Over many years muscle tissue is continuously broken down and reformed through hypertrophy, where the muscle is damaged and then the fibers are fused together to increase muscle in mass and size. As a person ages muscle tissue makeup changes based on 2 significant factors: lifestyle and genetics. Diagnosing significant injuries in this tissue requires the use of expensive technology (magnetic resonance imaging or electromyography) and invasive techniques. The focus of the study is to find an accurate, cost effective method to analyze muscle stiffness, and to observe a trend between age and muscle stiffness. The devices used in the study are a Modally Hand Impact Hammer, and three miniature PCB accelerometers. In order to capture data, the Impact Hammer is used to excite a shear wave across the Bicep Brachii. From there, the data is collected in a Signal Express software and evaluated for accuracy within MATLAB figures. The data was collected from 10 subjects. There was no clear indication that age affected the stiffness. However, this could be disproved by collecting data from a larger subject pool. The data collected was validated by other studies using tried methods.
{"title":"Evaluating Bicep Stiffness in Increasing Age Groups","authors":"Muhammad Salman, Zachary Contois, M. H. Tanveer","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70289","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over many years muscle tissue is continuously broken down and reformed through hypertrophy, where the muscle is damaged and then the fibers are fused together to increase muscle in mass and size. As a person ages muscle tissue makeup changes based on 2 significant factors: lifestyle and genetics. Diagnosing significant injuries in this tissue requires the use of expensive technology (magnetic resonance imaging or electromyography) and invasive techniques. The focus of the study is to find an accurate, cost effective method to analyze muscle stiffness, and to observe a trend between age and muscle stiffness. The devices used in the study are a Modally Hand Impact Hammer, and three miniature PCB accelerometers. In order to capture data, the Impact Hammer is used to excite a shear wave across the Bicep Brachii. From there, the data is collected in a Signal Express software and evaluated for accuracy within MATLAB figures. The data was collected from 10 subjects. There was no clear indication that age affected the stiffness. However, this could be disproved by collecting data from a larger subject pool. The data collected was validated by other studies using tried methods.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125381120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Design and fabrication of beam-based lattices using 3D printing technology have enabled the development of biomedical implants with mechanically efficient scaffolds. For instance, bone tissue scaffolds are engineered implants that could benefit from multi-directional stiffness tuning in relation to the complex loadings of the body. Here, we introduce beam-based lattices with height-adjustable BC-Tetra unit cell designs with different configurations for tuning the elastic modulus along different loading axes. The BC-Tetra unit cell has a tetragonal organization with a square base and adjustable height. Unit cells were designed with a beam diameter of 0.8 mm, porosities of approximately 50% and 70%, and varied unit cell heights for each porosity. Lattices were built during the stereolithography process with E-Shell 600 material that is a biocompatible methacrylic acid-based polymer. Mechanical compression experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varied BC-Tetra unit cell designs on the longitudinal and transverse elastic moduli of the lattice structures. Mechanical compression testing indicates that the longitudinal elastic modulus of the structures increases with the unit cell height, whereas the transverse elastic modulus decreases. Thus, the adjustment of unit cell height allows tailoring of elastic modulus in multiple directions to ensure implants can adjust the host bone loading while mitigating stress shielding. These results contribute to better design decisions for 3D printed lattice structures with specified mechanical properties that provide new dimensions for biomedical implant design.
{"title":"Design and Testing of 3D Printed Tissue Scaffolds With Directionally Tunable Stiffness","authors":"A. A. Masud, Amit M. E. Arefin, M. Chyu, P. Egan","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73745","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Design and fabrication of beam-based lattices using 3D printing technology have enabled the development of biomedical implants with mechanically efficient scaffolds. For instance, bone tissue scaffolds are engineered implants that could benefit from multi-directional stiffness tuning in relation to the complex loadings of the body. Here, we introduce beam-based lattices with height-adjustable BC-Tetra unit cell designs with different configurations for tuning the elastic modulus along different loading axes. The BC-Tetra unit cell has a tetragonal organization with a square base and adjustable height. Unit cells were designed with a beam diameter of 0.8 mm, porosities of approximately 50% and 70%, and varied unit cell heights for each porosity. Lattices were built during the stereolithography process with E-Shell 600 material that is a biocompatible methacrylic acid-based polymer. Mechanical compression experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varied BC-Tetra unit cell designs on the longitudinal and transverse elastic moduli of the lattice structures. Mechanical compression testing indicates that the longitudinal elastic modulus of the structures increases with the unit cell height, whereas the transverse elastic modulus decreases. Thus, the adjustment of unit cell height allows tailoring of elastic modulus in multiple directions to ensure implants can adjust the host bone loading while mitigating stress shielding. These results contribute to better design decisions for 3D printed lattice structures with specified mechanical properties that provide new dimensions for biomedical implant design.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124733817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial infections have been recognized as a critical challenge to public health, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and enormous costs. In this paper, a digital light processing (DLP) based 3D printing system is employed to rapidly manufacture photocurable thermoset polymers and nanocomposites for potential antibacterial applications. This work shows how nanoparticles that present antibacterial properties can be added to traditional DLP manufacturing and their effects on the physical properties. In this paper, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in the 10 to 30-nm range are mixed with photocurable resins for rapid 3D printing and prototyping. The two resins used are a standard photopolymer rapid resin and an ABS-like photopolymer rapid resin. A 1% composite percentage is utilized to avoid the requirement of modification to the printing system due to greatly increased viscosity. Tensile testing data, contact angle data, and abrasion data are performed on a total of four different composites and two controls. These composites have shown a tensile strength of 29.53 MPa. At the 1% nanoparticle weight concentration, the 3D printing nanocomposites are transparent and demonstrate a complete penetration of particles throughout the entire print. The detailed experimental characterization will be conducted to understand the 3D printed material’s mechanical properties and microstructures fully. This research can enhance public health by providing a novel approach to control the spread of bacteria and other microbial.
{"title":"Investigation of 3D Printed Antibacterial Nanocomposites for Improved Public Health","authors":"C. Billings, Changjie Cai, Yingtao Liu","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-72092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72092","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bacterial infections have been recognized as a critical challenge to public health, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and enormous costs. In this paper, a digital light processing (DLP) based 3D printing system is employed to rapidly manufacture photocurable thermoset polymers and nanocomposites for potential antibacterial applications. This work shows how nanoparticles that present antibacterial properties can be added to traditional DLP manufacturing and their effects on the physical properties. In this paper, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in the 10 to 30-nm range are mixed with photocurable resins for rapid 3D printing and prototyping. The two resins used are a standard photopolymer rapid resin and an ABS-like photopolymer rapid resin. A 1% composite percentage is utilized to avoid the requirement of modification to the printing system due to greatly increased viscosity. Tensile testing data, contact angle data, and abrasion data are performed on a total of four different composites and two controls. These composites have shown a tensile strength of 29.53 MPa. At the 1% nanoparticle weight concentration, the 3D printing nanocomposites are transparent and demonstrate a complete penetration of particles throughout the entire print. The detailed experimental characterization will be conducted to understand the 3D printed material’s mechanical properties and microstructures fully. This research can enhance public health by providing a novel approach to control the spread of bacteria and other microbial.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126338583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazuyoshi Jin, Ko Kitamura, S. Mugikura, N. Mori, M. Ohta, H. Anzai
An existence probability atlas has been used for automatic labeling of cerebral arteries. However, the number of arteries varies frequently because of image quality and individual variation of the artery structure. To moderate the influence of number imbalance on labeling accuracy, we propose a new normalized atlas for automatic labeling of cerebral artery centerlines. The number of arteries, which was obtained from magnetic resonance angiography, varies from 11 to 46 among the artery sites. Based on the centerline and diameter, the arterial volume was reconstructed into a voxel space for each subject. After superimposing arteries from 46 subjects, three normalization methods were compared: dividing by the number of subjects (N), by N and the arterial length (L), and by N and the arterial volume (V). To compare the labeling accuracy and precision, the summation of probability and labeling method was also used. The accuracy of all normalization methods was > 85% in all arteries. The precision improved in some parts, with the atlas normalized by N-L and by N-V. The use of N-L and N-V changed the relative value of the existence probability among the parts. Consequently, some normalization methods changed the tendency toward misclassification, which changed the precision.
{"title":"Evaluation of Normalization Methods in a Cerebral Artery Atlas for Automatic Labeling","authors":"Kazuyoshi Jin, Ko Kitamura, S. Mugikura, N. Mori, M. Ohta, H. Anzai","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71097","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An existence probability atlas has been used for automatic labeling of cerebral arteries. However, the number of arteries varies frequently because of image quality and individual variation of the artery structure. To moderate the influence of number imbalance on labeling accuracy, we propose a new normalized atlas for automatic labeling of cerebral artery centerlines.\u0000 The number of arteries, which was obtained from magnetic resonance angiography, varies from 11 to 46 among the artery sites. Based on the centerline and diameter, the arterial volume was reconstructed into a voxel space for each subject. After superimposing arteries from 46 subjects, three normalization methods were compared: dividing by the number of subjects (N), by N and the arterial length (L), and by N and the arterial volume (V). To compare the labeling accuracy and precision, the summation of probability and labeling method was also used.\u0000 The accuracy of all normalization methods was > 85% in all arteries. The precision improved in some parts, with the atlas normalized by N-L and by N-V. The use of N-L and N-V changed the relative value of the existence probability among the parts. Consequently, some normalization methods changed the tendency toward misclassification, which changed the precision.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124597233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex Tacescu, Nathaniel Goldfarb, Benjamin Secino, G. Fischer
Exoskeleton joints should be aligned and follow the anatomy of the person to prevent putting additional strain on the ligaments or creating skin complications through rubbing between the patient and the exoskeleton. The human knee is a challenging joint to replicate accurately since its motion is not a simple hinge joint; the knee rotates through its range of motion while the tibia extends relative to the joint center. This paper presents a powered biomechanical-inspired knee joint for an exoskeleton developed to follow the flexion-extension motion. By utilizing previous literature that used Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans to identify the relationship of flexion-extension, the design requirements for the knee mechanism were defined. The flexion-extension motion was used to determine the polynomial-shaped cam mechanism, translating the shank segment as the joint rotates. This knee joint takes advantage of Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing, allowing the knee to be easily manufactured and customized. Motion capture and finite element analysis are used to validate the motion and mechanical strength. The final biomechanical knee joint is highly customizable and easy to manufacture.
{"title":"Design of a Personalized Bio-Mechanical Knee Orthosis","authors":"Alex Tacescu, Nathaniel Goldfarb, Benjamin Secino, G. Fischer","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73209","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Exoskeleton joints should be aligned and follow the anatomy of the person to prevent putting additional strain on the ligaments or creating skin complications through rubbing between the patient and the exoskeleton. The human knee is a challenging joint to replicate accurately since its motion is not a simple hinge joint; the knee rotates through its range of motion while the tibia extends relative to the joint center. This paper presents a powered biomechanical-inspired knee joint for an exoskeleton developed to follow the flexion-extension motion. By utilizing previous literature that used Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans to identify the relationship of flexion-extension, the design requirements for the knee mechanism were defined. The flexion-extension motion was used to determine the polynomial-shaped cam mechanism, translating the shank segment as the joint rotates. This knee joint takes advantage of Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing, allowing the knee to be easily manufactured and customized. Motion capture and finite element analysis are used to validate the motion and mechanical strength. The final biomechanical knee joint is highly customizable and easy to manufacture.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122187955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considerable research efforts have been devoted for studying the interaction between surgical needles and soft tissues which can be used to evaluate the deflection of a bevel-tip needle inside a tissue. The development of an analytical model to predict the steering behavior of the needle during needle-tissue interactions could improve the performance of many percutaneous needle-based procedures. In this study, Euler-Bernoulli beam elastic foundation theory was utilized to model the needle as a cantilever beam moving along its longitudinal axis and undergoing various external loads. The external loads are the result of the interaction between the tissue and the needle during insertion, they can be modeled as a concentrated tissue cutting force acting at the needle bevel, and needle-tissue interaction forces acting along the needle length and tangent to the needle shaft. The accuracy of the analytical predictions offered by the model are verified by comparing them to the experimental data. Due to the assumption of the elastic tissue material, the difference between the analytical model and the experimental results was between 15% to 33%. Current work is ongoing to consider tissue viscoelastic properties to improve the analytical prediction.
{"title":"An Analytical Model for Predicting the Deflection of Hollow Surgical Needle in Soft Tissue","authors":"Samer Al-Safadi, P. Hutapea","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71532","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Considerable research efforts have been devoted for studying the interaction between surgical needles and soft tissues which can be used to evaluate the deflection of a bevel-tip needle inside a tissue. The development of an analytical model to predict the steering behavior of the needle during needle-tissue interactions could improve the performance of many percutaneous needle-based procedures. In this study, Euler-Bernoulli beam elastic foundation theory was utilized to model the needle as a cantilever beam moving along its longitudinal axis and undergoing various external loads. The external loads are the result of the interaction between the tissue and the needle during insertion, they can be modeled as a concentrated tissue cutting force acting at the needle bevel, and needle-tissue interaction forces acting along the needle length and tangent to the needle shaft. The accuracy of the analytical predictions offered by the model are verified by comparing them to the experimental data. Due to the assumption of the elastic tissue material, the difference between the analytical model and the experimental results was between 15% to 33%. Current work is ongoing to consider tissue viscoelastic properties to improve the analytical prediction.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123123550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the introduction and recent advances of additive manufacturing there are a number of materials available for creating medical prototypes. Of particular interest are materials used for imitating bone properties for the execution of mock preparatory surgeries. However, when designing a print for a model it is important to understand the mechanical properties of each material. One of the most common methods of 3d printing is stereolithography. In this paper, four Formlabs resins were tested in tensile loading. Clear, Durable, Tough, and High Temperature resins were used for testing. Samples were tested with and without post-processing curing. Curing was performed in a customized curing oven that follows the Formlabs requirements. After testing, mechanical properties were calculated for all sample groups.
{"title":"Irradiation and Thermal Post-Processing for Vat-Polymerization Additive Manufacturing: Tensile Properties of Four Formlabs Resins","authors":"J. Baumgarner, D. Piovesan","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73152","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the introduction and recent advances of additive manufacturing there are a number of materials available for creating medical prototypes. Of particular interest are materials used for imitating bone properties for the execution of mock preparatory surgeries. However, when designing a print for a model it is important to understand the mechanical properties of each material. One of the most common methods of 3d printing is stereolithography. In this paper, four Formlabs resins were tested in tensile loading. Clear, Durable, Tough, and High Temperature resins were used for testing. Samples were tested with and without post-processing curing. Curing was performed in a customized curing oven that follows the Formlabs requirements. After testing, mechanical properties were calculated for all sample groups.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123097727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects nearly a million people in the United States. Hand tremors are a well-known symptom associated with PD and result in anxiety, frustration, and malnutrition. While there is no cure, several approaches attempt to treat the symptoms. Many are invasive, including the use of pharmaceuticals and surgery [1]. Noninvasive technologies are often cumbersome and do not address the conspicuous nature experiencing tremors in public. This study is motivated by design criteria established from previous research [2], with a goal of an affordable, purely mechanical solution. In both cases, human subject testing echoed lab tests in effective tremor reduction. The extension to a wearable device gives the user the ability to hold or handle any object, or no object, with a significant reduction in tremor. Two separate wearable devices were tested for effectiveness while the simulated user ‘held’ two different objects to simulate different applications. Biomechanical modeling of the human hand informed the development of an adjustable mechanical hand-tremor system for testing. Models of the devices and the hand-device interface were used to simulate the dynamic response of the coupled systems. Each device was secured to the mechanical hand-tremor system and harmonic stimulus and response data was collected over the range of typical tremor frequencies. The results demonstrate the versatility of both designs for reducing the oscillations associated with tremors. The Ratio of Reduction (RoR) was defined to compare the tremor amplitude of the hand-tremor system with and without the device. Both designs were considered effective for each object with a max RoR of 28.09 for Device A and a max RoR of 99.32 for Device B.
{"title":"Parkinsons Disease: Tremor Suppression With Wearable Device","authors":"Samuel E. Winston, Riley C. Dehmer, T. Doughty","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70910","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects nearly a million people in the United States. Hand tremors are a well-known symptom associated with PD and result in anxiety, frustration, and malnutrition. While there is no cure, several approaches attempt to treat the symptoms. Many are invasive, including the use of pharmaceuticals and surgery [1]. Noninvasive technologies are often cumbersome and do not address the conspicuous nature experiencing tremors in public. This study is motivated by design criteria established from previous research [2], with a goal of an affordable, purely mechanical solution. In both cases, human subject testing echoed lab tests in effective tremor reduction. The extension to a wearable device gives the user the ability to hold or handle any object, or no object, with a significant reduction in tremor.\u0000 Two separate wearable devices were tested for effectiveness while the simulated user ‘held’ two different objects to simulate different applications. Biomechanical modeling of the human hand informed the development of an adjustable mechanical hand-tremor system for testing. Models of the devices and the hand-device interface were used to simulate the dynamic response of the coupled systems. Each device was secured to the mechanical hand-tremor system and harmonic stimulus and response data was collected over the range of typical tremor frequencies. The results demonstrate the versatility of both designs for reducing the oscillations associated with tremors. The Ratio of Reduction (RoR) was defined to compare the tremor amplitude of the hand-tremor system with and without the device. Both designs were considered effective for each object with a max RoR of 28.09 for Device A and a max RoR of 99.32 for Device B.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128874158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordan Smith, Robert Felmlee, M. Crowe, D. Piovesan
Falls in nursing homes and hospitals are common occurrences and a significant problem in the healthcare industry. A large number of accidents occur during sit to stand transitions. Not only patients with lower limb weakness are prone to injury after falls, but the healthcare workers are prone to musculoskeletal injuries when helping individuals transitioning from sitting to a standing position. Sit to stand devices are currently being used in hospitals, but the current models are expensive and do not allow patients to use any of their lower body strength in the process. We proposed the design of a device adjustable to each user in order to maximize the use of their own strength and allow them to stand up comfortably and safely. The design is innovative, customizable, and enables the device to be used as a walker as well. We propose an actuation system that combines a set of elastic bands to modulate the force used for lifting and gravity compensation. The system comprises of two sets of rubber bands that can modulate the force profile as a function of the height of the seat. Furthermore, this device offers a potential solution to the disproportionate number of workers injured in the healthcare field during lifting and assisting patients during the sit to stand transition.
{"title":"Sit to Stand Gait Trainer: Modulation of Lift Force via Elastic Network","authors":"Jordan Smith, Robert Felmlee, M. Crowe, D. Piovesan","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73154","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Falls in nursing homes and hospitals are common occurrences and a significant problem in the healthcare industry. A large number of accidents occur during sit to stand transitions. Not only patients with lower limb weakness are prone to injury after falls, but the healthcare workers are prone to musculoskeletal injuries when helping individuals transitioning from sitting to a standing position. Sit to stand devices are currently being used in hospitals, but the current models are expensive and do not allow patients to use any of their lower body strength in the process. We proposed the design of a device adjustable to each user in order to maximize the use of their own strength and allow them to stand up comfortably and safely. The design is innovative, customizable, and enables the device to be used as a walker as well. We propose an actuation system that combines a set of elastic bands to modulate the force used for lifting and gravity compensation. The system comprises of two sets of rubber bands that can modulate the force profile as a function of the height of the seat. Furthermore, this device offers a potential solution to the disproportionate number of workers injured in the healthcare field during lifting and assisting patients during the sit to stand transition.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134549844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Islam, A. Rouhollahi, M. Lauria, A. Santhanam, O. Ilegbusi
This study investigates the effects of different pathological conditions of human trachea on flow distribution in the tracheo-bronchial tree (TBT) of human airways. Pathological conditions including hereditary Left Pulmonary Artery Sling (LPAS) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) often cause stenosis in the tracheal airway while a widening of the airway has been reported for patients with pulmonary fibrosis. This study assesses the airflow distribution in the human airway under such pathological conditions relative to normal flow condition, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Realistic 3D airway geometry is first reconstructed from anonymized CT scan data of human respiratory system and used for the CFD analysis. Specific pathological conditions are simulated by the modification of the tracheal geometry to account for the consequent shape deviation, and the resulting flow in the central airway is analyzed. Different breathing conditions (rest and mild activity) are modeled by imposing appropriate boundary conditions. The results demonstrate marked dependence of the predicted flow distribution and wall shear stress in the trachea on the pathological conditions. Tracheal stenosis exhibits mass flow split between the right and left bronchi similar to healthy case while bronchial stenosis significantly changes the mass flow split with less air coming out of the left main bronchus compared to the healthy case. The next phase of the study aims to assess the effect of the upstream vessel obstruction on the spatio-temporal airflow distribution in the lung and the overall breathing pattern. Such capabilities will directly address the regional flow distribution associated with diseases such as COPD and LPAS.
{"title":"Modeling Air Flow in Pathological Human Airway With Patient Specific CT-Data","authors":"A. Islam, A. Rouhollahi, M. Lauria, A. Santhanam, O. Ilegbusi","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71422","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the effects of different pathological conditions of human trachea on flow distribution in the tracheo-bronchial tree (TBT) of human airways. Pathological conditions including hereditary Left Pulmonary Artery Sling (LPAS) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) often cause stenosis in the tracheal airway while a widening of the airway has been reported for patients with pulmonary fibrosis. This study assesses the airflow distribution in the human airway under such pathological conditions relative to normal flow condition, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Realistic 3D airway geometry is first reconstructed from anonymized CT scan data of human respiratory system and used for the CFD analysis. Specific pathological conditions are simulated by the modification of the tracheal geometry to account for the consequent shape deviation, and the resulting flow in the central airway is analyzed. Different breathing conditions (rest and mild activity) are modeled by imposing appropriate boundary conditions. The results demonstrate marked dependence of the predicted flow distribution and wall shear stress in the trachea on the pathological conditions. Tracheal stenosis exhibits mass flow split between the right and left bronchi similar to healthy case while bronchial stenosis significantly changes the mass flow split with less air coming out of the left main bronchus compared to the healthy case. The next phase of the study aims to assess the effect of the upstream vessel obstruction on the spatio-temporal airflow distribution in the lung and the overall breathing pattern. Such capabilities will directly address the regional flow distribution associated with diseases such as COPD and LPAS.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130858473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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