Human hair can often be useful biological matrix, alternative to the conventional biological matrices such as blood, serum, urine, saliva etc for clinical and toxicological analyses. The objective of this article was to provide comprehensive details regarding the utilization of human hair as an analytical sample of interest. Such details involve presenting information on hair structure, mechanisms of active substances (drugs) incorporation into human hair, its merits as an analytical sample, collection and preparation for analysis, and various analytical techniques that have been used to determine active substances in the hair samples. The methodology used entailed obtaining information from published works in scientific journals, official books as well the internet websites. The results indicate that numerous active substances belonging to various pharmacological classes namely central nervous system analgesics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anti-hypertensives, anti-inflammatory agents, anxiolytics, cannabinoides, sedatives and steroids etc. that have been incorporated into human hair by passive diffusion from the bloodstream into the growing hair cells or through sweat, sebum, and the external environment have been successfully determined. Literature has also revealed that the speed and extent of active substances penetrating black hair are related to the lipid solubility, molecular weight, and polarity of the active substances. In conclusion, the study has shown that human hair is an important biological matrix in clinical and toxicological analyses as well as in nutritional, archaeological and forensic investigations.
{"title":"Human Hair: An Important Biological Matrix of Interest","authors":"Chika J Mbah","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000217","url":null,"abstract":"Human hair can often be useful biological matrix, alternative to the conventional biological matrices such as blood, serum, urine, saliva etc for clinical and toxicological analyses. The objective of this article was to provide comprehensive details regarding the utilization of human hair as an analytical sample of interest. Such details involve presenting information on hair structure, mechanisms of active substances (drugs) incorporation into human hair, its merits as an analytical sample, collection and preparation for analysis, and various analytical techniques that have been used to determine active substances in the hair samples. The methodology used entailed obtaining information from published works in scientific journals, official books as well the internet websites. The results indicate that numerous active substances belonging to various pharmacological classes namely central nervous system analgesics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, anti-hypertensives, anti-inflammatory agents, anxiolytics, cannabinoides, sedatives and steroids etc. that have been incorporated into human hair by passive diffusion from the bloodstream into the growing hair cells or through sweat, sebum, and the external environment have been successfully determined. Literature has also revealed that the speed and extent of active substances penetrating black hair are related to the lipid solubility, molecular weight, and polarity of the active substances. In conclusion, the study has shown that human hair is an important biological matrix in clinical and toxicological analyses as well as in nutritional, archaeological and forensic investigations.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115432231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abū l- ‘Alā’ Zuhr, known as Abuleli (c.1060-1131), is one of the most important physicians from Al-Andalus and wrote on pharmacology and medicine. He is the main author on popular scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages together with AlMajūsī (d.994) in East. Among his works, we find the treatise entitled in Arabic Kitāb mujarrabāt al-khawāṣṣ (Book of the experience facts) that contains interesting descriptions on the healing qualities and the medical characteristics of diverse minerals, plants and animals as well as other incredible attributes that are included in the framework of folk medicine. This paper is an approach to the study of this book and adds the English translation of some of its texts taken from the 520th Arabic manuscript at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, UK.
{"title":"The Kitab mujarrabat al-khawass of Abuleli (c.1060-1131)","authors":"L. M. Arvide Cambra","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000155","url":null,"abstract":"Abū l- ‘Alā’ Zuhr, known as Abuleli (c.1060-1131), is one of the most important physicians from Al-Andalus and wrote on pharmacology and medicine. He is the main author on popular scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages together with AlMajūsī (d.994) in East. Among his works, we find the treatise entitled in Arabic Kitāb mujarrabāt al-khawāṣṣ (Book of the experience facts) that contains interesting descriptions on the healing qualities and the medical characteristics of diverse minerals, plants and animals as well as other incredible attributes that are included in the framework of folk medicine. This paper is an approach to the study of this book and adds the English translation of some of its texts taken from the 520th Arabic manuscript at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, UK.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"85 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126891201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seasonal Variation of Proteins and Amino Acids Content in Various Parts of Aegle Marmelos (L.) Corr","authors":"K. Vasant","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124271521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants have been the mainstay of many traditional cultures for their low cost and wide accessibility for preventive and therapeutic uses. Lophira lanceolata van tiegh ex keay. is a plant belonging to the family Ochnaceae. It is a medicinal plant commonly used in west and central African regions. In Nigeria it is found in the North western region. This plant is well known and has been employed in the treatment of dermatosis, toothache, arthritis, headache, Cardiovascular diseases and many others. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanolic stem bark extract of L. Lanceolata methanolic leaf extract was investigated by determining the total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity using varied concentrations (31.25-500µg/ml) of the plant extract at absorbance of 515nm using ELISA plate reader. Ascorbic acid was used as the standard. From the results of the study, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of major Phyto-compounds like Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins. The highest absorbance value that presents with the highest concentration revealed that the plant possesses radical scavenging activities. The present study indicates that, Lophira lanceolata has significant antioxidant activity and thus, support the claimed ethnomedical uses of the plant in the management of conditions associated with oxidative stress.
{"title":"Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Lanceolata (Ochanaceae) Van Tiegh Ex Keay","authors":"Abubakar Muhammad Amali","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000194","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have been the mainstay of many traditional cultures for their low cost and wide accessibility for preventive and therapeutic uses. Lophira lanceolata van tiegh ex keay. is a plant belonging to the family Ochnaceae. It is a medicinal plant commonly used in west and central African regions. In Nigeria it is found in the North western region. This plant is well known and has been employed in the treatment of dermatosis, toothache, arthritis, headache, Cardiovascular diseases and many others. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanolic stem bark extract of L. Lanceolata methanolic leaf extract was investigated by determining the total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity using varied concentrations (31.25-500µg/ml) of the plant extract at absorbance of 515nm using ELISA plate reader. Ascorbic acid was used as the standard. From the results of the study, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of major Phyto-compounds like Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins. The highest absorbance value that presents with the highest concentration revealed that the plant possesses radical scavenging activities. The present study indicates that, Lophira lanceolata has significant antioxidant activity and thus, support the claimed ethnomedical uses of the plant in the management of conditions associated with oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122085889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cancer is a malignant disease which is in most part incurable. It is not curable through normal medication. Different cure techniques have already equipped to wipe cancer out but still a mess that cancer finds its own way-out. Oncolytic viral therapy is a new promising strategy against cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can replicate in cancer cells but not in normal cells, leading to lysis of the tumor mass but are recognized by the immune system as pathogens and the consequent antiviral response could represent a big hurdle for OVs makes the concept compromised for cancer treatment or malignant metastasis. Every human cell has a hereditary program that upon enactment will cause cell demise, named apoptosis. Cancer cells can develop because of imbalanced expansion, cell cycle guideline and their apoptosis hardware: genomic mutant particles bringing about non-practical professional apoptotic proteins or over-articulation of against apoptotic sister proteins which structure the premise of tumor development. Shockingly, exercises gained from infections demonstrate that malignancy can't be viewed essentially as the inverse of apoptosis. Using anticancer genes as a therapy for cancer can be effective as they can go through the gene lines and make a call for destruction of malignancy. HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells) is such an anticancer gene which is found in human milk that can be effective in cancer treatment and also refusing new path making of cancer.
癌症是一种恶性疾病，在大多数情况下是无法治愈的。它不能通过正常的药物治疗。不同的治疗技术已经装备来消灭癌症，但仍然是一个烂摊子，癌症找到自己的出路。溶瘤病毒治疗是一种很有前景的抗癌新策略。溶瘤病毒(OVs)可以在癌细胞中复制，但不能在正常细胞中复制，导致肿瘤块的溶解，但被免疫系统识别为病原体，随之而来的抗病毒反应可能是OVs的一大障碍，使其概念在癌症治疗或恶性转移中受到损害。每个人类细胞都有一个遗传程序，一旦发生，就会导致细胞死亡，称为细胞凋亡。肿瘤细胞的发展是由于不平衡的增殖、细胞周期的指引和它们的凋亡硬件:基因组突变颗粒导致非实用的专业凋亡蛋白或对凋亡姐妹蛋白的过度衔接，而凋亡姐妹蛋白是肿瘤发展的前提。令人震惊的是，从感染中获得的锻炼表明，恶性肿瘤不能本质上被视为细胞凋亡的对立面。利用抗癌基因治疗癌症是有效的，因为它们可以通过基因系，并呼吁破坏恶性肿瘤。哈姆雷特(Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells)是在人乳中发现的一种抗癌基因，对癌症治疗有效，同时也拒绝癌症的新途径。
{"title":"HAMLET (Human Alpha-Lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells) - A Hope for the Cancer Patients","authors":"S. Al Azad","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000152","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a malignant disease which is in most part incurable. It is not curable through normal medication. Different cure techniques have already equipped to wipe cancer out but still a mess that cancer finds its own way-out. Oncolytic viral therapy is a new promising strategy against cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can replicate in cancer cells but not in normal cells, leading to lysis of the tumor mass but are recognized by the immune system as pathogens and the consequent antiviral response could represent a big hurdle for OVs makes the concept compromised for cancer treatment or malignant metastasis. Every human cell has a hereditary program that upon enactment will cause cell demise, named apoptosis. Cancer cells can develop because of imbalanced expansion, cell cycle guideline and their apoptosis hardware: genomic mutant particles bringing about non-practical professional apoptotic proteins or over-articulation of against apoptotic sister proteins which structure the premise of tumor development. Shockingly, exercises gained from infections demonstrate that malignancy can't be viewed essentially as the inverse of apoptosis. Using anticancer genes as a therapy for cancer can be effective as they can go through the gene lines and make a call for destruction of malignancy. HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells) is such an anticancer gene which is found in human milk that can be effective in cancer treatment and also refusing new path making of cancer.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124899804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marbofloxacin belongs to the group of fluoroquinolones, used exclusively in domestic animals. This study was carried out with the purpose of studying the temporal disposition of marbofloxacin in edible compartments of the egg after administration of 1, 52 mg/kg of marbofloxacin in drinking water for 11 consecutive days in hens in posture peak and average weight of 1,91±0,25 kg. Birds were housed in individual cages under controlled light conditions, ambient temperature, relative humidity, water and balanced feed ad libitum. After the administration, eggs were collected daily and immediately separated into albumen and yolk, identified per bird/day and stored at-20°C until analysis. The preparative assay consisted in extraction of the analyte using 200 mg of yolk or albumen, as appropriate, in deionized water, homogenizing solution and enrofloxacin solution as internal standard. Separation and quantification were performed by HPLC by reverse phase isocratic elution with fluorescence detector, mobile phase composed of water, acetonitrile and triethylamine adjusted to pH 3. According to the peak areas of known concentrations, the concentrations of the test samples were calculated by simple linear regression. The established marbofloxacin levels are higher and more persistent in the yolk than in albumen, reaching 8 and 9 days, respectively. The disposition characteristics observed with marbofloxacin are compatible with the physico-chemical properties of the antimicrobial with the respective compartments of the egg and the time required for its formation. Data obtained from marbofloxacin depletion in egg compartments were analyzed using the EMEA WT 1.4 software and conjecturing a rigorous MRL (0,001 µg/kg), a withdrawal period of 13 and 17 days was estimated, for albumen and yolk, respectively.
{"title":"Disposition and Residues of Marbofloxacin in Eggs of Laying Hens","authors":"C. Errecalde","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000185","url":null,"abstract":"Marbofloxacin belongs to the group of fluoroquinolones, used exclusively in domestic animals. This study was carried out with the purpose of studying the temporal disposition of marbofloxacin in edible compartments of the egg after administration of 1, 52 mg/kg of marbofloxacin in drinking water for 11 consecutive days in hens in posture peak and average weight of 1,91±0,25 kg. Birds were housed in individual cages under controlled light conditions, ambient temperature, relative humidity, water and balanced feed ad libitum. After the administration, eggs were collected daily and immediately separated into albumen and yolk, identified per bird/day and stored at-20°C until analysis. The preparative assay consisted in extraction of the analyte using 200 mg of yolk or albumen, as appropriate, in deionized water, homogenizing solution and enrofloxacin solution as internal standard. Separation and quantification were performed by HPLC by reverse phase isocratic elution with fluorescence detector, mobile phase composed of water, acetonitrile and triethylamine adjusted to pH 3. According to the peak areas of known concentrations, the concentrations of the test samples were calculated by simple linear regression. The established marbofloxacin levels are higher and more persistent in the yolk than in albumen, reaching 8 and 9 days, respectively. The disposition characteristics observed with marbofloxacin are compatible with the physico-chemical properties of the antimicrobial with the respective compartments of the egg and the time required for its formation. Data obtained from marbofloxacin depletion in egg compartments were analyzed using the EMEA WT 1.4 software and conjecturing a rigorous MRL (0,001 µg/kg), a withdrawal period of 13 and 17 days was estimated, for albumen and yolk, respectively.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128929184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past ten years, the use of herbal and ayurvedic medications has gained international attention due to their potential medicinal and financial benefits. The consistency, safety, and effectiveness of herbs have come under scrutiny due to their extensive use throughout the world. Rosa damascena is the flower’s king and a symbol of inspiration, beauty and it is a precious herb with contemporary pharmaceutical significance that is employed in medications. R. damascenes have chemical constituents like anthocyanins, terpenes, flavonoids, and glycosides. And also, Vitamins A, B3, C, D, and E are among the vitamins found in flowers. These herbs are used to produce the herbal remedy Gulkand, which is effective for constipation. Besides, depression mood, nervous tension, and stress are treated with it. The R. damascena has many pharmacological actions such as antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus; antiviral activity against HSV-1, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae; anticancer activity; antidepressant activity; anticonvulsant effect; antioxidant effects; hepatoprotective activity and others. Thus, providing adequate logical support or evaluation for herbal health arguments has become the standard. This article examines traditional knowledge or claims, phytochemical and pharmacological justifications, as well as pharmacogenetic reasoning, and the plant’s prospective applications. Since ancient times, people have been taking advantage of the earth’s resources to discover novel phytoconstituents that can be used to cure a wide range of illnesses. Many of these treatments are still useful in today’s medicine. The search for potent natural and fresh semi-synthetic or copied compounds to treat human ailments is still ongoing, according to emerging data, and it is leading to the discovery of novel potent natural and fresh semi-synthetic or copied compounds.
{"title":"Rosa Damescana: A Review of its Conventional Uses Phytochemistry and Pharmacology","authors":"Isayas Asefa Kebede","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000218","url":null,"abstract":"In the past ten years, the use of herbal and ayurvedic medications has gained international attention due to their potential medicinal and financial benefits. The consistency, safety, and effectiveness of herbs have come under scrutiny due to their extensive use throughout the world. Rosa damascena is the flower’s king and a symbol of inspiration, beauty and it is a precious herb with contemporary pharmaceutical significance that is employed in medications. R. damascenes have chemical constituents like anthocyanins, terpenes, flavonoids, and glycosides. And also, Vitamins A, B3, C, D, and E are among the vitamins found in flowers. These herbs are used to produce the herbal remedy Gulkand, which is effective for constipation. Besides, depression mood, nervous tension, and stress are treated with it. The R. damascena has many pharmacological actions such as antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus; antiviral activity against HSV-1, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae; anticancer activity; antidepressant activity; anticonvulsant effect; antioxidant effects; hepatoprotective activity and others. Thus, providing adequate logical support or evaluation for herbal health arguments has become the standard. This article examines traditional knowledge or claims, phytochemical and pharmacological justifications, as well as pharmacogenetic reasoning, and the plant’s prospective applications. Since ancient times, people have been taking advantage of the earth’s resources to discover novel phytoconstituents that can be used to cure a wide range of illnesses. Many of these treatments are still useful in today’s medicine. The search for potent natural and fresh semi-synthetic or copied compounds to treat human ailments is still ongoing, according to emerging data, and it is leading to the discovery of novel potent natural and fresh semi-synthetic or copied compounds.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116551710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of GABA on Hematological, Biochemical, Antioxidant and Immunological Parameters in Laying Hens","authors":"Mohamed A Mohamed E","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133739545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quinidine Therapy in Ventricular Fibrillation-Related Channellopaties: Is it Really Useful Nowadays?","authors":"Ósmar Antonio Centurión","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000159","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132306685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herbal medicines are currently in high demand, and their popularity is steadily increasing as an alternative medicine. This is as a result of their perceived effectiveness, fewer side effects and relatively low cost. They are being used simultaneously with therapeutic drugs for the treatment and management of numerous medical conditions, but due to the complex mixture of bioactive constituents they are capable of affecting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of conventional drugs when administered concurrently. Of serious concern is the concurrent consumption of herbal products and conventional drugs. Herb–drug inter-action (HDI) is the single most important clinical consequence of this practice. Using a structured assessment procedure, the evidence of HDI presents with varying degree of clinical significance. While the potential for HDI for a number of herbal products is inferred from non-human studies, certain HDIs are well established through human studies and documented case reports. This herb-drug interactions (HDIs) may lead to modifications in plasma drug levels resulting in therapeutic failure of the drug or, alternatively, it may cause drug-induced toxicity. The main routes proposed for HDIs include cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated inhibition or induction and transport and flow proteins. In our review, some herbal medicines used for the treatment of various diseases were highlighted and case reports of their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics herb-drug interactions were analyzed. Therefore, this review can be a quick reference tool for physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals involved in therapy, and counseling towards appropriate use of drugs to maximize clinical outcomes.
{"title":"Effect of Concurrent Administration of Herbs on the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs: A Review","authors":"Julius Olugbenga Soyinka","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000212","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal medicines are currently in high demand, and their popularity is steadily increasing as an alternative medicine. This is as a result of their perceived effectiveness, fewer side effects and relatively low cost. They are being used simultaneously with therapeutic drugs for the treatment and management of numerous medical conditions, but due to the complex mixture of bioactive constituents they are capable of affecting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of conventional drugs when administered concurrently. Of serious concern is the concurrent consumption of herbal products and conventional drugs. Herb–drug inter-action (HDI) is the single most important clinical consequence of this practice. Using a structured assessment procedure, the evidence of HDI presents with varying degree of clinical significance. While the potential for HDI for a number of herbal products is inferred from non-human studies, certain HDIs are well established through human studies and documented case reports. This herb-drug interactions (HDIs) may lead to modifications in plasma drug levels resulting in therapeutic failure of the drug or, alternatively, it may cause drug-induced toxicity. The main routes proposed for HDIs include cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated inhibition or induction and transport and flow proteins. In our review, some herbal medicines used for the treatment of various diseases were highlighted and case reports of their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics herb-drug interactions were analyzed. Therefore, this review can be a quick reference tool for physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals involved in therapy, and counseling towards appropriate use of drugs to maximize clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124205211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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