Yawei Yu, Jian-hua Zhang, M. Shafi, Min Zhang, J. Mirza
The 3-dimensional (3D) channel model gives a better understanding of statistical characteristics for practical channels than the 2-dimensional (2D) channel model, by taking the elevation domain into consideration. As different organizations and researchers have agreed to a standard 3D channel model, we attempt to measure the 3D channel and determine the parameters of the standard model. In this paper, we present the statistical propagation results of the 3D multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurement campaign performed in China and New Zealand (NZ). The measurements are done for an outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) urban scenario. The dense indoor terminals at different floors in a building form a typical 3D propagation environment. The key parameters of the channel are estimated from the measured channel impulse response (CIR) using the spatial-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. Till now there is abundant research performed on the azimuth domain; this paper mainly considers the statistical characteristics of the elevation domain. A statistical analysis of 3D MIMO channel results for both China and NZ measurements is presented for the following parameters: power delay profile (PDP), root mean square (rms), delay spread (DS), elevation angle-of-arrival (EAoA) distribution, elevation angle-of-departure (EAoD) distribution, elevation angular spread (AS), and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD).
{"title":"Statistical Characteristics of Measured 3-Dimensional MIMO Channel for Outdoor-to-Indoor Scenario in China and New Zealand","authors":"Yawei Yu, Jian-hua Zhang, M. Shafi, Min Zhang, J. Mirza","doi":"10.1155/2016/1317489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1317489","url":null,"abstract":"The 3-dimensional (3D) channel model gives a better understanding of statistical characteristics for practical channels than the 2-dimensional (2D) channel model, by taking the elevation domain into consideration. As different organizations and researchers have agreed to a standard 3D channel model, we attempt to measure the 3D channel and determine the parameters of the standard model. In this paper, we present the statistical propagation results of the 3D multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurement campaign performed in China and New Zealand (NZ). The measurements are done for an outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) urban scenario. The dense indoor terminals at different floors in a building form a typical 3D propagation environment. The key parameters of the channel are estimated from the measured channel impulse response (CIR) using the spatial-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. Till now there is abundant research performed on the azimuth domain; this paper mainly considers the statistical characteristics of the elevation domain. A statistical analysis of 3D MIMO channel results for both China and NZ measurements is presented for the following parameters: power delay profile (PDP), root mean square (rms), delay spread (DS), elevation angle-of-arrival (EAoA) distribution, elevation angle-of-departure (EAoD) distribution, elevation angular spread (AS), and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD).","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80323659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wang Lin, Yuxing Li, Liu Chang, Q. Hu, Yating Wang, Wang Quan
A transient mathematical model based on continuity equations for liquid and gas phases, with a momentum equation for the mixture, was developed, and numerical solutions and simulations corresponding to severe slugging in pipeline-riser system were presented, and the results were compared with the experimental data to verify the mathematical model. In numerical solutions, backward Euler schemes were adopted as predictors and trapezoidal methods were used as correctors. Variable time steps were employed for higher computational efficiency and accuracy in the integration. Experiments of severe slugging characteristics were performed, and the simulation results of the cycle periods and bottom pressure were compared with experimental values. Finally, the calculation results of detailed characteristics were analyzed thoroughly. The results show that the developed mathematical model can accurately predict the cycle time and the detailed characteristics of severe slugging. Under the experimental conditions, the liquid slug length can reach 1.6 times the height of the riser, and the maximum instantaneous gas velocity of outlet is 50 times the inlet gas velocity, and the maximum instantaneous liquid velocity of outlet is 28 times the inlet liquid velocity, having important implications for the hazard assessment of severe slugging.
{"title":"Modeling and Experiments of Severe Slugging in a Riser System","authors":"Wang Lin, Yuxing Li, Liu Chang, Q. Hu, Yating Wang, Wang Quan","doi":"10.1155/2016/4586853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4586853","url":null,"abstract":"A transient mathematical model based on continuity equations for liquid and gas phases, with a momentum equation for the mixture, was developed, and numerical solutions and simulations corresponding to severe slugging in pipeline-riser system were presented, and the results were compared with the experimental data to verify the mathematical model. In numerical solutions, backward Euler schemes were adopted as predictors and trapezoidal methods were used as correctors. Variable time steps were employed for higher computational efficiency and accuracy in the integration. Experiments of severe slugging characteristics were performed, and the simulation results of the cycle periods and bottom pressure were compared with experimental values. Finally, the calculation results of detailed characteristics were analyzed thoroughly. The results show that the developed mathematical model can accurately predict the cycle time and the detailed characteristics of severe slugging. Under the experimental conditions, the liquid slug length can reach 1.6 times the height of the riser, and the maximum instantaneous gas velocity of outlet is 50 times the inlet gas velocity, and the maximum instantaneous liquid velocity of outlet is 28 times the inlet liquid velocity, having important implications for the hazard assessment of severe slugging.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89173087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering the uncertainties and randomness of the mass structural health monitored data, the objectives of this paper are to present (a) a procedure for effective incorporation of the monitored data for the reliability prediction of structural components or structures, (b) one transforming method of Bayesian dynamic linear models (BDLMs) based on 1-order polynomial function, (c) model monitoring mechanism used to look for possible abnormal data based on BDLMs, (d) combinatorial Bayesian dynamic linear models based on the multiple BDLMs and their corresponding weights of prediction precision, and (e) an effective way of taking advantage of combinatorial Bayesian dynamic linear models to incorporate the historical data and real-time data in structural time-variant reliability prediction. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the application and feasibility of the proposed procedures and concepts.
{"title":"Combinatorial Bayesian Dynamic Linear Models of Bridge Monitored Data and Reliability Prediction","authors":"Xueping Fan, Yuefei Liu","doi":"10.1155/2016/3648126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3648126","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the uncertainties and randomness of the mass structural health monitored data, the objectives of this paper are to present (a) a procedure for effective incorporation of the monitored data for the reliability prediction of structural components or structures, (b) one transforming method of Bayesian dynamic linear models (BDLMs) based on 1-order polynomial function, (c) model monitoring mechanism used to look for possible abnormal data based on BDLMs, (d) combinatorial Bayesian dynamic linear models based on the multiple BDLMs and their corresponding weights of prediction precision, and (e) an effective way of taking advantage of combinatorial Bayesian dynamic linear models to incorporate the historical data and real-time data in structural time-variant reliability prediction. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the application and feasibility of the proposed procedures and concepts.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79090243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2016.11.001
Feng Yuntian
{"title":"Discrete element method study on the percolation process of fine particles in ore drawing by the block caving method","authors":"Feng Yuntian","doi":"10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2016.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2016.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81906131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2016.08.014
L. Fu, W. Han, Yanzhao Xie, Chang-hai Li, C. Dong, Lin Zhao, Z. Tian
The Ni3Al-alloy and its composites with different Cr3C2 contents were fabricated by a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technique. The influences of Cr3C2 content on the microstructure, hardness and wear properties of the Cr3C2/Ni3Al composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wear tribometry. The results show that inter-diffusion occurs between the original Cr3C2 and the Ni3Al particles during the HIP process and the Cr3C2 particles partially transform into M7C3 (M=Cr, Fe, Ni) structures. Under specific friction and wear conditions, the wear resistance of the Cr3C2/Ni3Al composites is significantly improved due to the addition of Cr3C2 particles by about 4-10 times, compared to the Ni3Al alloy. In addition, the cutting and scraping effects of counter-part disks by the Cr3C2/Ni3Al composites decreases with increasing Cr3C2 addition, resulting in a reduction in wear rate of counter-part disks.
{"title":"Influence of Cr3C2 content on the wear properties of Cr3C2/Ni3Al composites","authors":"L. Fu, W. Han, Yanzhao Xie, Chang-hai Li, C. Dong, Lin Zhao, Z. Tian","doi":"10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2016.08.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2016.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"The Ni3Al-alloy and its composites with different Cr3C2 contents were fabricated by a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technique. The influences of Cr3C2 content on the microstructure, hardness and wear properties of the Cr3C2/Ni3Al composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wear tribometry. The results show that inter-diffusion occurs between the original Cr3C2 and the Ni3Al particles during the HIP process and the Cr3C2 particles partially transform into M7C3 (M=Cr, Fe, Ni) structures. Under specific friction and wear conditions, the wear resistance of the Cr3C2/Ni3Al composites is significantly improved due to the addition of Cr3C2 particles by about 4-10 times, compared to the Ni3Al alloy. In addition, the cutting and scraping effects of counter-part disks by the Cr3C2/Ni3Al composites decreases with increasing Cr3C2 addition, resulting in a reduction in wear rate of counter-part disks.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72883816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.13374/J.ISSN.2095-9389.2015.06.013
H. Cao, Yunjie Yin, Ling Xiao, Dong Wang, Zhou Yang
Reverse-mode polymer-stabilized cholesteric texture( R-PSCT) films were prepared from ultraviolet polymerization-induced phase separation in a mixture of 1,4-di[4-( 6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene( C6M) /( S)-4'-( 2-methylbutyl) biphenyl-4-carbonitrile( CB15) /2,2-dimethopxy-1,2-diphenyl-ethanone( IRG651) / SLC1717. The effects of curing temperature and ultraviolet( UV) irradiance on the electro-optical properties of R-PSCT films were studied. When the curing temperature increases or the ultraviolet irradiance decreases,the driving voltage,the contrast ratio and the on-state response time decrease,but the off-state response time increases. The R-PSCT film prepared at a curing temperature of 293 K and an ultraviolet irradiance of 0. 75 m W·cm- 2has better electro-optical properties.
以1,4-二[4-(6-丙烯氧基己基)苯甲酰氧基]-2-甲苯(C6M) /(S)-4′-(2-甲基丁基)联苯-4-碳腈(CB15) /2,2-二甲基-1,2-二苯基乙烷(IRG651) / SLC1717为溶剂，采用紫外聚合诱导相分离法制备了反模式聚合物稳定甾醇结构(R-PSCT)薄膜。研究了固化温度和紫外辐照度对R-PSCT薄膜电光性能的影响。当固化温度升高或紫外辐照度降低时，驱动电压、对比度和导通响应时间降低，而关断响应时间增加。制备的R-PSCT薄膜固化温度为293 K，紫外辐照度为0。75 m W·cm- 2具有较好的光电性能。
{"title":"Effects of preparing conditions on the electro-optical properties of reverse-mode polymer-stabilized cholesteric texture films","authors":"H. Cao, Yunjie Yin, Ling Xiao, Dong Wang, Zhou Yang","doi":"10.13374/J.ISSN.2095-9389.2015.06.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13374/J.ISSN.2095-9389.2015.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"Reverse-mode polymer-stabilized cholesteric texture( R-PSCT) films were prepared from ultraviolet polymerization-induced phase separation in a mixture of 1,4-di[4-( 6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene( C6M) /( S)-4'-( 2-methylbutyl) biphenyl-4-carbonitrile( CB15) /2,2-dimethopxy-1,2-diphenyl-ethanone( IRG651) / SLC1717. The effects of curing temperature and ultraviolet( UV) irradiance on the electro-optical properties of R-PSCT films were studied. When the curing temperature increases or the ultraviolet irradiance decreases,the driving voltage,the contrast ratio and the on-state response time decrease,but the off-state response time increases. The R-PSCT film prepared at a curing temperature of 293 K and an ultraviolet irradiance of 0. 75 m W·cm- 2has better electro-optical properties.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91185899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2015.05.005
Tang Wang, B. Song, Ming-ming Song, Maolong Chen, J. Mao
As a deoxidizer for steelmaking,Al has a problem of oxidation loss when it is added into liquid steel,which leads to a lower utilization rate of Al. At the same time,the high melting point and irregular shape of the deoxidization products make it difficult to remove Al2O3 inclusions from molten steel effectively,which causes nuzzle clogging and steel quality deteriorative. A new kind of complex deoxidizer which takes Al as the effective deoxidization component and a low melting point slag including Al2O3-Si O2-Mg OCa O as the carrier was investigated to improve the deoxidization utilization rate of Al and make the deoxidization products eliminate quickly from molten steel. Experiment results showed that the complex deoxidizer not only guaranteed the dissolved oxygen content in molten steel below 10 × 10-6,but also made the deoxidization inclusions fewer and smaller. Compared with Al deoxidization,the purity of steel was significantly improved and an excellent deoxidization effect was presented.
{"title":"Deoxidization effect research of a new Al based complex deoxidizer","authors":"Tang Wang, B. Song, Ming-ming Song, Maolong Chen, J. Mao","doi":"10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2015.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13374/J.ISSN2095-9389.2015.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"As a deoxidizer for steelmaking,Al has a problem of oxidation loss when it is added into liquid steel,which leads to a lower utilization rate of Al. At the same time,the high melting point and irregular shape of the deoxidization products make it difficult to remove Al2O3 inclusions from molten steel effectively,which causes nuzzle clogging and steel quality deteriorative. A new kind of complex deoxidizer which takes Al as the effective deoxidization component and a low melting point slag including Al2O3-Si O2-Mg OCa O as the carrier was investigated to improve the deoxidization utilization rate of Al and make the deoxidization products eliminate quickly from molten steel. Experiment results showed that the complex deoxidizer not only guaranteed the dissolved oxygen content in molten steel below 10 × 10-6,but also made the deoxidization inclusions fewer and smaller. Compared with Al deoxidization,the purity of steel was significantly improved and an excellent deoxidization effect was presented.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85371488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mastali, Z. Abdollahnejad, M. G. Naghibdehi, M. Sharbatdar
Nowadays, using fibrous materials is used widely in strengthening applications such as cross-section enlargement and using functionally graded reinforced concrete. Functionally graded reinforced concrete is used as multireinforced concrete layers that can be reinforced by different fiber types. The objective of this research was to address the structural benefits of functionally graded concrete materials by performing analytical simulations. In order to achieve this purpose, in the first stage of this study, three functionally graded reinforced concretes by steel and polypropylene (PP) were experimentally tested under flexural loading. Inverse analysis was applied to obtain the used material properties of reinforced concrete by FEMIX software. After obtaining the material properties, to assess the performance of proposed slabs, some other cases were proposed and numerically evaluated under flexural and shear loading. The results showed that increasing steel fiber in reinforced entire cross section led to achieve better shear and flexural performance while the best performance of reinforced functionally graded slabs was achieved for slab at 1% fiber content. In the second stage, nineteen reinforced functionally graded RC slabs with steel bars were simulated and assessed and some other cases were considered which were not experimentally tested.
{"title":"Numerical Evaluations of Functionally Graded RC Slabs","authors":"M. Mastali, Z. Abdollahnejad, M. G. Naghibdehi, M. Sharbatdar","doi":"10.1155/2014/768956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/768956","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, using fibrous materials is used widely in strengthening applications such as cross-section enlargement and using functionally graded reinforced concrete. Functionally graded reinforced concrete is used as multireinforced concrete layers that can be reinforced by different fiber types. The objective of this research was to address the structural benefits of functionally graded concrete materials by performing analytical simulations. In order to achieve this purpose, in the first stage of this study, three functionally graded reinforced concretes by steel and polypropylene (PP) were experimentally tested under flexural loading. Inverse analysis was applied to obtain the used material properties of reinforced concrete by FEMIX software. After obtaining the material properties, to assess the performance of proposed slabs, some other cases were proposed and numerically evaluated under flexural and shear loading. The results showed that increasing steel fiber in reinforced entire cross section led to achieve better shear and flexural performance while the best performance of reinforced functionally graded slabs was achieved for slab at 1% fiber content. In the second stage, nineteen reinforced functionally graded RC slabs with steel bars were simulated and assessed and some other cases were considered which were not experimentally tested.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84377315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops an inventory model for items with uncertain deterioration rate, time-dependent demand rate with nonincreasing function, and allowable shortage under fuzzy inflationary situation. The goods are not deteriorating upon reception, but the deteriorating starts after elapsing a specified time. The lead time and inflation rate are both uncertain in the model. The resultant effect of inflation and time value of money is assumed to be fuzzy in nature and also we consider lead time as a fuzzy function of order quantity. Furthermore the following different deterioration rates have been considered: for the first case we consider fuzzy deterioration rate and for the second case we assume that the deterioration rate is time dependent and follows Weibull distribution with three known parameters. Since the inflation rate, deterioration rate, and the lead time are fuzzy numbers, the objective function becomes fuzzy. Therefore the estimate of total costs for each case is derived using signed distance technique for defuzzification. The optimal replenishment policy for the model is to minimize the total present value of inventory system costs, derived for both the above mentioned policies. Numerical examples are then presented to illustrate how the proposed model is applied.
{"title":"A New Mathematical Inventory Model with Stochastic and Fuzzy Deterioration Rate under Inflation","authors":"Bahar Naserabadi, A. Mirzazadeh, S. Nodoust","doi":"10.1155/2014/347857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/347857","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops an inventory model for items with uncertain deterioration rate, time-dependent demand rate with nonincreasing function, and allowable shortage under fuzzy inflationary situation. The goods are not deteriorating upon reception, but the deteriorating starts after elapsing a specified time. The lead time and inflation rate are both uncertain in the model. The resultant effect of inflation and time value of money is assumed to be fuzzy in nature and also we consider lead time as a fuzzy function of order quantity. Furthermore the following different deterioration rates have been considered: for the first case we consider fuzzy deterioration rate and for the second case we assume that the deterioration rate is time dependent and follows Weibull distribution with three known parameters. Since the inflation rate, deterioration rate, and the lead time are fuzzy numbers, the objective function becomes fuzzy. Therefore the estimate of total costs for each case is derived using signed distance technique for defuzzification. The optimal replenishment policy for the model is to minimize the total present value of inventory system costs, derived for both the above mentioned policies. Numerical examples are then presented to illustrate how the proposed model is applied.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79170166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this research paper is to describe the system architecture for an urban roadside automatic mist-generating system. Its primary purpose is to mitigate particulate matter especially PM2.5–10. In this paper, four graphs are provided to exhibit the constituent elements of this system. This paper also discusses the functional extensions of this system for alternative uses in civil engineering which include winter road deicing and desnowing with added salt; clean-up of street dust; lowering of temperature of a “hot island” during the summer; the addition of humidity in an arid area; and the suppression of flu virus in the winter season. The structure and function of this system are comprehensively discussed in this paper. This system is compared to existing and other proposed systems in terms of control options, efficiency, and primary functional issues. The unique design of the road automatic sprinkling system renders itself a prominent option. Although there are no data available for this conceptual system, some expected qualitative and quantitative outcomes are provided and justified. The paper concludes with some potential research areas and challenges associated with this system architecture.
{"title":"The Design of an Urban Roadside Automatic Sprinkling System: Mitigation of PM2.5–10 in Ambient Air in Megacities","authors":"Shiyong Liu, K. Triantis, Lan Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2014/618109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/618109","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research paper is to describe the system architecture for an urban roadside automatic mist-generating system. Its primary purpose is to mitigate particulate matter especially PM2.5–10. In this paper, four graphs are provided to exhibit the constituent elements of this system. This paper also discusses the functional extensions of this system for alternative uses in civil engineering which include winter road deicing and desnowing with added salt; clean-up of street dust; lowering of temperature of a “hot island” during the summer; the addition of humidity in an arid area; and the suppression of flu virus in the winter season. The structure and function of this system are comprehensively discussed in this paper. This system is compared to existing and other proposed systems in terms of control options, efficiency, and primary functional issues. The unique design of the road automatic sprinkling system renders itself a prominent option. Although there are no data available for this conceptual system, some expected qualitative and quantitative outcomes are provided and justified. The paper concludes with some potential research areas and challenges associated with this system architecture.","PeriodicalId":31263,"journal":{"name":"工程设计学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78677676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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