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Islamic Law at the Grassroot; SIGMA Program at Bhasa Radio Situbondo and Its Controversy 伊斯兰教法在基层的应用;拉萨广播电台西格玛节目及其争议
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.19105/al-lhkam.v18i1.8332
Muntaha Artalim, Zaim, Ahmad Azaim Ibrahimy, A. Hamid, Achak Muassasah, Dar Al-Hadith, Marocco Al-Hasaniyyah Morocco
This study explores the controversy of SIGMA (Konsultasi Agama or Religious Consultation) at Bhasa Radio 93.1 FM Situbondo as the representation of how grassroots Muslims perceive Islamic law. SIGMA is an aired interactive forum discussing current issues of Islamic law engaging a host, a speaker, and listeners. However, it sparks controversy particularly because of the stigma of a liberalist. This research, therefore, focuses on the typology of SIGMA perspective through the opinion of its speakers, genealogy beyond their thought, and the controversy that comes along. As a qualitative field study with a socio-philosophical approach, it used interviews with 14 informants consisting of SIGMA speakers and staff as well as listeners from diverse backgrounds. It turns out that; firstly, SIGMA’s perspective indicates a progressive type of thought rather than liberal as stigmatized because of the employment of maqas{id al-syari’ah during discussing the issue and making decisions afterward. Secondly, the thinking model can be traced back historically to NU (Nahdlatul Ulama’) reformists who likely use maqas{id al-syari'ah to examine Islamic law along with a progressive mindset. SIGMA speakers furthermore tend to employ advancement of ijtihad and contextual fiqh like what bahs| al-masa'il forums typically do. Thirdly, the controversy stems mainly from the negative stigma which tends to be loudly and sporadically expressed making sympathetic voices unheard. This implies how grassroots Muslims interact with Islamic law in both textual and contextual realms particularly when coping with the changing situation and dynamic methodologies.
本研究探讨了Bhasa Radio 93.1 FM sitbondo的SIGMA (Konsultasi Agama或宗教咨询)作为基层穆斯林如何看待伊斯兰法律的代表的争议。SIGMA是一个播出的互动论坛,讨论当前的伊斯兰法律问题,有主持人、演讲者和听众。然而,它引发了争议,特别是因为自由主义者的耻辱。因此,本研究的重点是通过说话人的观点来研究SIGMA视角的类型学,超越他们思想的谱系,以及随之而来的争议。作为一项具有社会哲学方法的定性实地研究,它使用了对14名告密者的采访,包括SIGMA演讲者和工作人员以及来自不同背景的听众。事实证明;首先,SIGMA的观点表明了一种进步的思想类型,而不是自由主义,因为在讨论问题和之后做出决定时使用maqas{id al-syari 'ah而被污名化。其次,这种思维模式可以追溯到历史上的NU (Nahdlatul Ulama ')改革派,他们可能使用maqas{id al-syari'ah来检查伊斯兰法律以及进步的心态。此外,SIGMA演讲者倾向于采用伊吉提哈德和上下文法的进步,就像bahs al-masa'il论坛通常做的那样。第三,争议主要源于负面的污名,这种污名往往大声而零星地表达,使同情的声音闻所未闻。这意味着基层穆斯林如何在文本和上下文领域与伊斯兰法律互动,特别是在应对不断变化的情况和动态方法时。
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引用次数: 0
Al-Wasathiyah fî al-Iqtishâd al-Islâmî: Ârâ’u ‘ulamâ Jam’iyati “Nahdlatul Ulama” Bi Jawa al-Syarqiyah haula “al-Taraddud” bi Sya’ini Fatâwa al-Fawâid al-Mashrîfiyah Al-Wasathiyah fî al-Iqtishâd al-Islâmî:Ârâ'u 'ulamâ Jam'iyati "Nahdlatul Ulama" Bi Jawa al-Syarqiyah haula "al-Taraddud" bi Sya'ini Fatâwa al-Fawâid al-Mashrîfiyah
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.19105/al-lhkam.v18i1.6989
Zainal Abidin, None Miftahul Ulum, None Cut Linda Marheni, None Umarul Faruq, None Khotibul Umam
Recently, there has been a massive innovation of online loans and good purchases using pay later with installment schemes. The phenomenon inevitably brings into controversies among the public recalling the old discussion about bank interest. Although Islamic scholars have formulated religious edict (fatwa) about bank interest, some look unfirm, such as that of NU (Nahdlatul Ulama’). This writing aims to portray the seemingly unfirm attitude of the organization relying on the assumption that it actually aims to campaign Islamic economic moderation a la NU. This is qualitative research using the phenomenological approach with the interview as the data compilation method. The opinion of 8 Kiais from the East Java NU insiders became the research subjects. The result shows how the dispute of bank interest has been becoming a continuously debatable topic. Among the three opinions about the bank interest, namely haram, halal, and shubhat, most informants choose the moderate one by neither considering it halal nor haram, including categorizing it as a part of riba type. This intersubjective opinion resonates with organizational opinion which reflects tolerance of the Indonesian monetary reality, such as Islamic banking and conventional banks which are respectively used by Indonesians. This sort of contestation takes a form of formalist and substantial moderation for bridging extreme opinions about the bank's interest.
最近,网上贷款和使用分期付款方式购买商品出现了大规模的创新。这一现象不可避免地在公众中引起争议,让人回想起关于银行利息的旧讨论。尽管伊斯兰学者已经制定了有关银行利息的宗教法令(fatwa),但有些看起来并不坚定,比如伊斯兰教士联合会(Nahdlatul Ulama)的法令。这篇文章旨在描绘该组织看似不坚定的态度,它的假设是,它实际上旨在宣传伊斯兰经济节制。本研究采用现象学方法,以访谈为资料整理方法进行质性研究。来自东爪哇NU内部人士的8名Kiais的意见成为研究对象。结果表明,银行利益之争一直是一个争论不休的话题。在关于银行利息的三种观点中,即haram, halal和shubhat,大多数被调查者选择了既不认为它是halal也不认为它是haram,包括将其归类为riba类型的一部分。这种主体间意见与组织意见相一致,反映了对印度尼西亚货币现实的容忍,例如印度尼西亚人分别使用的伊斯兰银行和传统银行。这种争论采取了一种形式主义和实质性缓和的形式,以弥合有关银行利益的极端观点。
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引用次数: 0
Legal Effectiveness of The Pancasila Ideology Development Agency (BPIP) in Giving Recommendations About Regulations that Conflict with Pancasila Values 潘卡西拉意识形态发展机构(BPIP)对与潘卡西拉价值观相冲突的法规提出建议的法律效力
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2831
Anshari Ahmad Syah Hanafi, I. Irwansyah, Z. Aspan
This study aims to explain the legal effectiveness of BPIP's recommendations on statutory regulations that are contrary to Pancasila values and the main factors that are internal obstacles to BPIP institutions. This type of research uses normative-empirical research. This type of research uses secondary data (from the library) and is supported by primary data based on field research, such as observations, interviews and surveys. Using a normative/juridical approach and a philosophical/ideal values approach. The results of this study are that the implementation of the duties and functions of the BPIP in providing recommendations on regulations that conflict with Pancasila values or the institutionalization of Pancasila values in a product of current legislation is not fully effective due to various influencing factors, including the weak institutionalization of Pancasila values in political institutions. , economic, and socio-cultural, and lack of consistency in making Pancasila the source of all sources of state law in the formation of statutory regulations, BPIP with its duties and functions can provide recommendations on statutory regulations that are contrary to the values of Pancasila but need to be strengthened again the form of the recommendation so that it is final and binding, bearing in mind that the recommendation policy issued by BPIP is only in the form of written input on the contents of regulations or laws that are not in line with Pancasila values.
本研究旨在解释BPIP对与Pancasila价值观相反的法定法规的建议的法律效力,以及BPIP机构内部障碍的主要因素。这种类型的研究使用规范-实证研究。这种类型的研究使用二手数据(来自图书馆),并以基于实地研究的原始数据为基础,如观察、访谈和调查。使用规范/法律方法和哲学/理想价值方法。本研究的结果是,由于各种因素的影响,包括政治制度中潘卡西拉价值观的弱制度化,BPIP在对与潘卡西拉价值观相冲突的法规或潘卡西拉价值观在现行立法中的制度化提出建议方面的职责和职能并没有完全发挥作用。以及在制定法定法规时将Pancasila作为所有国家法律的来源缺乏一致性,BPIP的职责和职能可以就与Pancasila的价值观相悖的法定法规提供建议,但需要再次加强建议的形式,以使其具有最终性和约束力。请记住,BPIP发布的建议政策只是对不符合Pancasila价值观的法规或法律内容的书面输入形式。
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引用次数: 0
The Methodology of Reforming Islamic Law Fatwa Bahthul Masail Nahdhatu Ulama in Family Planning (KB) in Indonesia by the Maqasid Shari'ah Approach 改革伊斯兰教法法特瓦·巴图尔·马萨伊尔·纳哈图·乌拉玛在印度尼西亚计划生育(KB)的方法
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2934
A. Hakim, R. Ahmad, S. Jaafar
This research aims to find out the renewal of NU (nahdatul ulama)'s fatwa of Bahsul Masail about the law of family planning (KB, keluarga Berencana, or family planning) in Indonesia, where it started from a law of haram, makruh, and halal. It specifies conditions through the maqasid shari'ah approach as a renewal of Islamic law. This study utilizes qualitative and descriptive analytical methods using a maqasid approach. In addition, the data that is obtained is analyzed descriptively by using deductive ideation methods. The results of this study are: 1) The reason for changing the legal fatwa on family planning( KB) from haram, makruh, and halal with condition is because of a new 'illat, namely the demands of the times. 2) Bahthul Masail NU agrees to the new fatwa under certain conditions. 3) The renewal of the new Family Planning Fatwa through the maqasid sharia approach can be carried out not only to avoid economic downturns but also to save the nation's children from caretakers, disease, low morality, faith, and crime, as well as other social ailments. Regarding the permissibility of the Bahtsul Masail Family Planning Program, NU has already paid attention to its goals (maqasid) and the conditions of society because family planning is essentially only a means or tool (wasail) to achieve goals (maqasid). Means for good and maslahah are considered permissible and sunnah, while means for evil and harm are considered makruh and unlawful.
本研究旨在找出NU (nahdatul ulama)的Bahsul Masail关于计划生育法(KB, keluarga Berencana,或计划生育)在印度尼西亚的更新,它从haram, makruh和halal的法律开始。它通过maqasid shari'ah方法作为伊斯兰法律的更新规定了条件。本研究采用定性和描述性的分析方法,采用maqasid方法。此外,利用演绎思维方法对所得数据进行描述性分析。研究结果表明:1)有条件的计划生育法律教令(KB)从haram、makruh、halal改变的原因是一种新的“illat”,即时代的要求。2) Bahthul Masail NU在某些条件下同意新的法特瓦。3)通过伊斯兰教法(maqasid sharia)更新新的计划生育法特瓦,不仅可以避免经济衰退,还可以将国家的儿童从看护人、疾病、道德沦丧、信仰、犯罪以及其他社会疾病中拯救出来。关于Bahtsul Masail计划生育方案的许可问题,NU已经注意到其目标(maqasid)和社会条件,因为计划生育本质上只是实现目标(maqasid)的一种手段或工具(wasail)。行善和行善的手段被认为是允许的和神圣的,而作恶和伤害的手段被认为是邪恶的和非法的。
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引用次数: 1
Kebijakan Penanggulangan HIV/Aids dalam Perspektif Health Policy Triangle Analysis di Kota Surabaya
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2827
Lailatul Hanifah, Arimurti Kriswibowo
Surabaya City is the highest case of HIV/AIDS cases in East Java. This is a special concern for the Surabaya City government to handle this health case so that it does not spread more widely.. This study aims to describe and explain HIV/AIDS Prevention Policy in the Perspective of the Health Policy Triangle Analysis in the City of Surabaya.The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The research was conducted at the Surabaya city health office, community health centers and NGOs concerned with HIV/AIDS in the city of Surabaya. The results showed that (1) the actors involved in this treatment, care and support effort were the Surabaya City Health Office, UPTD Community Health Centers, Hospitals, Case Managers (MK), PLWHA, and NGOs. (2) the contents of the HIV/AIDS prevention policies in the city of Surabaya that have been implemented include ARV Treatment, Opportunistic Infection Monitoring (OI), Viraload Testing, Home Care, Supplementary Feeding (PMT), and Care Givers. (3) the context of the HIV/AIDS prevention policy in the city of Surabaya is a solution to an increase in the number of HIV/AIDS as well as guidelines for the prevention of HIV/AIDS in the city of Surabaya, although there are still problems namely the community's stigma against PLHIV which causes non-compliance of PLHIV in carrying out treatment in PDP services. (4) the process of implementing HIV/AIDS prevention policies in the city of Surabaya has been running well in accordance with the provisions of the regulations. The Surabaya city government has provided 43 PDP services as a referral for ODHA in carrying out treatment and care.
泗水市是东爪哇艾滋病毒/艾滋病病例最多的城市。泗水市政府特别关注处理这一健康病例,以使其不会更广泛地传播。本研究旨在从卫生政策三角分析的角度描述和解释泗水市的艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防政策。本研究使用的研究类型是描述性定性的。这项研究是在泗水市卫生局、社区保健中心和泗水市与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的非政府组织进行的。结果显示:(1)参与这项治疗、护理和支持工作的行为者是泗水市卫生局、UPTD社区卫生中心、医院、病例管理人员(MK)、PLWHA和非政府组织。(2)泗水市实施的艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防政策的内容包括抗逆转录病毒治疗、机会性感染监测(OI)、病毒载量检测、家庭护理、补充喂养(PMT)和护理人员。(3)泗水市艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防政策的背景是解决泗水市艾滋病毒/艾滋病人数增加的办法,以及预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病的指导方针,尽管仍然存在问题,即社区对艾滋病毒感染者的污名导致在PDP服务中不遵守艾滋病毒感染者的治疗。(4)泗水市艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防政策的实施过程按照条例的规定运行良好。泗水市政府提供了43项PDP服务,作为ODHA开展治疗和护理的转诊服务。
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引用次数: 1
Legal Protection for Shopee Paylater Users Experiencing Bad Credit under Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. 根据1999年第8号《消费者权益保护法》为Shopee Paylater用户提供的法律保障。
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2753
D. Kurniasih
The purpose of this research is to find and deeply analyze the legal protection for Shopee Paylater users experiencing bad credit under Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and the resolution of Shopee Paylater bad credit disputes through Online Dispute Resolution (ODR). The approach method in this research is a normative juridical approach. The data sources consist of primary data supported by secondary data. The primary legal data collection technique used a research instrument in the form of document studies and recording. The results of this research show that Article 1 Number 1 of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection aims to provide security in the form of protection for consumers when there are unfair conditions that affect the consumer. Furthermore, the resolution of Shopee Paylater bad credit disputes through Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) is the most appropriate alternative dispute resolution method for Shopee Paylater problems because it is more efficient and not hindered by geographical conditions.
本研究的目的是寻找并深入分析1999年《消费者保护法》第8号对Shopee Paylater用户信用不良的法律保护,以及通过在线争议解决(Online Dispute resolution,简称ODR)解决Shopee Paylater的信用不良纠纷。本研究采用的方法是一种规范的法律方法。数据源由辅助数据支持的主数据组成。主要的法律数据收集技术采用文献研究和记录形式的研究工具。这项研究的结果表明,1999年关于消费者保护的第8号法律第1条第1款旨在在消费者受到不公平条件影响时,以保护消费者的形式提供安全保障。此外,通过在线争议解决(Online Dispute resolution, ODR)解决Shopee Paylater的不良信用纠纷是最适合Shopee Paylater问题的替代性争议解决方式,因为它效率更高,不受地理条件的限制。
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引用次数: 0
Larangan Logo dan Simbolik LGBT pada Piala Dunia 2022 di Qatar Menurut Fiqh Siyasah dan Hubungan Internasional
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2981
Nur Rizky Pratiwi, Irwansyah Irwansyah
The purpose of this study is to discuss the prohibition of LGBT in the World Cup. As one of the developed countries in the Middle East, of course Qatar is considered as one of the countries that has great influence in solving various problems in the global arena. Including their appearance at the 2022 World Cup. This World Series is very special because this is the first time this tournament has been held in the Middle East region. A thing that is quite rare considering the world of football is more inclined to European and Latin American football civilizations. The 2022 World Cup is going quite well, but controversial issues remain. The crux of the problem is that the state of Qatar prohibits LGBT attributes, which has led to harsh criticism from countries with their own understanding of LGBT. The research method used to solve this problem is normative law, and data is collected through primary data and analyzed qualitatively. This study claims that Qatar, which was chosen to host the World Cup, has the right to decide on several regulations according to the laws of the country. This has become FIFA's official rules as the organizer of the World Cup. One of Qatar's rules is to prohibit LGBT campaigns that violate Islamic religious law.
本研究的目的是讨论世界杯对LGBT的禁止。卡塔尔作为中东地区的发达国家之一,当然被认为是在解决全球舞台上各种问题方面具有很大影响力的国家之一。包括他们在2022年世界杯上的亮相。这次世界大赛非常特别,因为这是该赛事第一次在中东地区举行。考虑到足球世界更倾向于欧洲和拉丁美洲的足球文明,这是相当罕见的。2022年世界杯进展顺利,但争议问题依然存在。问题的关键在于卡塔尔国禁止LGBT属性,这导致了对LGBT有自己理解的国家的严厉批评。解决这一问题所采用的研究方法是规范法,通过原始数据收集数据并进行定性分析。这项研究声称,被选为世界杯主办国的卡塔尔有权根据该国的法律决定几项规定。这已经成为国际足联作为世界杯主办方的官方规定。卡塔尔的一项规定是禁止违反伊斯兰宗教法的LGBT活动。
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引用次数: 0
Resolusi Konflik Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata Papua 解决巴布亚武装犯罪组织冲突
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2855
Muhammad Rasyiid Amanda, Budi Pramono
Papuan Armed Criminal Group has carried out various attacks on TNI-POLRI , Papuan civilians, and migrant civilians in recent years. Every act of terrorism that occurs disturbs the Papuan people who live or work there. There are many victims of the KKB attack in Papua, ranging from military personnel, teaching staff, medical personnel, then students who are studying in their school. The type of research that the author uses in writing this thesis is normative juridical research. This type of research is research that seeks solutions to legal issues that arise to provide prescriptions regarding what should be the issues raised. And using the Conceptual Approach, Statute Approach, and Comparative Approach. The Papuan armed criminal group does not match the characteristics and definition of terrorists, in which terrorists do not aim to establish their own country and seek their sovereignty through militia and diplomacy. The Papuan Armed Criminal Group aims to get international attention, hoping that the land of Papua can become a sovereign country. The Indonesian government's steps should be Belligerent preventive not limited to tackling terrorists. Resolving disputes with Papuan armed criminal groups by not committing acts that are categorized as international crimes is through the mechanism of Military Operations Other than War, Regional Expansion, and Infrastructure Development in the land of Papua. However, if the Armed Criminal Group is included in the Belligerent category, the Indonesian government can carry out Military Operations for War but must comply with the Laws of War or Mediation, Conciliation, and International Arbitration.
近年来,巴布亚武装犯罪集团对特尼-波利、巴布亚平民和移徙平民进行了各种袭击。发生的每一次恐怖主义行为都使在那里生活或工作的巴布亚人民感到不安。KKB在巴布亚的袭击有许多受害者,包括军事人员、教学人员、医务人员以及在校学生。笔者在撰写本文时所采用的研究类型是规范法学研究。这种类型的研究是寻求解决出现的法律问题的研究,为应该提出的问题提供处方。使用概念方法,法规方法和比较方法。巴布亚武装犯罪集团不符合恐怖分子的特征和定义,恐怖分子的目的不是建立自己的国家,并通过民兵和外交寻求主权。巴布亚武装犯罪集团的目的是引起国际社会的关注,希望巴布亚这块土地能够成为一个主权国家。印尼政府的步骤应该是好战的预防措施,而不仅仅是对付恐怖分子。解决与巴布亚武装犯罪集团的争端,不从事被归类为国际犯罪的行为,是通过巴布亚土地上的军事行动、区域扩张和基础设施发展机制。然而,如果武装犯罪集团被列入交战国类别,印尼政府可以进行战争军事行动,但必须遵守战争法或调解,和解和国际仲裁。
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引用次数: 1
Pertanggung Jawaban Pidana Terhadap Pemerkosa Anak Kandung 对儿童强奸犯的刑事责任
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2436
Muhammad Basitur Ridwan
The kid is a gift of God Almighty, we must safeguard and care for him since every child has the right to survive.  The rising number of occurrences of adult sexual abuse of kids both at school and in public settings implies a lack of child protection, as well as having a directly recognized physical and psychological effect by children as victims of sexual abuse.  Sexual abuse of kids must be resisted with solid action and halted as soon as feasible.  Prevention may be done via sex education, not just by parents but also by other parties, including schools.  Child protection measures must begin as early as possible, so that children may engage ideally in the growth of the country and state, since everyone who performs their acts must be accountable and punished according to their actions.
孩子是万能的上帝的礼物,我们必须保护和照顾他,因为每个孩子都有生存的权利。成人在学校和公共场所对儿童进行性虐待的事件越来越多,这意味着缺乏对儿童的保护,并对儿童作为性虐待受害者产生了直接认识到的身心影响。对儿童的性虐待必须以切实的行动加以抵制,并在可行的情况下尽快停止。预防可以通过性教育来完成,不仅仅是父母,还有其他方面,包括学校。儿童保护措施必须尽早开始,以便儿童可以理想地参与国家和国家的发展,因为每个人都必须根据自己的行为承担责任和受到惩罚。
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引用次数: 0
Implikasi Kebijakan Pengelolaan Pertambangan Batubara Terhadap Eksistensi Masyarakat Hukum Adat Di Samarinda 煤矿管理政策对萨马林达原住民法律存在的影响
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2826
Aullia vivi Yulianingrum, Mursidah Nurfadillah, Sayid Muhammad Riziq, Adinda Novitadiningrum
Implementation of Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja and Undang-undang Number 3 of 2020 concerning Amendments to Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining is considered by the Government as a form of policy for managing mining business activities which in fact has a significant impact on environmental damage and the existence of indigenous peoples around the coal mining area. This study aims to describe the implications of coal mining management policies for the existence of indigenous peoples in Samarinda. The research method used is legal research with a qualitative non-doctrinal approach, with the research location in Pampang Village, Samarinda. The data collection techniques are in the form of interviews and observations by purposive sampling. The results of the study show that natural resource policies provide too much convenience for investors, thus creating implications for the existence of customary law and management of business licenses that are out of control. In conclusion, the impact of environmental damage is so great that it is necessary to deregulate and de-bureaucratize the granting of mining business permits to prevent the extinction of customary values ​​and the existence of indigenous and tribal peoples.
实现Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja和2020年3号Undang-Undang法律修正案有关矿产和煤炭开采2009年4号被政府视为一种政策管理采矿业务活动实际上已对环境破坏产生重大影响和原住民的存在煤炭矿区。本研究的目的是描述煤矿开采管理政策对萨马林达土著人民生存的影响。使用的研究方法是法律研究与定性非理论的方法,研究地点在Pampang村,Samarinda。数据收集技术采用有目的抽样访谈和观察的形式。研究结果表明,自然资源政策为投资者提供了过多的便利,从而对习惯法的存在和营业执照管理造成了失控的影响。最后,环境破坏的影响是如此之大,因此有必要解除对采矿业务许可证的管制并使其非官僚化,以防止习俗价值的消失以及土著和部落人民的生存。
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引用次数: 0
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Al Ihkam Jurnal Hukum Pranata Sosial
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