COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a transmissible illness affected by a virus of the Coronaviridae family. Omicron is one of the COVID-19 variants of SARS-CoV-2 that firstly informed from Botswana B.1.1.529 was the original subvariant of omicron and then numerous sub-variants of Omicron have appeared comprising: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5, BQ.1 and BQ.1.1, XBB.1, and XBB 1.5. The aim of this in silico research is to investigate the effect of monovalent (monovalent) vaccines on the XBB.1.5 variant. In this in silico study the sequence of spike protein obtained from NCBI and then the mutations of XBB 1.5 were add to obtained sequence. Since most of the currently used vaccines belong to the RBD region, in this study the RBD mutations were analyzed. All B cell and T cell epitopes of original strain (Wuhan) recorded and the epitopes that changed via mutation (XBB 1.5) were removed. The original virus has 10 B-cell epitopes in the RBD region. 5 of these epitopes were not mutated (unchanged. Besides the B cells epitopes, 45 alleles of T cell epitopes were also unchanged. The result of this study informed that the monovalent vaccine can produce humoral and especially cellular immunity and the vaccines help protect against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. The mutations will certainly reduce the effectiveness of monovalent vaccine, so the use of bivalent vaccines is recommended. Some countries do not have bivalent vaccines; these countries can still use monovalent vaccines.
{"title":"The Effect of RBD-Based Vaccines on Covid-19 XBB 1.5 Subvariant","authors":"M. Norizadeh","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000213","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a transmissible illness affected by a virus of the Coronaviridae family. Omicron is one of the COVID-19 variants of SARS-CoV-2 that firstly informed from Botswana B.1.1.529 was the original subvariant of omicron and then numerous sub-variants of Omicron have appeared comprising: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5, BQ.1 and BQ.1.1, XBB.1, and XBB 1.5. The aim of this in silico research is to investigate the effect of monovalent (monovalent) vaccines on the XBB.1.5 variant. In this in silico study the sequence of spike protein obtained from NCBI and then the mutations of XBB 1.5 were add to obtained sequence. Since most of the currently used vaccines belong to the RBD region, in this study the RBD mutations were analyzed. All B cell and T cell epitopes of original strain (Wuhan) recorded and the epitopes that changed via mutation (XBB 1.5) were removed. The original virus has 10 B-cell epitopes in the RBD region. 5 of these epitopes were not mutated (unchanged. Besides the B cells epitopes, 45 alleles of T cell epitopes were also unchanged. The result of this study informed that the monovalent vaccine can produce humoral and especially cellular immunity and the vaccines help protect against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. The mutations will certainly reduce the effectiveness of monovalent vaccine, so the use of bivalent vaccines is recommended. Some countries do not have bivalent vaccines; these countries can still use monovalent vaccines.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116929269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance Correlated to Patient Profile Factors in the Central Region of Romania","authors":"C. Dobrea","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000171","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125491979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In the elderly, falls are a common and important problem. One of the most feared consequences of falling is a hip fracture. Psychotropic drugs are used extensively among older people and there is a risk of falling that these drugs are used long-term and off-label. In addition to treatment of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia, with psychotropic drugs, these drugs are also prescribed to older patients for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Aims of the study: To investigate whether psychotropic drugs are associated with an increased risk of fall injuries in older adults. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 discharge prescriptions of neurosurgery department from Mar 2022 to May 20202. In the present study, the elderly patients of 65 years and above were included in this study. The relevant data were collected from computerized records of a teaching hospital in Sana’a, Yemen. The prescriptions were evaluated and reviewed for investigate whether psychotropic drugs are associated with an increased risk of fall injuries. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS version 26. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Also, data were analyzed by chi-square test to know the relationship between the poly-pharmacy and major drug-drug interactions. A value of P-value > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 170 discharge prescriptions were enrolled. 99 (58.3%) were male patients and 71 (41.8%) were female. It was showed that the major morbidity pattern was depression 79 (46.5). It had been found that (14 drugs) were drugs that generally should be avoided in older adults. The benzodiazepines were the most. The drugs that should be used with caution when prescribe to older adults were 6 drugs and the antidepressant SSRI was the most. Drugs to be avoided or dosage reduced with varying levels of kidney function were 3 drugs on discharge based on AGS 2019. According to the study results, 16.5% of patients had poly-pharmacy on discharge and 83.5% with no poly-pharmacy. The study results revealed that 62 (25.3%) of patients had at least one major drug-drug interactions on discharge. The most common drug-drug interaction was between antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline) with benzodiazepines (lorazepam) which result increase of falls and injuries. The relationship between poly-pharmacy at discharge and major drug-drug interaction was statistically significant in this study. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of PIMs which are mostly psychotropic drugs that should be avoided or used with caution among older patients. Also, this study identifies the major drug-drug interactions that make falls and injures. Poly-pharmacy and chronic conditions were predictors for increased use of PIMs among older patients. Increase the knowledge about PIMs, psychotropic drugs and their poten
背景:在老年人中，跌倒是一个常见而重要的问题。跌倒最可怕的后果之一是髋部骨折。精神药物在老年人中广泛使用，这些药物长期使用和标签外使用有下降的风险。除了用精神药物治疗抑郁、焦虑和失眠等心理健康问题外，这些药物也被开给老年痴呆症(BPSD)的行为和心理症状患者。研究目的:调查精神药物是否与老年人跌倒伤害风险增加有关。材料与方法:对2022年3月至2020年5月神经外科170张出院处方进行回顾性横断面研究。本研究纳入65岁及以上的老年患者。相关数据是从也门萨那一家教学医院的计算机记录中收集的。对处方进行评估和审查，以调查精神药物是否与跌倒伤害风险增加有关。所得数据采用SPSS version 26描述性统计进行分析。分类变量以频率和百分比表示。采用卡方检验对数据进行分析，了解多重用药与主要药物相互作用之间的关系。p值> 0.05认为有统计学意义。结果:共纳入出院处方170张。其中男性99例(58.3%)，女性71例(41.8%)。结果显示，主要发病类型为抑郁症79(46.5)。其中有14种药物是老年人一般应避免使用的药物。苯二氮卓类药物最多。老年人用药时应谨慎使用的药物有6种，其中抗抑郁药SSRI最多。根据AGS 2019，出院时应避免或减少不同肾功能的药物为3种。研究结果显示，16.5%的患者出院时多次服药，83.5%的患者出院时没有多次服药。研究结果显示，62例(25.3%)患者出院时至少有一种主要的药物-药物相互作用。最常见的药物-药物相互作用是抗抑郁药物(阿米替林)与苯二氮卓类药物(劳拉西泮)之间的相互作用，导致跌倒和受伤的增加。出院时多重用药与主要药物相互作用的关系在本研究中具有统计学意义。结论:老年患者中pim患病率高，以精神类药物为主，应避免或慎用。此外，这项研究还确定了导致跌倒和受伤的主要药物-药物相互作用。多种用药和慢性病是老年患者pim使用增加的预测因素。有必要提高患者和医疗保健提供者对精神药物、精神药物及其潜在副作用的认识。
{"title":"Evaluation of Psychotropic Drugs and Falls among Discharged Elderly Patients in Sana’a City, Yemen","authors":"Ali Alyahawi","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000208","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the elderly, falls are a common and important problem. One of the most feared consequences of falling is a hip fracture. Psychotropic drugs are used extensively among older people and there is a risk of falling that these drugs are used long-term and off-label. In addition to treatment of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia, with psychotropic drugs, these drugs are also prescribed to older patients for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Aims of the study: To investigate whether psychotropic drugs are associated with an increased risk of fall injuries in older adults. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 discharge prescriptions of neurosurgery department from Mar 2022 to May 20202. In the present study, the elderly patients of 65 years and above were included in this study. The relevant data were collected from computerized records of a teaching hospital in Sana’a, Yemen. The prescriptions were evaluated and reviewed for investigate whether psychotropic drugs are associated with an increased risk of fall injuries. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS version 26. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Also, data were analyzed by chi-square test to know the relationship between the poly-pharmacy and major drug-drug interactions. A value of P-value > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 170 discharge prescriptions were enrolled. 99 (58.3%) were male patients and 71 (41.8%) were female. It was showed that the major morbidity pattern was depression 79 (46.5). It had been found that (14 drugs) were drugs that generally should be avoided in older adults. The benzodiazepines were the most. The drugs that should be used with caution when prescribe to older adults were 6 drugs and the antidepressant SSRI was the most. Drugs to be avoided or dosage reduced with varying levels of kidney function were 3 drugs on discharge based on AGS 2019. According to the study results, 16.5% of patients had poly-pharmacy on discharge and 83.5% with no poly-pharmacy. The study results revealed that 62 (25.3%) of patients had at least one major drug-drug interactions on discharge. The most common drug-drug interaction was between antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline) with benzodiazepines (lorazepam) which result increase of falls and injuries. The relationship between poly-pharmacy at discharge and major drug-drug interaction was statistically significant in this study. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of PIMs which are mostly psychotropic drugs that should be avoided or used with caution among older patients. Also, this study identifies the major drug-drug interactions that make falls and injures. Poly-pharmacy and chronic conditions were predictors for increased use of PIMs among older patients. Increase the knowledge about PIMs, psychotropic drugs and their poten","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126823225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luliconazole and Terbinafine hydrochloride combination is used for external fungal infections and is newly introduced in market. Hence it is necessary to develop a appropriate method of analysis for rapid and accurate determination of these drugs. Three simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and economical UV-spectrophotometric methods (A,B,C) have been developed for simultaneous estimation of Luliconazole and Terbinafine hydrochloride in their pharmaceutical dosage form and their comparison by ANOVA. Method (A) is well based on first order derivative spectrophotometric method, in which zero crossing points for Luliconazole is 249.50 nm and Terbinafine hydrochloride is 258.50 nm. Linearity was found in range of 3-18 µg/ ml for both the drugs using methanol as a common solvent. Method (B) is constructed on the principle of dual wavelength method using absorbance difference at 281 and 306 nm for Luliconazole & 262 and 296 nm for Terbinafine hydrochloride. Method (C) is based on norm of Q-absorbance ratio method where iso-absorptive point was obtained at 250 nm and the λ max selected was of Terbinafine hydrochloride 282 nm. The developed methods were validated as per ICH guideline. Accuracy and precision of methods were determined and validated. All the developed methods showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD <2. These three methods developed were compared using one way ANOVA and the fcal value was found to be less than ftab value indicating that there is no significant difference in the assay results of the three methods. All three methods were found to be rapid, specific, precise and accurate and found no interferences from the cream excipients so it can be used for routine investigation of both drugs in quality control laboratories.
{"title":"Development and Validation of Three Different UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of New Antifungal Combination Used in Treatment of External Fungal Infections and Their Comparison Using ANOVA","authors":"Ruchi Kansotia","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000188","url":null,"abstract":"Luliconazole and Terbinafine hydrochloride combination is used for external fungal infections and is newly introduced in market. Hence it is necessary to develop a appropriate method of analysis for rapid and accurate determination of these drugs. Three simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and economical UV-spectrophotometric methods (A,B,C) have been developed for simultaneous estimation of Luliconazole and Terbinafine hydrochloride in their pharmaceutical dosage form and their comparison by ANOVA. Method (A) is well based on first order derivative spectrophotometric method, in which zero crossing points for Luliconazole is 249.50 nm and Terbinafine hydrochloride is 258.50 nm. Linearity was found in range of 3-18 µg/ ml for both the drugs using methanol as a common solvent. Method (B) is constructed on the principle of dual wavelength method using absorbance difference at 281 and 306 nm for Luliconazole & 262 and 296 nm for Terbinafine hydrochloride. Method (C) is based on norm of Q-absorbance ratio method where iso-absorptive point was obtained at 250 nm and the λ max selected was of Terbinafine hydrochloride 282 nm. The developed methods were validated as per ICH guideline. Accuracy and precision of methods were determined and validated. All the developed methods showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD <2. These three methods developed were compared using one way ANOVA and the fcal value was found to be less than ftab value indicating that there is no significant difference in the assay results of the three methods. All three methods were found to be rapid, specific, precise and accurate and found no interferences from the cream excipients so it can be used for routine investigation of both drugs in quality control laboratories.","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132774597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Sodium Valproate and Levetiracetam on Thyroid Hormones in Pediatric Patients with Epilepsy","authors":"D. S","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128930184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The prescription is an order for delivery and an act by which the practitioner draws up a list of products or hygienic-dietetic measures. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study to assess the quality of prescriptions. It took place at the University Hospital for Odontostomatology over a period of six months, during which 870 medical prescriptions were included. Result: The most important information to figured out orders such as the prescription date, the qualification of the prescriber, the signature and stamp were not mentioned, respectively, in 3; 81; 5 and 7% of cases. Almost no prescription prescribed referred to weights (99% of cases). The duration of treatment is not specified in 99% of cases. The full name of the patient and readability of orders were still noted in all cases. Discussion/Conclusion: For a prescription, certain legal references can incriminate prescribers and lead patients into therapeutic errors
{"title":"Assessment of Drug Prescriptions at the University Hospital Center, National Center of Odontostomatology (CHU-CNOS) in Bamako, Mali","authors":"Sanou Coulibaly Kho","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000186","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The prescription is an order for delivery and an act by which the practitioner draws up a list of products or hygienic-dietetic measures. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study to assess the quality of prescriptions. It took place at the University Hospital for Odontostomatology over a period of six months, during which 870 medical prescriptions were included. Result: The most important information to figured out orders such as the prescription date, the qualification of the prescriber, the signature and stamp were not mentioned, respectively, in 3; 81; 5 and 7% of cases. Almost no prescription prescribed referred to weights (99% of cases). The duration of treatment is not specified in 99% of cases. The full name of the patient and readability of orders were still noted in all cases. Discussion/Conclusion: For a prescription, certain legal references can incriminate prescribers and lead patients into therapeutic errors","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"208 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133586764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of Insulin in Prevention of Hypertrophic Scars","authors":"R. Chittoria","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117110599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DNA Binding Effect and Antibacterial Effect of Bezafibrate, an Antilipemic Agent","authors":"I. Arman","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"4 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120852617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Isolation and Biochemical Identification of Enterococcus Faecalis on Moribund Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L)","authors":"Alvin T Reyes","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000177","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124758864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease and PCSK9 Inhibitors","authors":"Kuznetsov Andrey","doi":"10.23880/apct-16000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/apct-16000187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":313915,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology & Clinical Trials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131502815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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