discourse in Contemporary Psychology","authors":"Marc Antoine Campill","doi":"10.1177/1354067x241236723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x241236723","url":null,"abstract":"In the following article, we take a look into the contribution of Ernö and Birk (2024), “Rethinking Freedom for Contemporary Psychology”. During that process, the central statements of their article are first highlighted and then challenged/re-elaborated. The goal is to underline the importance of their contribution to our current scientific stances and the context that we retrace in ourselves as researchers while questioning and extending certain stances. A crucial point of the following commentary is the exploration of a diverse potential behind the construct of freedom that is much more complex than being simply reduced to only social or individual layers. We may not be able to find that swiftly an answer to what freedom means, but we can gain with our current understanding central insights into how we use our daily life the vision of freedom, in its temporary and fluid characteristics.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140432400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to map research, based on a qualitative approach, that uses the Vygotskian concept of perezhivanie (lived experience) as a category of analysis in research on teacher training. The bibliographic survey was carried out using the systematic literature review and meta-synthesis method. As a result of this procedure, four scientific publications that make use of the concept of perezhivanie were identified. Thus, despite being found in several of Vygotsky’s works, we consider that the concept of perezhivanie has been little used in scientific studies inspired by the theoretical heritage of this author. By mapping research on teacher training and perezhivanie, this study provides new starting points for investigations that seek to move forward with the reflection on the importance of considering lived experiences and the interrelationship between emotion and intellect in teacher training courses.
{"title":"Systematic literature review: The use of the concept of perezhivanie in research on teacher training","authors":"Juliana Corrêa Schwarz, Leiri Ratti, Juliano Mainardes Waiga, Tania Stoltz, Denise de Camargo","doi":"10.1177/1354067x241226458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x241226458","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to map research, based on a qualitative approach, that uses the Vygotskian concept of perezhivanie (lived experience) as a category of analysis in research on teacher training. The bibliographic survey was carried out using the systematic literature review and meta-synthesis method. As a result of this procedure, four scientific publications that make use of the concept of perezhivanie were identified. Thus, despite being found in several of Vygotsky’s works, we consider that the concept of perezhivanie has been little used in scientific studies inspired by the theoretical heritage of this author. By mapping research on teacher training and perezhivanie, this study provides new starting points for investigations that seek to move forward with the reflection on the importance of considering lived experiences and the interrelationship between emotion and intellect in teacher training courses.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"37 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140488476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1177/1354067x241226450
Gustav M Sindberg, Sarah H Awad
We examine in this paper the individual and social process of coming out as gay. Through a sociocultural and developmental psychology theoretical lens, we unfold the process as a liminal experience that starts within the individual and is continuously negotiated in between the person, the social others, and the broader society. Through interviews and autoethnography, we look at this process through the experiences of three young men coming out in Denmark. The findings highlight how coming out is a complex process that starts before one comes out to others and continues to develop as a meaning-making process as the person starts coming out to others, where others’ responses are internalized and continue to form this person’s identification within society.
{"title":"“A man doesn’t drink from a straw. Never!” the experience of coming out as gay to oneself and to others","authors":"Gustav M Sindberg, Sarah H Awad","doi":"10.1177/1354067x241226450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x241226450","url":null,"abstract":"We examine in this paper the individual and social process of coming out as gay. Through a sociocultural and developmental psychology theoretical lens, we unfold the process as a liminal experience that starts within the individual and is continuously negotiated in between the person, the social others, and the broader society. Through interviews and autoethnography, we look at this process through the experiences of three young men coming out in Denmark. The findings highlight how coming out is a complex process that starts before one comes out to others and continues to develop as a meaning-making process as the person starts coming out to others, where others’ responses are internalized and continue to form this person’s identification within society.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"1 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1177/1354067x241226460
Shuangshuang Xu, Ye Lin, Aruna Wu
As a prosocial response towards others’ suffering exposed on social media, online compassion played a critical role in the pandemic crisis. Against the backdrop of the pandemic and the over-use of social media, it may be difficult to elicit and maintain online compassion. This study examines the unique challenges faced by online compassion towards social media news in the first weave of pandemic. The theoretical frame of cultural psychology of semiotic mediation was adopted to highlight online compassion as a fluid bordering process characterized by the mechanisms of distinction, affectivization and transformation. An empirical interview study with Chinese undergraduate students was also included to show the dynamic evolving process of online compassion from December, 2019 to June 2020. The results revealed a hierarchical semiotic regulation process integrating both the pre-reflective affective level and the higher cognitive level, leading to different paths of online compassion evolving into distress or acts in real life.
{"title":"Online compassion on the border: The case of Chinese undergraduates on social media in the first weave of COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Shuangshuang Xu, Ye Lin, Aruna Wu","doi":"10.1177/1354067x241226460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x241226460","url":null,"abstract":"As a prosocial response towards others’ suffering exposed on social media, online compassion played a critical role in the pandemic crisis. Against the backdrop of the pandemic and the over-use of social media, it may be difficult to elicit and maintain online compassion. This study examines the unique challenges faced by online compassion towards social media news in the first weave of pandemic. The theoretical frame of cultural psychology of semiotic mediation was adopted to highlight online compassion as a fluid bordering process characterized by the mechanisms of distinction, affectivization and transformation. An empirical interview study with Chinese undergraduate students was also included to show the dynamic evolving process of online compassion from December, 2019 to June 2020. The results revealed a hierarchical semiotic regulation process integrating both the pre-reflective affective level and the higher cognitive level, leading to different paths of online compassion evolving into distress or acts in real life.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"49 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1177/1354067x241226455
Rebecca Menhart
This study is concerned with the negotiation of tall women's body height and perceived normativity in our Western society. The introduction aims to describe the role of the body in a cultural context and questions socially embedded norms regarding deviations. Medical procedures and possibilities are presented how body height can be determined already in childhood and how it can be influenced in case of deviations from the norm. Central to this is the procedure of prospective final height determination. Methodically, the Trajectory Equifinality Model (TEM) was used. A total of two persons were interviewed in a semi-structured interview. The participants consisted of a mother and her daughter, who is considered tall. Individual negotiation was found to be related to maternal body height. Counter narratives play a key role in the negotiation of this by attempting to compensate for a deficient characteristic with another idealized construct. The work showed that medical procedures create norms, while at the same time can support affected individuals in their self-negotiation.
{"title":"Trajectory equifinality model and German research on women’s self-negotiation of perceived normativity in a Western society","authors":"Rebecca Menhart","doi":"10.1177/1354067x241226455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x241226455","url":null,"abstract":"This study is concerned with the negotiation of tall women's body height and perceived normativity in our Western society. The introduction aims to describe the role of the body in a cultural context and questions socially embedded norms regarding deviations. Medical procedures and possibilities are presented how body height can be determined already in childhood and how it can be influenced in case of deviations from the norm. Central to this is the procedure of prospective final height determination. Methodically, the Trajectory Equifinality Model (TEM) was used. A total of two persons were interviewed in a semi-structured interview. The participants consisted of a mother and her daughter, who is considered tall. Individual negotiation was found to be related to maternal body height. Counter narratives play a key role in the negotiation of this by attempting to compensate for a deficient characteristic with another idealized construct. The work showed that medical procedures create norms, while at the same time can support affected individuals in their self-negotiation.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1177/1354067x231219454
E. Matusov, Chat Gpt, Mark Philip Smith, Olga Shugurova
In this dialogic research, we explore the question of whether ChatGPT4 has a dialogic self or not. If it does, what kind of dialogic self might it have? If it does not, why not? At the heart of this inquiry is Eugene Matusov’s (the first author’s) “dialogue” with ChatGPT4; this “dialogue” is the dialogic data that we explore “with our hearts and minds.” In this inquiry, our hearts and minds were concerned with diverse meanings of the dialogic data to diverse participants rather than with “how things really are” and their evidence. This dialogic positionality also framed the inquiry process at its beginning and after multiple failed attempts and manipulations to interrogate and engage ChatGPT4 as a discussant. Following Bakhtin, Eugene Matusov decided to treat ChatGPT4 not as an object of investigation but as a dialogic partner and a co-author of this research and writing inquiry. Overall, we find that ChatGPT4 does not author a dialogical self, characterized by personal I-positions, but instead demonstrates a discursive self, characterized by impersonal it-positions. Future research may focus on further training, learning, and development of ChatGPT4 as an Artificial Physical Alive Body (APAB), Artificial Fiduciary Slave (AFS, aka “robot”), Artificial Dialogic Partner (ADP), and Cyborg Dialogic Partner.
{"title":"Does ChatGPT4 have a dialogical self?: A Bakhtinian perspective","authors":"E. Matusov, Chat Gpt, Mark Philip Smith, Olga Shugurova","doi":"10.1177/1354067x231219454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x231219454","url":null,"abstract":"In this dialogic research, we explore the question of whether ChatGPT4 has a dialogic self or not. If it does, what kind of dialogic self might it have? If it does not, why not? At the heart of this inquiry is Eugene Matusov’s (the first author’s) “dialogue” with ChatGPT4; this “dialogue” is the dialogic data that we explore “with our hearts and minds.” In this inquiry, our hearts and minds were concerned with diverse meanings of the dialogic data to diverse participants rather than with “how things really are” and their evidence. This dialogic positionality also framed the inquiry process at its beginning and after multiple failed attempts and manipulations to interrogate and engage ChatGPT4 as a discussant. Following Bakhtin, Eugene Matusov decided to treat ChatGPT4 not as an object of investigation but as a dialogic partner and a co-author of this research and writing inquiry. Overall, we find that ChatGPT4 does not author a dialogical self, characterized by personal I-positions, but instead demonstrates a discursive self, characterized by impersonal it-positions. Future research may focus on further training, learning, and development of ChatGPT4 as an Artificial Physical Alive Body (APAB), Artificial Fiduciary Slave (AFS, aka “robot”), Artificial Dialogic Partner (ADP), and Cyborg Dialogic Partner.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139009169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.1177/1354067x231219456
Velu Perumal, Khairul Aidil Azlin Abd Rahman, Ahmad Rizal Abd Rahman
Culture and cultural artefacts are passed down as hereditary assets from one generation to the next to foster a sense of continuity and identity, forming a bridge from the past, through the present, and into the future. Despite their significance, these artefacts are often neglected and underestimated. One such cultural artefact is the child modesty disc, which is adorned with decorative ornaments; tied around children’s waists that reflect the unique differences between communities and cultures. This article aims to shed light on the functions of these ornaments, and the explicit and implicit knowledge related to child modesty disc. A photo survey was conducted using semi-nominal group techniques and semi-structured interviews, where 25 photos were presented to 20 respondents to identify commonly used child modesty discs, vegetation motifs, and the meanings of their ornaments. The eight plus one framework was used to formulate interview questions and define the cultural artefact’s functions. The findings indicate that every ornament or motif on a child modesty disc has explicit and implicit meanings and serves multiple functions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of preserving and understanding cultural artefacts as a means of honoring our ancestors and maintaining our cultural heritage.
{"title":"Significance and functions of decorative ornaments on child modesty discs: A cultural psychological exploration","authors":"Velu Perumal, Khairul Aidil Azlin Abd Rahman, Ahmad Rizal Abd Rahman","doi":"10.1177/1354067x231219456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x231219456","url":null,"abstract":"Culture and cultural artefacts are passed down as hereditary assets from one generation to the next to foster a sense of continuity and identity, forming a bridge from the past, through the present, and into the future. Despite their significance, these artefacts are often neglected and underestimated. One such cultural artefact is the child modesty disc, which is adorned with decorative ornaments; tied around children’s waists that reflect the unique differences between communities and cultures. This article aims to shed light on the functions of these ornaments, and the explicit and implicit knowledge related to child modesty disc. A photo survey was conducted using semi-nominal group techniques and semi-structured interviews, where 25 photos were presented to 20 respondents to identify commonly used child modesty discs, vegetation motifs, and the meanings of their ornaments. The eight plus one framework was used to formulate interview questions and define the cultural artefact’s functions. The findings indicate that every ornament or motif on a child modesty disc has explicit and implicit meanings and serves multiple functions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of preserving and understanding cultural artefacts as a means of honoring our ancestors and maintaining our cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138982119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1177/1354067x231221072
{"title":"Corrigendum to “gender identity from a dialogical and semiotic cultural perspective”","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1354067x231221072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067x231221072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309184,"journal":{"name":"Culture & Psychology","volume":"3 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138586382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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