Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0036
Gerjan van Schaaik
There are a relatively small number of linguistic structures that seemingly consists of a noun expanded by a possessive suffix third-person singular and a locative, ablative, or instrumental case marker. They are used as adverbial phrases. The possessive element, however, has no antecedent, and that is why these constructions bear the semblance of postpositions more than that of real nouns. In particular, temporal constructions based on a noun denoting some moment, period, or duration behave like real postpositions in that they allow for indefinite and finite complements. Various postposition-like structures can also be used in predicate position and thus take a person marker. These constructions are typical for the description of mental states and mental content and of instances of intention, decision, and obligation.
{"title":"Postposition-like constructions","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0036","url":null,"abstract":"There are a relatively small number of linguistic structures that seemingly consists of a noun expanded by a possessive suffix third-person singular and a locative, ablative, or instrumental case marker. They are used as adverbial phrases. The possessive element, however, has no antecedent, and that is why these constructions bear the semblance of postpositions more than that of real nouns. In particular, temporal constructions based on a noun denoting some moment, period, or duration behave like real postpositions in that they allow for indefinite and finite complements. Various postposition-like structures can also be used in predicate position and thus take a person marker. These constructions are typical for the description of mental states and mental content and of instances of intention, decision, and obligation.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114966117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0027
Gerjan van Schaaik
There are several types of clause-linking devices and one of them makes use of a particle that carries a minimal ‘amount of meaning’, such as reason, purpose, cause, and the like. One verbal suffix that fulfils the function of clause linker is –(y)Ip, without any indication of tense, number, or person. A subtype of this construction consists of two adjacent verb stems. To mention only two of its applications, two different stems express an ordinary sequence of actions, but two identical stems stand for a repetitive action. Other connective devices are abundantly present. Conditional sentences are formed by the realis and irrealis constructions: “If A then B.” The remainder of the chapter presents an extensive account of so-called converbs, verbal connectors that signal all sorts of temporal relations.
{"title":"Clause linking","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"There are several types of clause-linking devices and one of them makes use of a particle that carries a minimal ‘amount of meaning’, such as reason, purpose, cause, and the like. One verbal suffix that fulfils the function of clause linker is –(y)Ip, without any indication of tense, number, or person. A subtype of this construction consists of two adjacent verb stems. To mention only two of its applications, two different stems express an ordinary sequence of actions, but two identical stems stand for a repetitive action. Other connective devices are abundantly present. Conditional sentences are formed by the realis and irrealis constructions: “If A then B.” The remainder of the chapter presents an extensive account of so-called converbs, verbal connectors that signal all sorts of temporal relations.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115601231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0029
Gerjan van Schaaik
After an extensive account of the basics of Turkish grammar, this chapter offers nothing but ordering principles: the first two sections are about the morphotactics of nouns and verbs, and noun phrase structure. All this is represented in tabular form. The ordering principles for noun phrases (including adverbial and postpositional phrases) in a clause is dealt with next, and thus, constituent order in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is discussed in the third section. Dependent clauses are the topic of the fourth section, which also gives an overview of verbal linking suffixes to form such clauses. The final section shows that constituent ordering in verbal sentences can better be understood in terms of the pragmatic notions Topic and Focus than in terms of traditional distribution of Subject and Objects (SOV).
{"title":"Ordering patterns","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0029","url":null,"abstract":"After an extensive account of the basics of Turkish grammar, this chapter offers nothing but ordering principles: the first two sections are about the morphotactics of nouns and verbs, and noun phrase structure. All this is represented in tabular form. The ordering principles for noun phrases (including adverbial and postpositional phrases) in a clause is dealt with next, and thus, constituent order in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is discussed in the third section. Dependent clauses are the topic of the fourth section, which also gives an overview of verbal linking suffixes to form such clauses. The final section shows that constituent ordering in verbal sentences can better be understood in terms of the pragmatic notions Topic and Focus than in terms of traditional distribution of Subject and Objects (SOV).","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116941645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0037
Gerjan van Schaaik
There are many combinations of tense forms which are not transparent with respect to their overall meaning. That makes such forms complex. Another factor is the fact that some verbs can be used independently and as an auxiliary. Both functions of the verb olmak are extensively discussed in the first section, immediately followed by the aspectual properties of a tensed verb plus a form of olmak. Another type of aspect is expressed with a verbal suffix composed of a linking vowel and a second verb stem. Although it has been advanced that a classification in terms of nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is motivated by the type of negation each class requires, the verbal system is the one that deviates from this partition because of double negation. This is explained in the final two sections.
{"title":"Verbal complexes *","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0037","url":null,"abstract":"There are many combinations of tense forms which are not transparent with respect to their overall meaning. That makes such forms complex. Another factor is the fact that some verbs can be used independently and as an auxiliary. Both functions of the verb olmak are extensively discussed in the first section, immediately followed by the aspectual properties of a tensed verb plus a form of olmak. Another type of aspect is expressed with a verbal suffix composed of a linking vowel and a second verb stem. Although it has been advanced that a classification in terms of nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is motivated by the type of negation each class requires, the verbal system is the one that deviates from this partition because of double negation. This is explained in the final two sections.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132839718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0009
Gerjan van Schaaik
Roughly speaking, only four syntactic roles can be distinguished for a noun phrase: subject, object, adverbial phrase, and predicate in a verbal sentence the predicate is a verb, in a nominal sentence it is a noun phrase, and in an existential sentence it is either var or yok. In a verbal sentence one or more objects may occur, depending on the type of verb, transitive or intransitive. Other sentence types do not allow for objects, but all types must have a subject, while one or more adverbial phrases are optional. All this forms the main topic of this top of that, it is explained how noun phrases are applied in genitive-possessive constructions.
{"title":"Functions of the noun phrase","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Roughly speaking, only four syntactic roles can be distinguished for a noun phrase: subject, object, adverbial phrase, and predicate in a verbal sentence the predicate is a verb, in a nominal sentence it is a noun phrase, and in an existential sentence it is either var or yok. In a verbal sentence one or more objects may occur, depending on the type of verb, transitive or intransitive. Other sentence types do not allow for objects, but all types must have a subject, while one or more adverbial phrases are optional. All this forms the main topic of this top of that, it is explained how noun phrases are applied in genitive-possessive constructions.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128570712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0026
Gerjan van Schaaik
Particles belong to the class of so-called function words; in contrast to content words such as green or house, which immediately evoke some image, the meaning of a particle becomes clear only as soon as it is put in the right place in a sentence. There are quite a few in Turkish. Conjunctions are the particles used for the coordination of nouns, and these are treated here, together with the question particle. This particle is not only applied to form choice questions, but it forms yes/no questions as well. The negational particle değil is used to contrast two or more nouns and combined with the question particle it is also the core of tag questions. In the third section so-called clitics are discussed, by means of which emphatic statements and rhetorical questions are formulated. Also, some clause linkers and devices for topicalization are discussed.
{"title":"Sundry particles","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Particles belong to the class of so-called function words; in contrast to content words such as green or house, which immediately evoke some image, the meaning of a particle becomes clear only as soon as it is put in the right place in a sentence. There are quite a few in Turkish. Conjunctions are the particles used for the coordination of nouns, and these are treated here, together with the question particle. This particle is not only applied to form choice questions, but it forms yes/no questions as well. The negational particle değil is used to contrast two or more nouns and combined with the question particle it is also the core of tag questions. In the third section so-called clitics are discussed, by means of which emphatic statements and rhetorical questions are formulated. Also, some clause linkers and devices for topicalization are discussed.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126324868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0019
Gerjan van Schaaik
The optative (also referred to as subjunctive by some) plays a dominant role in day-to-day conversations and expresses desirability. There are forms for all six grammatical persons. For the first-person singular and plural there are affirmative forms and negative forms, and in combination with the question particle, the sum total is four forms per grammatical person. Typically, such declarative forms are used to state something that is judged as desirable by the speaker, but the questioned forms clearly serve as a proposal with an invitation to comment on it. For the second person (singular and plural) there are only affirmative and negated forms, but question forms are nonexistent. Although there is also an optative suffix for the third-person singular, its usage is limited mainly to adverbial doublets.
{"title":"Optative forms *","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The optative (also referred to as subjunctive by some) plays a dominant role in day-to-day conversations and expresses desirability. There are forms for all six grammatical persons. For the first-person singular and plural there are affirmative forms and negative forms, and in combination with the question particle, the sum total is four forms per grammatical person. Typically, such declarative forms are used to state something that is judged as desirable by the speaker, but the questioned forms clearly serve as a proposal with an invitation to comment on it. For the second person (singular and plural) there are only affirmative and negated forms, but question forms are nonexistent. Although there is also an optative suffix for the third-person singular, its usage is limited mainly to adverbial doublets.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116065568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0030
Gerjan van Schaaik
Whereas inflection (and conjugation) are the essentials in the first four parts of this book, the next two chapters are devoted to derivational issues, or rather, to the question of how words are made using existing material. Not surprisingly, the grammar of Turkish has plenty of solutions. In the formation of verbs, auxiliary verbs and nouns are primarily used to form words for new concepts, but devices such as suffixes for causative, passive, and reflexive produce a meaning derived from an existing one. Also many formations which suggest that they were once made on the basis of rules now no longer productive deserve, of course, the necessary attention. A special section deals with forms rarely discussed in grammars: the indirect imperative of causative and passive verbs. The upbeat to an account of fixed verb combinations, the structure and semantics of couplings with –(y)Ip are discussed.
{"title":"Formation of verbs","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas inflection (and conjugation) are the essentials in the first four parts of this book, the next two chapters are devoted to derivational issues, or rather, to the question of how words are made using existing material. Not surprisingly, the grammar of Turkish has plenty of solutions. In the formation of verbs, auxiliary verbs and nouns are primarily used to form words for new concepts, but devices such as suffixes for causative, passive, and reflexive produce a meaning derived from an existing one. Also many formations which suggest that they were once made on the basis of rules now no longer productive deserve, of course, the necessary attention. A special section deals with forms rarely discussed in grammars: the indirect imperative of causative and passive verbs. The upbeat to an account of fixed verb combinations, the structure and semantics of couplings with –(y)Ip are discussed.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126167523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0021
Gerjan van Schaaik
This chapter discusses mainly a number of different environments in which the stem bil- ‘know’ is found. First, it forms a complex suffix expressing ability (possibility or permission). Since the special negated abilitative suffix is its counterpart, many grammarians speak of a potential conflict in that neither suffix can follow a negated stem. However, examples drawn from a text corpus reveal that if one can do something, one might also be able not to do that thing, and similarly, one might also not be able not to do “something.” Secondly, the abilitative forms are contrasted with other applications of bil-; ‘know how to’ is expressed by an inflected infinitival complement of bil-, but a full infinitive preceding the negative stem bil-me- stands for duration or continuity.
本章主要讨论词干“know”出现的一些不同环境。首先，它形成一个表达能力(可能性或许可)的复杂后缀。由于特殊的否定能力后缀是它的对应物，许多语法学家谈到了潜在的冲突，因为两个后缀都不能跟在否定词干后面。然而，从文本语料库中提取的例子表明，如果一个人能做某事，他也可能不能做那件事，同样，一个人也可能不能不做“某事”。其次，对比了能力形式与bil-的其他用法;“know how to”用bil-的不定式补语屈折形式表达，但在否定词干bill -me-之前的不定式表示持续时间或连续性。
{"title":"Abilitative forms *","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses mainly a number of different environments in which the stem bil- ‘know’ is found. First, it forms a complex suffix expressing ability (possibility or permission). Since the special negated abilitative suffix is its counterpart, many grammarians speak of a potential conflict in that neither suffix can follow a negated stem. However, examples drawn from a text corpus reveal that if one can do something, one might also be able not to do that thing, and similarly, one might also not be able not to do “something.” Secondly, the abilitative forms are contrasted with other applications of bil-; ‘know how to’ is expressed by an inflected infinitival complement of bil-, but a full infinitive preceding the negative stem bil-me- stands for duration or continuity.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125871122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0003
Gerjan van Schaaik
This chapter explains the difference between syllables with primary stress and syllables which receive secondary or tertiary stress. These notions are relevant because words may consist of many syllables, thereby in principle each offering an equal number of candidates for primary stress. In uninflected words primary stress can fall on any syllable; per word there is a fixed syllable bearing stress, but as soon as inflectional elements kick in, this may change. Many inflectional suffixes attract stress and this gives the general impression that the stress position shifts with every addition, but on the other hand, some word stems with non-final stress retain their primary stress position when inflected. This chapter ends by pointing out that for some words the meaning depends on the stress position.
{"title":"On stress *","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains the difference between syllables with primary stress and syllables which receive secondary or tertiary stress. These notions are relevant because words may consist of many syllables, thereby in principle each offering an equal number of candidates for primary stress. In uninflected words primary stress can fall on any syllable; per word there is a fixed syllable bearing stress, but as soon as inflectional elements kick in, this may change. Many inflectional suffixes attract stress and this gives the general impression that the stress position shifts with every addition, but on the other hand, some word stems with non-final stress retain their primary stress position when inflected. This chapter ends by pointing out that for some words the meaning depends on the stress position.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"54 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113969104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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