Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0028
Gerjan van Schaaik
Postpositions can be classified according to several criteria, one of which is the type of complement one of them can take. In this chapter person-bound complements are distinguished from temporal phrases and from purpose phrases. The reason is that person-bound complements all contain a nominalized verb plus a personal (possessive) ending, whereas the other two types have other verbal forms. Temporal phrases have a deverbal suffix, and purpose phrases are all based on an infinitival verb form. A type of complement which typically occurs with the instrumental and case-marker annex postposition is phrases specifying circumstance or detail. This specification is based on a kind of sentence, a “small clause,” which always contains a locative phrase, including an element reminiscent of the anticipatory possessive. The final section discusses the properties of postpositions in predicate and attributive position.
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Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0018
Gerjan van Schaaik
An element particularly conspicuous in day-to-day conversation is the frequent occurrence of a verb form by means of which the desirability or advisability of some state of affairs is expressed. This form is often compared to the so-called subjunctive in other languages. However, the function of the indirect imperative in Turkish is quite different. There is one suffix for the third-person singular and one for the third-person plural. Such forms can be negated or questioned, as well as negated and questioned at the same time. And what is more, the projectional suffix for the past is applicable as well. The occurrence of indirect imperative forms in many fixed expressions based on olsun ‘may it be’ shows how important these structures are in interpersonal situations.
{"title":"Indirect imperative forms","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"An element particularly conspicuous in day-to-day conversation is the frequent occurrence of a verb form by means of which the desirability or advisability of some state of affairs is expressed. This form is often compared to the so-called subjunctive in other languages. However, the function of the indirect imperative in Turkish is quite different. There is one suffix for the third-person singular and one for the third-person plural. Such forms can be negated or questioned, as well as negated and questioned at the same time. And what is more, the projectional suffix for the past is applicable as well. The occurrence of indirect imperative forms in many fixed expressions based on olsun ‘may it be’ shows how important these structures are in interpersonal situations.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114473586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0011
Gerjan van Schaaik
For relatively simple activities such as counting, determining a ranking order, or distributing some quantity in equal portions, handling the numbers of Turkish is really straightforward. There are cardinal, ordinal, and distributive numbers. These numbers behave like nouns in that they can take a plural or possessive suffix, or a case marker and combinations of these. These properties find ample employment and thus receive due attention in a sizeable section. Next is a section that goes into the intricacies of quantification: absolute quantities are opposed to relative quantities, and many examples are given of adverbs indicating indefinite quantities, nouns functioning as containers, and measurement units. The treatment of numerical fractions forms the introduction to a section in which partitive constructions are discussed. This chapter is concluded by a section that explores several expressions for age.
{"title":"Counting and quantities","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"For relatively simple activities such as counting, determining a ranking order, or distributing some quantity in equal portions, handling the numbers of Turkish is really straightforward. There are cardinal, ordinal, and distributive numbers. These numbers behave like nouns in that they can take a plural or possessive suffix, or a case marker and combinations of these. These properties find ample employment and thus receive due attention in a sizeable section. Next is a section that goes into the intricacies of quantification: absolute quantities are opposed to relative quantities, and many examples are given of adverbs indicating indefinite quantities, nouns functioning as containers, and measurement units. The treatment of numerical fractions forms the introduction to a section in which partitive constructions are discussed. This chapter is concluded by a section that explores several expressions for age.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128713430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0017
Gerjan van Schaaik
This chapter is intended as a mere announcement that there are three types of negation in Turkish. Each of these types has its own specific domain. First, to a verbal stem various (verbal) suffixes can be attached. Verbal negation goes by suffixation, and if a verb is to be negated, the negating suffix is added directly to the verb stem. Secondly, nominal sentences all make use of the negation particle değil ‘not’. The third type of negation occurs in existential expressions: the notion ‘there is’ is expressed by var and its negational counterpart is yok ‘there is not’. Furthermore, to a limited extent intrinsic negation is expressed in adverbial phrases by olmadan ‘without’ or by a noun expanded by the privative suffix –sIz ‘without’. Also the particle ne … ne ‘neither … nor’ has a negative meaning.
本章的目的仅仅是宣布在土耳其语中有三种类型的否定。每种类型都有其特定的域。首先，一个词干可以加上各种各样的词缀。动词否定是通过后缀来实现的，如果要否定一个动词，则直接将否定后缀加到动词词干上。其次，名词性句都使用否定助词değil ' not '。第三种类型的否定出现在存在的表达中:“有”这个概念是用“有”来表达的，而它的否定对应物是“没有”。此外，在有限的范围内，内在否定在状语短语中由olmadan ' without '表达，或由名词的剥夺性后缀-sIz ' without '展开。另外，小品ne…ne ' neither…nor '也有否定的意思。
{"title":"On negation","authors":"Gerjan van Schaaik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is intended as a mere announcement that there are three types of negation in Turkish. Each of these types has its own specific domain. First, to a verbal stem various (verbal) suffixes can be attached. Verbal negation goes by suffixation, and if a verb is to be negated, the negating suffix is added directly to the verb stem. Secondly, nominal sentences all make use of the negation particle değil ‘not’. The third type of negation occurs in existential expressions: the notion ‘there is’ is expressed by var and its negational counterpart is yok ‘there is not’. Furthermore, to a limited extent intrinsic negation is expressed in adverbial phrases by olmadan ‘without’ or by a noun expanded by the privative suffix –sIz ‘without’. Also the particle ne … ne ‘neither … nor’ has a negative meaning.","PeriodicalId":311517,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Turkish Grammar","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131835540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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