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Cooperative Relaying in a Three User Downlink NOMA System Using Dynamic Power Allocation 使用动态功率分配的三用户下行 NOMA 系统中的合作中继
Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v5i1.6028
Mwewa Mabumba, Simon Tembo, Lukumba Phiri
Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) represents the latest addition to the array of multiple access techniques, enabling simultaneous servicing of multiple users within a singular resource block in terms of time, frequency, and code. A typical NOMA configuration comprises a base station along with proximate and distant users. The proximity users experience more favorable channel conditions in contrast to distant users, resulting in a compromised performance for the latter due to the less favorable channel conditions. When cooperative communication is integrated with NOMA, the overall system performance, including spectral efficiency and capacity, is further elevated. This study introduces a cooperative NOMA setup in the downlink, involving three users, and employs dynamic power allocation (DPA). Within this framework, User 2 acts as a relay, functioning under the decode-and-forward protocol, forwarding signals to both User 1 and User 3. This arrangement aims to bolster the performance of the user positioned farthest from the base station, who is adversely affected by weaker channel conditions. Theoretical and simulation outcomes reveal enhancements within the system’s performance.
非正交多址接入(NOMA)是多址接入技术阵列中的最新成员,可在时间、频率和编码方面在单一资源块内同时为多个用户提供服务。典型的 NOMA 配置包括一个基站和远近用户。与远距离用户相比,近距离用户的信道条件更为有利,但由于信道条件较差,远距离用户的性能会大打折扣。当合作通信与 NOMA 相结合时,系统的整体性能(包括频谱效率和容量)会进一步提高。本研究在下行链路中引入了合作 NOMA 设置,涉及三个用户,并采用了动态功率分配 (DPA)。在此框架内,用户 2 充当中继,在解码和前转协议下运行,向用户 1 和用户 3 转发信号。这种安排旨在提高离基站最远的用户的性能,因为该用户会受到较弱信道条件的不利影响。理论和模拟结果表明,该系统的性能有所提高。
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引用次数: 0
Minus Infinity Plus Infinity 负无穷加上正无穷
Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v5i1.5644
Kasturi Vasudevan
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引用次数: 0
Air Pollution Monitoring System Using Micro Controller Atmega 32A and MQ135 Gas Sensor at Chandragiri Municipality of Kathmandu City 采用微控制器atmega32a和MQ135气体传感器的空气污染监测系统在加德满都市Chandragiri市
Pub Date : 2022-10-09 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i2.4884
R. Shrestha, M. Maharjan, Mahesh Sharma
Air is one of the essential elements of human’s surroundings. The earth’s atmosphere is full of air which contains gases such as Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide and traces of some rare elements. But quality of the air has been degrading for some decades due to various activities conducted by the human beings that directly or indirectly affect the atmosphere leading to the air pollution. There are different techniques to measure air quality.However, with the evolution of time the expensive and less efficient analog devices have been replaced by more efficient and less expensive electronics device. In this research, MQ135 sensor is used to measure air quality of a particular location. I2C display is used to monitor the data. Indeed, with the increasing in number of vehicles, unplanned urbanization and rapid population growth, air pollution has considerably increased in the last decades in various areas of Kathmandu. Thus, this project ‘Air Pollution Monitoring System’ was focused on collection of the data specific location of Chandragiri municipality of Kathmandu city. In conclusion,analysis of the data is done with the help of origin software which shows that the Arduino device in this device works perfectly for measuring the air pollution. Air quality of the selected area is found to be less than 500 PPM which concludes that the air quality of this area is normal.
空气是人类生存环境的基本要素之一。地球的大气层充满了空气,其中含有氮气、氧气、一氧化碳等气体和一些稀有元素的痕迹。但是几十年来,由于人类直接或间接影响大气的各种活动导致空气污染,空气质量一直在下降。测量空气质量有不同的技术。然而,随着时代的发展,昂贵和低效率的模拟器件已经被更高效和更便宜的电子器件所取代。在本研究中,MQ135传感器用于测量特定位置的空气质量。I2C显示器用于监控数据。事实上,随着车辆数量的增加、无计划的城市化和人口的迅速增长,过去几十年来加德满都各个地区的空气污染大大增加。因此,“空气污染监测系统”项目的重点是收集加德满都市钱德拉吉里市特定地点的数据。综上所述,在origin软件的帮助下对数据进行了分析,表明该设备中的Arduino设备可以完美地测量空气污染。选定区域的空气质量低于500ppm,表明该区域的空气质量正常。
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引用次数: 0
Electronic Structure of CdS Nanoparticles and CdSe/CdS Nanosystems CdS纳米粒子和CdSe/CdS纳米体系的电子结构
Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i2.4708
V. Zavodinsky, O. Gorkusha, A. Kuz’menko
The electronic states of “wurtzite” CdS nanoparticles and CdSe/CdS nanosystems with up to 80 pairs of Cd-Se or CdS atoms were calculated.The results for CdS particles were compared with the results obtained earlier for CdSe particles of the same size and with published calculations of other authors. The calculated gap values in the range of 2.84 eV ~ 3.78 eV are typical for CdS particles of studied sizes in accordance with results of published data. The CdSe/CdS nanosystems were considered as layered ones and as quantum dots. The layered CdSe/CdS systems with twolayer CdS coverings can be interpreted in terms of combinations of two semiconductors with different energy band gaps (2.6 eV and 3.3 eV), while analogous systems with single-layer CdS coverings do not demonstrate a two-gap electron structure. Simulation of a CdSe/CdS quantum dot shows that the single-layer CdS shell demonstrates a tendency for the formation of the electronic structure with two energy gaps: approximately of 2.5 eV and 3.0 eV.
计算了含有80对Cd-Se或CdS原子的“纤锌矿”CdS纳米粒子和CdSe/CdS纳米体系的电子态。将CdS粒子的结果与先前获得的相同大小的CdSe粒子的结果以及其他作者发表的计算结果进行了比较。计算得到的间隙值在2.84 eV ~ 3.78 eV范围内,与已发表的数据一致。CdSe/CdS纳米系统被认为是层状的和量子点。具有两层CdS覆盖层的CdSe/CdS系统可以被解释为具有不同能带隙(2.6 eV和3.3 eV)的两种半导体的组合,而具有单层CdS覆盖层的类似系统则不表现出两层隙电子结构。对CdSe/CdS量子点的模拟表明,单层CdS壳层倾向于形成具有两个能隙的电子结构:大约2.5 eV和3.0 eV。
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引用次数: 0
Experimentation on Optimal Configuration and Size of Thin Cylinders in Natural Convection 自然对流条件下薄圆柱的优化配置与尺寸试验
Pub Date : 2022-08-04 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i2.4720
A. Riaz, A. Ibrahim, M. Bashir, Masroor Asghar, Muhammad Abdullah, Ajmal Shah
In this paper, an experimental study of laminar, steady state natural convection heat transfer from heated thin cylinders in an infinite air medium has been reported. Two electrically heated cylinders having the same slenderness ratio (L/D) i.e. 6.1 but different diameters i.e. 3.8 cm and 5.08 cm were used. 105 experiments were carried out to study the effect of diameter and inclination angle of thin cylinder on natural convection heat transfer. After mandatory corrections of radiation and endcap heat losses, convective heat transfer results were presented in the form of local and average dimensionless numbers. For vertical configuration of thin cylinder, Nusselt number was varied from 52.99 to 95.10 corresponding to 1.28×108≤Ra*L≤1.08×1010. While for horizontal configuration,Nusselt number was varied from 10.74 to 17.78 corresponding to 9.42×104≤Ra*D≤8.17×106. Results were compared with the published data and found satisfactory as the maximum percentage difference was only 3.09%. The essence of research is that the heat transfer coefficient increases with decrease in diameter and increase in inclination angle. Smoke flow visualization was done to capture patterns of fluid flow. Finally, comparison was made to quantify increase in Nusselt number from slender cylinder as compared to the flat plate.
本文报道了在无限空气介质中加热薄圆柱体的层流、稳态自然对流换热的实验研究。使用两个长细比相同(L/D)为6.1但直径不同(3.8 cm和5.08 cm)的电热气缸。通过105个实验研究了细圆柱直径和倾角对自然对流换热的影响。在对辐射和末端热损失进行强制校正后,对流换热结果以局部和平均无因次数的形式呈现。对于薄圆筒的垂直构型,Nusselt数在52.99 ~ 95.10之间变化,对应1.28×108≤Ra*L≤1.08×1010。水平配置时,Nusselt数为10.74 ~ 17.78,对应9.42×104≤Ra*D≤8.17×106。结果与已发表的资料比较,最大百分比差异仅为3.09%,令人满意。研究的实质是传热系数随直径的减小和倾角的增大而增大。烟流可视化是为了捕捉流体流动的模式。最后,与平板相比,细长圆柱体对努塞尔数的增加进行了量化比较。
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引用次数: 0
Convection Heat Transfer from Heated Thin Cylinders Inside a Ventilated Enclosure 在通风的外壳内加热薄圆筒的对流传热
Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i2.4719
A. Riaz, A. Ibrahim, M. Bashir, Muhammad Abdullah, Ajmal Shah, A. Quddus
Experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of velocity of axial fan, outlet vent height, position, area, and aspect ratio (h/w) of ventilated enclosure on convection heat transfer. Rectangular wooden ventilated enclosure having top and front transparent wall was made up of Perspex for visualization, and internal physical dimensions of box were 200 mm × 200 mm × 400 mm. Inlet vent was at bottom while outlet vents were at the side and top wall. Electrically heated cylindrical heat source having 6.1 slenderness ratio was fabricated and hanged at the centre of the enclosure. To calculate heat transfer rates, thermocouples were attached to the inner surface of heat source with silica gel. Heat source was operated at constant heat flux in order to quantify the effect of velocity of air on heat transfer. It was observed that average Nusselt number was increased from 68 to 216 by changing velocity from 0 to 3.34 m/s at constant modified Grashof number i.e. 5.67E+09. While variation in outlet height at the front wall did not affect heat transfer in forced convection region. However, Nusselt number decreased to 5% by changing the outlet position from top to the front wall or by 50% reduction in outlet area during forced convection. Mean rise in temperature of enclosure increased from 8.19 K to 9.40 K by increasing aspect ratio of enclosure from 1.5 to 2 by operating heat source at constant heat flux i.e. 541.20 w/m2.
实验研究了轴流风机的转速、排气口高度、通风罩的位置、面积和展弦比(h/w)对对流换热的影响。矩形木质通风框,顶部和前部的透明墙由有机玻璃制成,便于视觉化,箱体内部物理尺寸为200mm × 200mm × 400mm。进风口在底部,出风口在侧面和顶部。制造长细比为6.1的电加热圆柱形热源,并悬挂在外壳的中心。为了计算传热速率,用硅胶将热电偶附着在热源的内表面。为了量化空气流速对传热的影响,热源在恒热流密度下运行。在修正Grashof数为5.67E+09的恒定条件下,将速度从0改变到3.34 m/s,平均努塞尔数从68增加到216。而前壁面出口高度的变化对强制对流区换热没有影响。然而,通过将出口位置从顶部改变到前壁面或在强制对流时将出口面积减少50%,努塞尔数下降到5%。当热源的热流密度为541.20 w/m2时,将围护结构的长径比从1.5增加到2,围护结构的平均温升从8.19 K增加到9.40 K。
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引用次数: 0
Signal and Power Integrity Challenges for High Density System-on-Package 高密度系统级封装的信号和功率完整性挑战
Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i2.4475
Nathan Totorica, Feng Li
As the increasing desire for more compact, portable devices outpaces Moore’s law, innovation in packaging and system design has played a significant role in the continued miniaturization of electronic systems.Integrating more active and passive components into the package itself, as the case for system-on-package (SoP), has shown very promising results in overall size reduction and increased performance of electronic systems.With this ability to shrink electrical systems comes the many challenges of sustaining, let alone improving, reliability and performance. The fundamental signal, power, and thermal integrity issues are discussed in detail, along with published techniques from around the industry to mitigate these issues in SoP applications.
随着对更紧凑、便携设备的日益增长的需求超过了摩尔定律,封装和系统设计的创新在电子系统的持续小型化中发挥了重要作用。将更多的有源和无源元件集成到封装本身,就像系统对封装(SoP)的情况一样,在总体尺寸减小和电子系统性能提高方面显示出非常有希望的结果。有了这种缩小电力系统的能力,就有了维持可靠性和性能的许多挑战,更不用说提高了。详细讨论了基本的信号、功率和热完整性问题,以及业界发布的技术,以减轻SoP应用中的这些问题。
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引用次数: 1
Apache Hadoop Architecture, Applications, and Hadoop Distributed File System Apache Hadoop架构、应用和Hadoop分布式文件系统
Pub Date : 2022-05-18 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i1.4619
Pratit Raj Giri, Gajendra Sharma
The data and internet are highly growing which causes problems in management of the big-data. For these kinds of problems, there are many software frameworks used to increase the performance of the distributed system. This software is used for the availability of large data storage. One of the most beneficial software frameworks used to utilize data in distributed systems is Hadoop. This paper introduces Apache Hadoop architecture, components of Hadoop, their significance in managing vast volumes of data in a distributed system. Hadoop Distributed File System enables the storage of enormous chunks of data over a distributed network. Hadoop Framework maintains fsImage and edits files, which supports the availability and integrity of data. This paper includes cases of Hadoop implementation, such as monitoring weather, processing bioinformatics.
数据和互联网的高速发展给大数据的管理带来了难题。对于这类问题,有许多软件框架用于提高分布式系统的性能。该软件用于大数据存储的可用性。用于在分布式系统中利用数据的最有益的软件框架之一是Hadoop。本文介绍了Apache Hadoop的体系结构、Hadoop的组成以及它们在分布式系统中管理海量数据的意义。Hadoop分布式文件系统支持在分布式网络上存储大量数据。Hadoop框架维护fsImage和编辑文件,支持数据的可用性和完整性。本文介绍了Hadoop的实现案例,如天气监测、生物信息学处理等。
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引用次数: 1
Challenges and Opportunities for Privacy Computing 隐私计算的挑战与机遇
Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i1.4659
Jianhong Zhang, Chenghe Dong
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引用次数: 0
Flip Chip Die-to-Wafer Bonding Review: Gaps to High Volume Manufacturing 倒装晶圆对晶圆键合回顾:与大批量生产的差距
Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.30564/ssid.v4i1.4474
Mario Di Cino, Feng Li
Flip chip die-to-wafer bonding faces challenges for industry adoption due to a variety of technical gaps or process integration factors that are not fully developed to high volume manufacturing (HVM) maturity. In this paper,flip-chip and wire bonding are compared, then flip-chip bonding techniques are compared to examine advantages for scaling and speed. Specific recent 3-year trends in flip-chip die-to-wafer bonding are reviewed to address the key gaps and challenges to HVM adoption. Finally, some thoughts on the care needed by the packaging technology for successful HVM introduction are reviewed.
由于各种技术差距或工艺集成因素尚未完全发展到大批量生产(HVM)成熟度,倒装芯片芯片到晶圆键合在行业采用方面面临挑战。本文比较了倒装芯片和线键合技术,然后比较了倒装芯片键合技术在规模和速度方面的优势。回顾了倒装芯片芯片到晶圆键合最近3年的具体趋势,以解决HVM采用的关键差距和挑战。最后,对成功引进HVM的封装技术需要注意的一些问题进行了综述。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Semiconductor Science and Information Devices
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