Does each cell show specified behavior (deformation and alignment) as it passes through the micro-gap in the flow channel? A gap with a rectangular cross section (10 μm high, 0.4 mm wide, and length 0.1 mm long) was manufactured in the middle part of the flow path by photolithography technique. Myoblasts (C2C12: mouse myoblast cell line) sparsely suspended in the medium were used for the test. Deformation of each cell passing through the micro-gap was observed with an inverted phase contrast microscope. From the contour of the image of each cell passing through the gap, several parameters were analyzed: the two-dimensional projected area, the degree of deformation by ellipse approximation, and the alignment of the major axis of the deformed cell. The experimental results show that the alignment of each cell tends to deviate from the flow direction as the larger projected two-dimensional area.
{"title":"Cell Behavior in Flow Passing Through Micro Machined Gap","authors":"S. Hashimoto, Shogo Uehara","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69690","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Does each cell show specified behavior (deformation and alignment) as it passes through the micro-gap in the flow channel? A gap with a rectangular cross section (10 μm high, 0.4 mm wide, and length 0.1 mm long) was manufactured in the middle part of the flow path by photolithography technique. Myoblasts (C2C12: mouse myoblast cell line) sparsely suspended in the medium were used for the test. Deformation of each cell passing through the micro-gap was observed with an inverted phase contrast microscope. From the contour of the image of each cell passing through the gap, several parameters were analyzed: the two-dimensional projected area, the degree of deformation by ellipse approximation, and the alignment of the major axis of the deformed cell. The experimental results show that the alignment of each cell tends to deviate from the flow direction as the larger projected two-dimensional area.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130131429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current studies dispute the effect of the aorta geometry and branches on how the hemodynamics parameters develop along the branches in 3D models. In constructing and modelling the aorta geometry, it is necessary to incorporate the different lengths of the bifurcation and branches. Previous studies modelled the aorta with simplified assumptions (idealized model) which gave rise to some differences between the model and clinical outcomes. However, these differences are minimal, and the results can still be validated against clinical trials. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods can also accurately simulate the stresses affecting the artery wall and the dynamic behavior of the blood flow in its pulsatile form. Therefore, the outputs from CFD analysis can be used to reduce the risk of disease complications and enable a better understanding of the effects of hemodynamic stresses. A comparison of the behavior of the Time-Average Wall Shear Stress (TAWSS), Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI), and Relative Residence Time (RRT) against two lengths of bifurcations and in the presence of Non-Newtonian Power Law blood flow properties is presented in this work. This study investigates the cardiac cycle transient analysis using the Laminar inviscid flow in FLUENT, ANSYS 2020R2. The results are promising and give ample support for further development of new diagnostic tools based on the relationship between the Wall Shear Stress (WSS) derivatives: TAWSS and the OSI and the branches lengths.
{"title":"Do Long Aorta Branches Impact on the Rheological Properties?","authors":"M. Al-Rawi, A. Al-Jumaily, D. Belkacemi","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70565","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Current studies dispute the effect of the aorta geometry and branches on how the hemodynamics parameters develop along the branches in 3D models. In constructing and modelling the aorta geometry, it is necessary to incorporate the different lengths of the bifurcation and branches. Previous studies modelled the aorta with simplified assumptions (idealized model) which gave rise to some differences between the model and clinical outcomes. However, these differences are minimal, and the results can still be validated against clinical trials. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods can also accurately simulate the stresses affecting the artery wall and the dynamic behavior of the blood flow in its pulsatile form. Therefore, the outputs from CFD analysis can be used to reduce the risk of disease complications and enable a better understanding of the effects of hemodynamic stresses. A comparison of the behavior of the Time-Average Wall Shear Stress (TAWSS), Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI), and Relative Residence Time (RRT) against two lengths of bifurcations and in the presence of Non-Newtonian Power Law blood flow properties is presented in this work. This study investigates the cardiac cycle transient analysis using the Laminar inviscid flow in FLUENT, ANSYS 2020R2. The results are promising and give ample support for further development of new diagnostic tools based on the relationship between the Wall Shear Stress (WSS) derivatives: TAWSS and the OSI and the branches lengths.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114887583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Achilles tendon is a very important tendon that is vital to an individual’s movement. Once these tendons are torn, they become very difficult to heal. In order to avoid this situation, it is crucial to understand the limitations of the Achilles tendon on the average person. To study the properties of an Achilles tendon, research can be done in many ways, such as data collection of in-vivo specimens. Although this can be done, using an online simulation can result in quicker and more accurate data. One program that can be used to create a simulation of an Achilles tendon is OpenSim. In this study 5 different subjects, both male and female with ages 22+/−5 years are studied. The subject will stand on one foot which is the maximum amount of weight on one leg and that Achilles Tendon. The forces will be calculated on that foot using sensors such as laser displacement sensors. The weight of the subject will cause the ground reaction and the magnitude of the tensile force which will be exerted by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles on the calcaneus through the Achilles tendon will be calculated. The magnitude of the reaction force of the subject will be exerted at the ankle joint and it is applied by the tibia on the talus dome. The Achilles tendon is attached to the calcaneus bone and for this position of the foot, it is estimated that the line of action of the tensile force in the Achilles tendon makes an angle q (theta) with the horizontal, and the line of action of the ankle joint reaction force makes an angle b (beta) with the horizontal. We will use the force vectors to draw the concurrent diagram in order to find the unknown forces of the Achilles tendon and the tibia reactive force on the joint. By studying the properties of the Achilles tendon, while it is at 2 different dorsiflexed angles. These angles will vary from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. These concurrent force vector diagrams method will be applied to both configurations to find the unknown forces of the Achilles tendon and the tibia reaction on the dome of the talus. OpenSim is mainly used for biomechanical modeling and analysis of those models. The purpose of this research paper is to provide a comparison of data collected from real individuals and the simulation data from an OpenSim model.
{"title":"Modeling and Simulation of Achilles Tendon in OpenSim for Verification","authors":"Muhammad Salman, M. H. Tanveer","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71984","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Achilles tendon is a very important tendon that is vital to an individual’s movement. Once these tendons are torn, they become very difficult to heal. In order to avoid this situation, it is crucial to understand the limitations of the Achilles tendon on the average person. To study the properties of an Achilles tendon, research can be done in many ways, such as data collection of in-vivo specimens. Although this can be done, using an online simulation can result in quicker and more accurate data. One program that can be used to create a simulation of an Achilles tendon is OpenSim. In this study 5 different subjects, both male and female with ages 22+/−5 years are studied. The subject will stand on one foot which is the maximum amount of weight on one leg and that Achilles Tendon. The forces will be calculated on that foot using sensors such as laser displacement sensors. The weight of the subject will cause the ground reaction and the magnitude of the tensile force which will be exerted by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles on the calcaneus through the Achilles tendon will be calculated. The magnitude of the reaction force of the subject will be exerted at the ankle joint and it is applied by the tibia on the talus dome. The Achilles tendon is attached to the calcaneus bone and for this position of the foot, it is estimated that the line of action of the tensile force in the Achilles tendon makes an angle q (theta) with the horizontal, and the line of action of the ankle joint reaction force makes an angle b (beta) with the horizontal. We will use the force vectors to draw the concurrent diagram in order to find the unknown forces of the Achilles tendon and the tibia reactive force on the joint. By studying the properties of the Achilles tendon, while it is at 2 different dorsiflexed angles. These angles will vary from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. These concurrent force vector diagrams method will be applied to both configurations to find the unknown forces of the Achilles tendon and the tibia reaction on the dome of the talus. OpenSim is mainly used for biomechanical modeling and analysis of those models. The purpose of this research paper is to provide a comparison of data collected from real individuals and the simulation data from an OpenSim model.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121982842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronary artery disease is the abnormal contraction of heart supply blood vessel. This contraction in the blood vessels limits the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. Thus, diagnosing its severity helps physicians to select the appropriate treatment plan. fractional flow reserve is the most accurate diagnostic method because it estimates the reduction in blood flow. The flow is distributed between coronary branches. However, the stenosis could change the blood distribution percentage. Accordingly, some branches could have further reduction in blood flow. The aim of this study is measuring the blood distribution percentage and reduction in each branch in patient-specific right coronary artery experimentally and numerically. Moderate stenoses with 60% area ratio are added in three locations. The flow in each branch is measured. On the other hand, A comprehensive three-dimensional computational flow model is developed. The model is validated using the experimental results. The validated model is used to predict the results in case of non-Newtonian blood flow. Based on the predicted results, when the stenosis is far from the bifurcation, the reduction in the inlet and the branches is between 38.5% and 41% for all flowrates. However, the closer the stenosis to the bifurcation, the larger the reduction in the side branch compared to the inlet. It shows 100% reduction when the stenosis is 10mm away from the bifurcation and 66.5% when it is 25mm from the bifurcation compared to 64.3% and 55.5% in the main branch, respectively. Accordingly, the physician should not rely only on the reduction of flow in the stenosed artery and investigate further into the branches.
{"title":"Effect of Stenosis Location on the Flow Distribution in Coronary Branches: Experimental and Numerical Study","authors":"Yasser Abuouf, Muhamed Albadawi, Mahmoudi Ahmed","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71590","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Coronary artery disease is the abnormal contraction of heart supply blood vessel. This contraction in the blood vessels limits the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. Thus, diagnosing its severity helps physicians to select the appropriate treatment plan. fractional flow reserve is the most accurate diagnostic method because it estimates the reduction in blood flow. The flow is distributed between coronary branches. However, the stenosis could change the blood distribution percentage. Accordingly, some branches could have further reduction in blood flow. The aim of this study is measuring the blood distribution percentage and reduction in each branch in patient-specific right coronary artery experimentally and numerically. Moderate stenoses with 60% area ratio are added in three locations. The flow in each branch is measured. On the other hand, A comprehensive three-dimensional computational flow model is developed. The model is validated using the experimental results. The validated model is used to predict the results in case of non-Newtonian blood flow. Based on the predicted results, when the stenosis is far from the bifurcation, the reduction in the inlet and the branches is between 38.5% and 41% for all flowrates. However, the closer the stenosis to the bifurcation, the larger the reduction in the side branch compared to the inlet. It shows 100% reduction when the stenosis is 10mm away from the bifurcation and 66.5% when it is 25mm from the bifurcation compared to 64.3% and 55.5% in the main branch, respectively. Accordingly, the physician should not rely only on the reduction of flow in the stenosed artery and investigate further into the branches.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127749372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compared with traditional surgery, femtosecond laser minimally invasive surgery has many uncomparable advantages and will have a significant impact on the medical industry in the future. In this paper, a simple scene for laser minimally invasive virtual surgery training is designed, in which the testers can practice repeatedly until the basic operational requirements are met. The haptic device adopts the Geomagic Touch from American 3D Systems Company. Eight testers using Geomagic Touch handle perform four basic actions (clamping, adjusting posture, pushing / pressing, moving tiny objects) in the left interface virtual environment. Each action was performed 10 times by per tester. During the process of human-computer interaction, the position, attitude, speed, button and other information of the handle are collected in real time, and the collected data is saved in the form of text. The collected data is multivariate time series data. Based on the characteristics of multivariate time series data, this paper proposes a design of an evaluation system based on LSTM model to classify the collected data and evaluate the standard of surgical action according to the output probability of action classification.
{"title":"Design of a Training and Evaluation System for Surgical Robot Operation Based on Chai3d and LSTM Algorithm","authors":"Chenchen Gu, Qitao Hou, Zhaojie Ge, Zhiqiang Teng, Ping Zhao","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70310","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Compared with traditional surgery, femtosecond laser minimally invasive surgery has many uncomparable advantages and will have a significant impact on the medical industry in the future. In this paper, a simple scene for laser minimally invasive virtual surgery training is designed, in which the testers can practice repeatedly until the basic operational requirements are met. The haptic device adopts the Geomagic Touch from American 3D Systems Company. Eight testers using Geomagic Touch handle perform four basic actions (clamping, adjusting posture, pushing / pressing, moving tiny objects) in the left interface virtual environment. Each action was performed 10 times by per tester. During the process of human-computer interaction, the position, attitude, speed, button and other information of the handle are collected in real time, and the collected data is saved in the form of text. The collected data is multivariate time series data. Based on the characteristics of multivariate time series data, this paper proposes a design of an evaluation system based on LSTM model to classify the collected data and evaluate the standard of surgical action according to the output probability of action classification.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129223044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does cell orientation depend on the cell type in the shear stress field? Does that tendency change after the division? In this study, the behavior of each cell after division was tracked by time-lapse microscopic images through 24 hours of culture under a shear stress field. A constant shear stress field was applied to the cells in the Couette flow between the parallel walls: the lower static culture disc and the upper rotating disc. For comparison, four types of cells were used: C2C12 (mouse myoblast), HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), 3T3-L1 (mouse adipose progenitor cells), and L929 (mouse fibroblast). The result is as follows. In the wall shear stress field of 1 Pa, HUVEC is oriented parallel to the flow, regardless of the division. In other cell types (C2C12, 3T3-L1, and L929) after division, the deformed cell tends to tilt to the direction parallel to the flow. The experimental results are expected to be applied to engineered tissue technologies.
{"title":"Cell Activity Change After Division Under Wall Shear Stress Field","authors":"S. Hashimoto, Hiroki Yonezawa, Ryuya Ono","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69689","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Does cell orientation depend on the cell type in the shear stress field? Does that tendency change after the division? In this study, the behavior of each cell after division was tracked by time-lapse microscopic images through 24 hours of culture under a shear stress field. A constant shear stress field was applied to the cells in the Couette flow between the parallel walls: the lower static culture disc and the upper rotating disc. For comparison, four types of cells were used: C2C12 (mouse myoblast), HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), 3T3-L1 (mouse adipose progenitor cells), and L929 (mouse fibroblast). The result is as follows. In the wall shear stress field of 1 Pa, HUVEC is oriented parallel to the flow, regardless of the division. In other cell types (C2C12, 3T3-L1, and L929) after division, the deformed cell tends to tilt to the direction parallel to the flow. The experimental results are expected to be applied to engineered tissue technologies.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121284627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyler F. Rooks, J. Humm, J. Baisden, V. Chancey, N. Yoganandan
The need for an objective measure of injury in an area of the body that is difficult to study through experimental research methods combined with recent advancements in computational capabilities has led to a focus on development of detailed finite element models. Model development, anatomical detail, and injury metrics, however, varies widely. The purpose of this study was to benchmark the response of a newly developed anatomically accurate human brain model against the SIMon and GHBMC models and describe the predicted regional responses of the brain. The MCW-USAARL Head Injury Model (MUHIM) anatomy was developed using a neuroimaging atlas and neurosurgeon review. Material properties were obtained from literature. All three models were exercised using data from in-house laboratory tests that consisted of a helmeted head and neck mounted on a mini-sled device. Cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) was calculated for each model using a strain threshold of 15, used in previous studies as a brain injury threshold. SIMon and GHBMC whole brain CSDM was 0.25 and 0.3 for the frontal and 0.40 and 0.3 for the lateral impact tests. Comparatively, whole brain CSDM from the MUHIM model was 0.27 for frontal tests and 0.45 for lateral tests. It is known that cognitive functions are region specific, and damage to one region may have specific neural sequela. Such regional or local metrics may explain different types of brain injuries.
{"title":"Regional Strain Response of an Anatomically Accurate Finite Element Head Model","authors":"Tyler F. Rooks, J. Humm, J. Baisden, V. Chancey, N. Yoganandan","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-67500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-67500","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The need for an objective measure of injury in an area of the body that is difficult to study through experimental research methods combined with recent advancements in computational capabilities has led to a focus on development of detailed finite element models. Model development, anatomical detail, and injury metrics, however, varies widely. The purpose of this study was to benchmark the response of a newly developed anatomically accurate human brain model against the SIMon and GHBMC models and describe the predicted regional responses of the brain. The MCW-USAARL Head Injury Model (MUHIM) anatomy was developed using a neuroimaging atlas and neurosurgeon review. Material properties were obtained from literature. All three models were exercised using data from in-house laboratory tests that consisted of a helmeted head and neck mounted on a mini-sled device. Cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) was calculated for each model using a strain threshold of 15, used in previous studies as a brain injury threshold. SIMon and GHBMC whole brain CSDM was 0.25 and 0.3 for the frontal and 0.40 and 0.3 for the lateral impact tests. Comparatively, whole brain CSDM from the MUHIM model was 0.27 for frontal tests and 0.45 for lateral tests. It is known that cognitive functions are region specific, and damage to one region may have specific neural sequela. Such regional or local metrics may explain different types of brain injuries.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128482413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siqi Ji, Ran Ran, Ilia Chiniforooshan Esfahani, K. Wan, Hongwei Sun
Polystyrene particles simulating bacteria flow down a micro-channel in the presence of potassium chloride solution. Depending on the ionic concentration or flow rates, portion of the particles are trapped on the glass substrate due to intrinsic surface forces. A novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is built into the microfluidic device to track the real-time particle deposition by shift of the resonance frequency. The new technique is promising to quantify water filtration.
{"title":"A New Microfluidic Device Integrated With Quartz Crystal Microbalance to Measure Colloidal Particle Adhesion","authors":"Siqi Ji, Ran Ran, Ilia Chiniforooshan Esfahani, K. Wan, Hongwei Sun","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73099","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Polystyrene particles simulating bacteria flow down a micro-channel in the presence of potassium chloride solution. Depending on the ionic concentration or flow rates, portion of the particles are trapped on the glass substrate due to intrinsic surface forces. A novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is built into the microfluidic device to track the real-time particle deposition by shift of the resonance frequency. The new technique is promising to quantify water filtration.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121435414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Combat-related spine injuries from improvised explosive devices are attributed to vertical loading transmitted from the seat to the pelvis to the torso and head-neck regions. The presence of personal protective equipment (PPE) adds to the weight of the torso, influencing the load transmission within the vertebral column. In this study, a detailed mid-size male finite element model from the Global Human Body Models Consortium was used to investigate the effect of PPE on spine kinematics, forces, and moments along the vertebral column. The model was positioned on a rigid seat, such that the posture represented an upright seated soldier. Once positioned, the model was updated with PPE. The models, with and without PPE were simulated under two high acceleration vertical loading pulses and the spine accelerations, forces and moments were investigated. The PPE increased the spinal loads, with reduced time to peak. The presence of PPE increased forces in the cervical and thoracic spines up to 14% and 9%, while it decreased the lumbar spine forces up to 7%. PPE increased cervical spine extension moment up to 104%, thoracic spine flexion moment up to 14%, and decreased the lumbar spine flexion moment up to 11%. The increase in thoracic spine compressive forces and flexion moments due to PPE suggest increased risk of injury in compression-flexion, such as anterior or burst fractures of the thoracic vertebrae with or without the distraction of posterior elements/ligaments. Whereas, the PPE may be effective in reducing the injury in lumbar spine, with reduced forces and moments. The pulse variation showed that the seat velocity along with the acceleration influence the spine kinematics and further parametric studies are needed to understand the effectiveness of PPE for varying seat velocities/accelerations. Spinal accelerations peaked earlier with PPE; however, their peak and morphologies were unchanged. This study delineates the kinetics of the spine injury during underbody blast loading and the role of PPE on potential injuries and injury mechanisms based on forces and moments.
{"title":"Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Spinal Column Loads From Underbody Blast Loading","authors":"Sagar Umale, J. Humm, N. Yoganandan","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73664","url":null,"abstract":"Combat-related spine injuries from improvised explosive devices are attributed to vertical loading transmitted from the seat to the pelvis to the torso and head-neck regions. The presence of personal protective equipment (PPE) adds to the weight of the torso, influencing the load transmission within the vertebral column. In this study, a detailed mid-size male finite element model from the Global Human Body Models Consortium was used to investigate the effect of PPE on spine kinematics, forces, and moments along the vertebral column. The model was positioned on a rigid seat, such that the posture represented an upright seated soldier. Once positioned, the model was updated with PPE. The models, with and without PPE were simulated under two high acceleration vertical loading pulses and the spine accelerations, forces and moments were investigated. The PPE increased the spinal loads, with reduced time to peak. The presence of PPE increased forces in the cervical and thoracic spines up to 14% and 9%, while it decreased the lumbar spine forces up to 7%. PPE increased cervical spine extension moment up to 104%, thoracic spine flexion moment up to 14%, and decreased the lumbar spine flexion moment up to 11%. The increase in thoracic spine compressive forces and flexion moments due to PPE suggest increased risk of injury in compression-flexion, such as anterior or burst fractures of the thoracic vertebrae with or without the distraction of posterior elements/ligaments. Whereas, the PPE may be effective in reducing the injury in lumbar spine, with reduced forces and moments. The pulse variation showed that the seat velocity along with the acceleration influence the spine kinematics and further parametric studies are needed to understand the effectiveness of PPE for varying seat velocities/accelerations. Spinal accelerations peaked earlier with PPE; however, their peak and morphologies were unchanged. This study delineates the kinetics of the spine injury during underbody blast loading and the role of PPE on potential injuries and injury mechanisms based on forces and moments.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123063424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haadi Elahi, Marvin Perez, V. Viswanathan, Aayush Vemuri, Indeever Madireddy, Sohail Zaidi
Robotics-assisted rehabilitation has been one of the popular research areas in recent years. The increase in the elderly population and sports-related injuries, the high cost of physical therapy, and advances in Mechatronics have been crucial factors driving this research. The objective of this project is to provide supplementary motion in knee extension and flexion for lower extremity rehabilitation. The device incorporates pneumatic muscles that closely recreate human muscle movement and surface electromyography (EMG) sensors to activate motions. Recently, tests were carried out to characterize the unit and compare the performance of the pneumatic muscles against the theoretical values provided by the manufacturer. Results indicate limitations in the range of operation of the device, mainly due to the limited contraction ratio of commercially available fluidic muscles. Overall, the project provided vital insights that may be useful for researchers developing exoskeleton devices for rehabilitation. This paper reports the characterization of the EMG sensors and pneumatic-based fluidic muscles used in the ABJ system. To address the shortcomings of the commercially available fluidic muscle, custom muscles are designed and characterized. The results provide significant insights for a redesign of the device. Based on the characterization data, a redesign is proposed for a future generation of the device.
{"title":"Characterization and Optimization of a Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Device for Leg Muscle Rehabilitation","authors":"Haadi Elahi, Marvin Perez, V. Viswanathan, Aayush Vemuri, Indeever Madireddy, Sohail Zaidi","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-72130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72130","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Robotics-assisted rehabilitation has been one of the popular research areas in recent years. The increase in the elderly population and sports-related injuries, the high cost of physical therapy, and advances in Mechatronics have been crucial factors driving this research. The objective of this project is to provide supplementary motion in knee extension and flexion for lower extremity rehabilitation. The device incorporates pneumatic muscles that closely recreate human muscle movement and surface electromyography (EMG) sensors to activate motions. Recently, tests were carried out to characterize the unit and compare the performance of the pneumatic muscles against the theoretical values provided by the manufacturer. Results indicate limitations in the range of operation of the device, mainly due to the limited contraction ratio of commercially available fluidic muscles. Overall, the project provided vital insights that may be useful for researchers developing exoskeleton devices for rehabilitation. This paper reports the characterization of the EMG sensors and pneumatic-based fluidic muscles used in the ABJ system. To address the shortcomings of the commercially available fluidic muscle, custom muscles are designed and characterized. The results provide significant insights for a redesign of the device. Based on the characterization data, a redesign is proposed for a future generation of the device.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115280430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：