V. Nandikolla, Eden Morris, John Aquino, Thomas Paris, Kevin Wheeler
Autonomously navigating robots are used in many applications including assistive robotics, military, space exploration, manufacturing, etc. Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) are an example of autonomous systems falling under the category of navigation, where navigation is dominantly composed of automatic transport and movement in real world environments. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) provides the best approach to the problems faced in unknown environments. Visual based cameras, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, global positioning systems, and inertial measuring units (IMU) feed constant streams of data to the SLAM algorithm. These sensors allow the UGV to explore an unknown outdoor environment whilst traversing around obstacles. The objects focused are construction barrels, cones, ramps, flags, and white lanes. Utilizing open source ROS packages, the UGV navigation algorithm uses 2D LiDAR, IMU, GPS, and depth camera data to combine the sensor inputs for a reliable robotic system. This paper demonstrates a robotic system combining RGB depth camera, object detection, and conventional outdoor SLAM navigation in unknown environments. Once a ramp or flag is detected an alternative path is implemented that is different from the global GPS path. The UGV combines all these methods to reliably explore unknown environments without the need for teleoperation.
{"title":"Navigation and Path Planning of an Autonomous Mobile Robot","authors":"V. Nandikolla, Eden Morris, John Aquino, Thomas Paris, Kevin Wheeler","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69457","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Autonomously navigating robots are used in many applications including assistive robotics, military, space exploration, manufacturing, etc. Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) are an example of autonomous systems falling under the category of navigation, where navigation is dominantly composed of automatic transport and movement in real world environments. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) provides the best approach to the problems faced in unknown environments. Visual based cameras, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, global positioning systems, and inertial measuring units (IMU) feed constant streams of data to the SLAM algorithm. These sensors allow the UGV to explore an unknown outdoor environment whilst traversing around obstacles. The objects focused are construction barrels, cones, ramps, flags, and white lanes. Utilizing open source ROS packages, the UGV navigation algorithm uses 2D LiDAR, IMU, GPS, and depth camera data to combine the sensor inputs for a reliable robotic system. This paper demonstrates a robotic system combining RGB depth camera, object detection, and conventional outdoor SLAM navigation in unknown environments. Once a ramp or flag is detected an alternative path is implemented that is different from the global GPS path. The UGV combines all these methods to reliably explore unknown environments without the need for teleoperation.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115586603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the techniques of subcutaneous drug delivery, the needle-free injection is relatively new. Compared to the hypodermic syringe, the needle-free injection avoids accidental stabbing and cross-infection. Although the needle-free injection technique has been exercised, the knowledge about instantaneous behaviors of the drug during the injection process have not been clarified. The present study aims to reveal drug flow characteristics of the needle-free injection. The effects of major operating parameters were investigated. An experimental work incorporating the measurement of instantaneous stagnation pressure and the visualization of drug diffusion in gel was conducted. The results show that the needle-free injection process is characterized by time-varying stagnation pressure. The peak stagnation pressure at the initial stage of injection is an important indicator of the aggressivity of the drug. The peak stagnation pressure decreases linearly with the increase of the nozzle diameter or the volume of injection. It is evidenced that the increase in the volume of injection causes an enlargement of the diffusion area of the liquid in the gel, which implies that the drug absorption rate is improved accordingly. Furthermore, with large nozzle diameter, the amount of the power consumed is high. Therefore, the maximum penetration depth of the liquid in gel increases with the nozzle diameter. However, the attainable lateral distance of the liquid is nearly insensitive to the nozzle diameter.
{"title":"Effects of Nozzle Diameter and Injection Volume of Drug on Performance of a Needle-Free Injector","authors":"Yang Zhu, C. Kang, Chunli Zhang, Haifei Li","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-66422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-66422","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Among the techniques of subcutaneous drug delivery, the needle-free injection is relatively new. Compared to the hypodermic syringe, the needle-free injection avoids accidental stabbing and cross-infection. Although the needle-free injection technique has been exercised, the knowledge about instantaneous behaviors of the drug during the injection process have not been clarified. The present study aims to reveal drug flow characteristics of the needle-free injection. The effects of major operating parameters were investigated. An experimental work incorporating the measurement of instantaneous stagnation pressure and the visualization of drug diffusion in gel was conducted. The results show that the needle-free injection process is characterized by time-varying stagnation pressure. The peak stagnation pressure at the initial stage of injection is an important indicator of the aggressivity of the drug. The peak stagnation pressure decreases linearly with the increase of the nozzle diameter or the volume of injection. It is evidenced that the increase in the volume of injection causes an enlargement of the diffusion area of the liquid in the gel, which implies that the drug absorption rate is improved accordingly. Furthermore, with large nozzle diameter, the amount of the power consumed is high. Therefore, the maximum penetration depth of the liquid in gel increases with the nozzle diameter. However, the attainable lateral distance of the liquid is nearly insensitive to the nozzle diameter.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125578797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computational simulations of the flow generated about a standing warfighter without a helmet and with two helmet pad arrangements are presented to determine the potential for delivering better thermal performance through passive design considerations. Cases considered include buoyancy-driven natural convection and wind-driven forced convection. The transport generated by each combination of geometry and flow conditions is assessed to determine each design’s efficiency in facilitating evaporative cooling via perspiration from the head. As anticipated, forced convection generates higher evaporative cooling rates than natural convection, averaging approximately 50% more cooling for the cases studied here. Helmet configuration had a greater impact on vapor transport away from the head during forced convection in the cases studied. Comparative metrics for assessing the relative effectiveness of a helmet design to facilitate cooling can be quantified based on these simulations, but more extensive exploration for the parameter space including wind direction for the forced convection scenarios would produce more insight into the relative benefits of particular designs. The results suggest that operationally-significant passive cooling could be achieved under conditions seen in theater, and that design and configuration decisions impact the evaporative cooling delivered and are therefore viable targets for optimization.
{"title":"Head Evaporative Cooling From Forced and Natural Convection for Two Helmet-Pad Configurations","authors":"D. Mott, Y. Khine, X. Tan, A. Bagchi","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73398","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Computational simulations of the flow generated about a standing warfighter without a helmet and with two helmet pad arrangements are presented to determine the potential for delivering better thermal performance through passive design considerations. Cases considered include buoyancy-driven natural convection and wind-driven forced convection. The transport generated by each combination of geometry and flow conditions is assessed to determine each design’s efficiency in facilitating evaporative cooling via perspiration from the head. As anticipated, forced convection generates higher evaporative cooling rates than natural convection, averaging approximately 50% more cooling for the cases studied here. Helmet configuration had a greater impact on vapor transport away from the head during forced convection in the cases studied. Comparative metrics for assessing the relative effectiveness of a helmet design to facilitate cooling can be quantified based on these simulations, but more extensive exploration for the parameter space including wind direction for the forced convection scenarios would produce more insight into the relative benefits of particular designs. The results suggest that operationally-significant passive cooling could be achieved under conditions seen in theater, and that design and configuration decisions impact the evaporative cooling delivered and are therefore viable targets for optimization.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
White matter (WM) characterization is challenging due to its anisotropic and inhomogeneous microstructure that necessitates multiscale and multi-modality measurements. Shear elastography is one such modality that requires the accurate interpretation of 3D shear strain measurements, which hinge on developing appropriate constitutive tissue models. Finite element methods enable the development of such models by simulating the shear response of representative elemental volumes (REV). We have developed triphasic (axon, myelin, glia), 2D REVs to simulate the influence of the intrinsic viscoelastic property and volume fraction of each phase. This work constitutes the extension of 2D- to 3D-REVs, focusing on the effect of the intrinsic material properties and their 3D representation on the viscoelastic response of the tissue. By lumping the axon and myelin phases, a flexible 3D REV generation and analysis routine is then developed to allow for shear homogenization in both the axial and transverse directions. The 2D and 3D models agree on stress distribution and total deformation when 2D cross-sectional snapshots are compared. We also conclude that the ratio of transverse to axial transverse modulus is larger than one when axon fibers are stiffer than the glial phase.
{"title":"Biphasic Representative Elemental Volumes for 3-D White Matter Elastography","authors":"Xuehai Wu, J. Georgiadis, A. Pelegri","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73372","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 White matter (WM) characterization is challenging due to its anisotropic and inhomogeneous microstructure that necessitates multiscale and multi-modality measurements. Shear elastography is one such modality that requires the accurate interpretation of 3D shear strain measurements, which hinge on developing appropriate constitutive tissue models. Finite element methods enable the development of such models by simulating the shear response of representative elemental volumes (REV). We have developed triphasic (axon, myelin, glia), 2D REVs to simulate the influence of the intrinsic viscoelastic property and volume fraction of each phase. This work constitutes the extension of 2D- to 3D-REVs, focusing on the effect of the intrinsic material properties and their 3D representation on the viscoelastic response of the tissue. By lumping the axon and myelin phases, a flexible 3D REV generation and analysis routine is then developed to allow for shear homogenization in both the axial and transverse directions. The 2D and 3D models agree on stress distribution and total deformation when 2D cross-sectional snapshots are compared. We also conclude that the ratio of transverse to axial transverse modulus is larger than one when axon fibers are stiffer than the glial phase.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121661501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does response of a cell depend on the history of the direction of mechanical stimulation? A mechanical force field generated by centrifugal force is applied to the scaffold plane in the present study. To control the cell direction (0, 45, 90 degrees) with respect to the tangential force, striped micro-ridges in 3 directions were machined on the scaffold surface by photolithography technique. The behavior (movement, and deformation) of each mouse myoblast after cultivation in the tangential force field for 5 hours was tracked for 10 hours by time-lapse images. Experimental results show that the velocity of each cell migration tends to increase regardless of two-dimensional projected area on the scaffold by hysteresis of exposure to tangential force field perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the cell. The experimental results will lead to the elucidation of the effect of the direction of force stimulation on cells.
{"title":"Activity of Cell on Micro Stripe Ridges After Force Field Stimulation With Centrifuge","authors":"S. Hashimoto, Hiroki Yonezawa","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-66412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-66412","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Does response of a cell depend on the history of the direction of mechanical stimulation? A mechanical force field generated by centrifugal force is applied to the scaffold plane in the present study. To control the cell direction (0, 45, 90 degrees) with respect to the tangential force, striped micro-ridges in 3 directions were machined on the scaffold surface by photolithography technique. The behavior (movement, and deformation) of each mouse myoblast after cultivation in the tangential force field for 5 hours was tracked for 10 hours by time-lapse images. Experimental results show that the velocity of each cell migration tends to increase regardless of two-dimensional projected area on the scaffold by hysteresis of exposure to tangential force field perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the cell. The experimental results will lead to the elucidation of the effect of the direction of force stimulation on cells.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115789698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biruk A. Gebre, R. Nogueira, Shubham Patidar, Robert Belle-Isle, Karen J. Nolan, K. Pochiraju, D. Zanotto
We introduce a new design method to tailor the physical structure of a powered ankle-foot orthosis to the wearer’s leg morphology and improve fit. We present a digital modeling and fabrication workflow that combines scan-based design, parametric configurable modeling, and additive manufacturing (AM) to enable the efficient creation of personalized ankle-foot orthoses with minimal lead-time and explicit inputs. The workflow consists of an initial one-time generic modeling step to generate a parameterized design that can be rapidly configured to customizable shapes and sizes using a design table. This step is then followed by a wearer-specific personalization step that consists of performing a 3D scan of the wearer’s leg, extracting key parameters of the wearer’s leg morphology, generating a personalized design using the configurable parametric design, and digital fabrication of the individualized ankle-foot orthosis using additive manufacturing. The paper builds upon the design of the Stevens Ankle-Foot Electromechanical (SAFE) orthosis presented in prior work and introduces a new, individualized structural design (SAFE II orthosis) that is modeled and fabricated using the presented digital workflow. The workflow is demonstrated by designing a personalized ankle-foot orthosis for an individual based on 3D scan data and printing a personalized design to perform preliminary fit testing. Implications of the presented methodology for the design and fabrication of future personalized powered orthoses are discussed, along with avenues for future work.
{"title":"Efficient Digital Modeling and Fabrication Workflow for Individualized Ankle Exoskeletons","authors":"Biruk A. Gebre, R. Nogueira, Shubham Patidar, Robert Belle-Isle, Karen J. Nolan, K. Pochiraju, D. Zanotto","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70603","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We introduce a new design method to tailor the physical structure of a powered ankle-foot orthosis to the wearer’s leg morphology and improve fit. We present a digital modeling and fabrication workflow that combines scan-based design, parametric configurable modeling, and additive manufacturing (AM) to enable the efficient creation of personalized ankle-foot orthoses with minimal lead-time and explicit inputs. The workflow consists of an initial one-time generic modeling step to generate a parameterized design that can be rapidly configured to customizable shapes and sizes using a design table. This step is then followed by a wearer-specific personalization step that consists of performing a 3D scan of the wearer’s leg, extracting key parameters of the wearer’s leg morphology, generating a personalized design using the configurable parametric design, and digital fabrication of the individualized ankle-foot orthosis using additive manufacturing. The paper builds upon the design of the Stevens Ankle-Foot Electromechanical (SAFE) orthosis presented in prior work and introduces a new, individualized structural design (SAFE II orthosis) that is modeled and fabricated using the presented digital workflow. The workflow is demonstrated by designing a personalized ankle-foot orthosis for an individual based on 3D scan data and printing a personalized design to perform preliminary fit testing. Implications of the presented methodology for the design and fabrication of future personalized powered orthoses are discussed, along with avenues for future work.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125934073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a concise overview of the recent advances in the computational fluid dynamics modeling of flow-induced sounds, a valuable non-invasive tool that delivers complementary information for the early detection of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. An abnormal flow through an unhealthy artery consists of turbulent pressure fluctuations that interact with the arterial walls, leading to the sound waves propagated through the surrounding tissue. These sound waves recorded on the epidermal surface are vascular sounds known as murmurs. Detailed studies of the adverse flow conditions associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases are vital to enhance our understanding of the mechano-acoustics mechanisms of flow-induced sound sources. This information can lead us to predictive, non-invasive techniques for diagnosing different diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm before they progress to severe cases. This necessity suggests that more studies are necessary to develop strategies that can be employed to detect cardiovascular diseases without the need for invasive approaches.
{"title":"Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Cardiac Sounds as a Non-Invasive Diagnosis Method","authors":"F. Khalili, Amirtahà Taebi","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73825","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper provides a concise overview of the recent advances in the computational fluid dynamics modeling of flow-induced sounds, a valuable non-invasive tool that delivers complementary information for the early detection of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. An abnormal flow through an unhealthy artery consists of turbulent pressure fluctuations that interact with the arterial walls, leading to the sound waves propagated through the surrounding tissue. These sound waves recorded on the epidermal surface are vascular sounds known as murmurs. Detailed studies of the adverse flow conditions associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases are vital to enhance our understanding of the mechano-acoustics mechanisms of flow-induced sound sources. This information can lead us to predictive, non-invasive techniques for diagnosing different diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm before they progress to severe cases. This necessity suggests that more studies are necessary to develop strategies that can be employed to detect cardiovascular diseases without the need for invasive approaches.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133659540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Salinas, Evan Weber, Paula Veras De La Rocha, Caylee Cox, Jonathon Yanello
Despite the prevalence of atherosclerosis in the western world, many questions have yet to be answered about the origin, development, and failure of atherosclerotic lesions. To better understand atherosclerotic events such as formation and vessel erosion, a bioreactor chamber was developed using similitude theory together with human coronary artery parameters for geometry and flow conditions. The chamber was virtually validated using Ansys CFX. Simulations were performed under laminar flow conditions, density = 1060 kg/m3, and viscosity = 3.5 centipoise. We applied a velocity waveform at the inlet modified through similitude theory to match that of a human coronary artery. Zero relative-pressure condition was set at the outlet. No slip boundary conditions were prescribed at the coronary artery walls. The results showed that the novel bioreactor can create flow disturbances like those observed in human atherosclerotic arteries. In our future work, we would like to include vessel compliance and experimental data utilizing porcine arterial tissue. Our overall goal is to delineate the entire repertoire of events that happen during vessel erosion.
{"title":"A Study of Flow in Atherosclerotic Arteries Using Virtual and In-Vitro Models and Its Implications Regarding Vessel Erosion","authors":"M. Salinas, Evan Weber, Paula Veras De La Rocha, Caylee Cox, Jonathon Yanello","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70553","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite the prevalence of atherosclerosis in the western world, many questions have yet to be answered about the origin, development, and failure of atherosclerotic lesions. To better understand atherosclerotic events such as formation and vessel erosion, a bioreactor chamber was developed using similitude theory together with human coronary artery parameters for geometry and flow conditions. The chamber was virtually validated using Ansys CFX. Simulations were performed under laminar flow conditions, density = 1060 kg/m3, and viscosity = 3.5 centipoise. We applied a velocity waveform at the inlet modified through similitude theory to match that of a human coronary artery. Zero relative-pressure condition was set at the outlet. No slip boundary conditions were prescribed at the coronary artery walls. The results showed that the novel bioreactor can create flow disturbances like those observed in human atherosclerotic arteries. In our future work, we would like to include vessel compliance and experimental data utilizing porcine arterial tissue. Our overall goal is to delineate the entire repertoire of events that happen during vessel erosion.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127968488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Skin can be modeled using a variety of material models to depict its mechanical behavior. Skin shows different behavior like anisotropy, nonlinearity, strain rate dependency, viscoelasticity. Several experiments are conducted and presented in the literature for the mechanical characterization of skin. The primary skin material models are elastic, viscoelastic, and hyperelastic. The best suitable material model among them in case of ballistic or penetrating impact is not studied. The objective of this work is to study the sensitivity of choice of material model to the ballistic response. Towards this end, the data from the projectile-skin impact experiments are used to assess the suitability of a specific material model. The number of ballistic impact simulations are performed using 0.16-, 0.49- and 1.1-gram fragment simulating projectile (FSP) using various material models of skin. A dynamic explicit solver LS-Dyna is used to investigate ballistic limit, failure mechanism, and stress-strain responses. Detailed results are presented and discussed in terms of agreement between simulation and experiments against the aforementioned parameters. Viscoelastic material model was found best suitable material for ballistic impact simulation on skin. This work will be helpful in selecting the skin material model for penetrating ballistic impacts.
{"title":"Investigation of Skin Material Models for Ballistic Response","authors":"Punit Pandey, S. Ganpule","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73466","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Skin can be modeled using a variety of material models to depict its mechanical behavior. Skin shows different behavior like anisotropy, nonlinearity, strain rate dependency, viscoelasticity. Several experiments are conducted and presented in the literature for the mechanical characterization of skin. The primary skin material models are elastic, viscoelastic, and hyperelastic. The best suitable material model among them in case of ballistic or penetrating impact is not studied. The objective of this work is to study the sensitivity of choice of material model to the ballistic response. Towards this end, the data from the projectile-skin impact experiments are used to assess the suitability of a specific material model. The number of ballistic impact simulations are performed using 0.16-, 0.49- and 1.1-gram fragment simulating projectile (FSP) using various material models of skin. A dynamic explicit solver LS-Dyna is used to investigate ballistic limit, failure mechanism, and stress-strain responses. Detailed results are presented and discussed in terms of agreement between simulation and experiments against the aforementioned parameters. Viscoelastic material model was found best suitable material for ballistic impact simulation on skin. This work will be helpful in selecting the skin material model for penetrating ballistic impacts.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134032193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethan A. Lauer, James Maxwell, Gillian Cohen, Christopher René, O. Kiritsis, P. Radhakrishnan
Medical training using manikins is becoming more prominent as it provides a highly realistic and beneficial training experience. But, the technology is expensive for low-budget medical programs, and manikins have limited capacity for complex tasks. This project has attempted to address such gaps by beginning the development of a 3D printed head and neck animatronic prototype, capable of performing complex simulations. The target simulations for the manikin included airway management, level of consciousness testing, and circulatory assessment. Major facial features were designed so that the mechanical systems could exhibit anthropomorphic characteristics. Sensors were integrated into the design, allowing the animatronic to detect and react to changes in the surrounding environment. The subsystems were constructed and tested, however, challenges were faced during full assembly. Despite these challenges, the design demonstrates the potential for a similar application in the medical field.
{"title":"Humanoid Animatronic Learning Simulator for Medical Interactive Training (H.A.L. S.M.I.T.)","authors":"Ethan A. Lauer, James Maxwell, Gillian Cohen, Christopher René, O. Kiritsis, P. Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69620","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Medical training using manikins is becoming more prominent as it provides a highly realistic and beneficial training experience. But, the technology is expensive for low-budget medical programs, and manikins have limited capacity for complex tasks. This project has attempted to address such gaps by beginning the development of a 3D printed head and neck animatronic prototype, capable of performing complex simulations. The target simulations for the manikin included airway management, level of consciousness testing, and circulatory assessment. Major facial features were designed so that the mechanical systems could exhibit anthropomorphic characteristics. Sensors were integrated into the design, allowing the animatronic to detect and react to changes in the surrounding environment. The subsystems were constructed and tested, however, challenges were faced during full assembly. Despite these challenges, the design demonstrates the potential for a similar application in the medical field.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134178629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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