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Kurikulum Merdeka: Pemaknaan Merdeka dalam Perencanaan Pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar 免费课程:小学学习计划的自由化
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.23887/jppp.v6i3.55749
Yekti Ardianti, Nur Amalia
Kurikulum memiliki peranan penting berbentuk perangkat pembelajaran yang berisi tentang perencanaan kegiatan pembelajaran dalam bentuk suatu proses pemerolehan pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang didapatkan melalui rangkaian kegiatan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kurikulum merdeka lebih lanjut dengan memfokuskan perencanaan implementasi kurikuum merdeka dan perencanaan pembelajaran pada kurikulum merdeka di jenjang sekolah dasar. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Desain kualitatif diimplementasikan dan dilakukan pada kepala sekolah dan guru kelas 1 dan guru kelas 4. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara dan analisis dokumen. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu model interactive  model yang mana unsur-unsurnya meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam penerapan kurikulum merdeka membutuhkan kesiapan kepala sekolah dan guru untuk mempelajari hal baru. Pada proses perencanaan, guru masih mengandalkan modul ajar yang disediakan oleh pusat. Terdapat hal baru yang harus diperhatikan di dalam kurikulum merdeka dengan adanya project penguatan profil pelajar Pancasila. Implikasi penelitian ini diharapkan guru dapat menggunakan model pembelajaran abad ke 21 dalam penerapan kurikulum merdeka belajar di sekolah.
课程有一个重要的学习工具,其中包括计划学习活动,以形成一个通过一系列学习活动获得的知识和经验的过程。本研究旨在进一步分析独立课程,重点是对独立课程的规划和小学课程的学习计划。这种研究是一种表现学方法的定性研究。定性设计在校长、一年级教师和四年级教师身上进行。数据收集技术使用访谈和文档分析。使用的数据分析技术是相互作用模型,其中元素包括数据还原、数据展示和数据提取物。研究结果表明,在实行独立课程时,校长和教师需要准备好学习新东西。在计划过程中,教师仍然依赖中心提供的教学模块。随着潘卡西拉学生资料强化计划的展开,新课程有了新的内容。这项研究的含义是,教师希望将21世纪的学习模式应用到学校免费学习课程的应用中。
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引用次数: 27
Digital Parenting of Children and Adolescents in Digital Era 数字时代儿童和青少年的数字化育儿
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.23887/jppp.v6i3.56191
Aseptianova, M. Aziz, Listini, Herman Sri, Susi Dewiyeti
The family is the first environment for children and adolescents so that it has a major influence on the formation of behavior, character, morals, character and education of children. Parenting in the family is the effort of parents to foster and guide children both physically and spiritually from birth to adulthood. This study aims to analyze digital parenting systems for children and adults. The method used in this study is a qualitative and participatory descriptive method, increasing participation and encouraging interest in and commitment to wider participation, encouraging community skills, awareness and attitudes towards parenting and bullying in the digital era. The application of parenting style must be accompanied by several family functions, including biological functions, educational functions, religious functions, protection functions, socialization functions, affection functions, economic functions, creative functions and family status functions. In addition, the way of parenting in the family must be adjusted to the child's developmental stage. Related to the problem of parenting in the family, this is a big task for all parents because at this time there are many conflicts and a lack of sympathy and empathy for children in the association is caused by the parenting style in the family. Therefore, parents should adapt by adjusting their parenting style to the technological developments.
家庭是儿童和青少年的第一个环境,因此它对儿童的行为、性格、道德、性格和教育的形成具有重大影响。家庭中的养育是父母从孩子出生到成年,在身体和精神上培养和引导孩子的努力。本研究旨在分析儿童和成人的数字化育儿系统。本研究使用的方法是一种定性和参与性描述方法,增加参与,鼓励对更广泛参与的兴趣和承诺,鼓励社区技能,对数字时代的养育和欺凌行为的认识和态度。教养方式的运用必须伴随着多种家庭功能,包括生物功能、教育功能、宗教功能、保护功能、社会化功能、情感功能、经济功能、创造功能和家庭地位功能。此外,家庭中的育儿方式必须适应孩子的发展阶段。与家庭中的育儿问题有关,这对所有父母来说都是一项重大任务,因为在这个时候,会有很多冲突,对孩子缺乏同情和同理心是由家庭中的育儿方式造成的。因此,父母应该通过调整他们的养育方式来适应技术的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Improving Students’ Critical Thinking Skills Through Case Based Learning Oriented Textbook 以案例学习为导向的教材提高学生的批判性思维能力
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.23887/jppp.v6i3.56179
Alfiandra, Syafruddin Yusuf, Ikbal Barlian
The development of teaching materials is a manifestation of the lecturer's efforts to develop a strategy in learning that adjusts specific principles by making various adaptations to various learning theories. The development of teaching materials functions as a medium that will facilitate each student to achieve learning outcomes from the material to be studied. This study aims to develop a valid, practical, and effective textbook of Law and International Relation courses using case-based learning framework, and prove its potential impact on student's critical thinking skills. This development research used the Hannafin and Peck model which consists of three phases of activity: analysis, design and development and implementation, and evaluation and revision process. The results of the study showed that the developed textbook was valid after being reviewed by instructional design experts and material experts regarding the feasibility of content, presentation and language with the mean score 3.88 (valid category) for the material and 4.28 (very valid category) for the design. The textbook was declared practical after being tested at the one-to-one evaluation and small group evaluation stages with the mean score 55.67 (practical category). The field test on students’ critical thinking skills revealed that the mean score for pre-test was 60.4 and the mean score was increased for the post-test to 91.2 with an N-gain value of 0.78 (high category). This means the developed case-based learning oriented textbook effectively improves the student’s critical thinking skills.
教材的开发是讲师努力制定学习策略的表现,该策略通过对各种学习理论进行各种适应来调整特定原则。教材的开发作为一种媒介,将促进每个学生从所学习的材料中获得学习成果。本研究旨在运用案例教学法,开发一套有效、实用、有效的法律与国际关系课程教材,并证明其对学生批判性思维能力的潜在影响。本开发研究采用Hannafin和Peck模型,该模型由三个活动阶段组成:分析、设计、开发和实施、评估和修订过程。研究结果表明,经教学设计专家和教材专家对教材内容、表现形式和语言的可行性进行审查,教材的平均得分为3.88分(有效类),设计的平均得分为4.28分(非常有效类),是有效的。该教材经过一对一评价和小组评价两个阶段的测试,平均得分为55.67分(实用类)。学生批判性思维能力的实地测试结果显示,前测平均分为60.4分,后测平均分为91.2分,n增益值为0.78(高类)。这意味着开发的以案例学习为导向的教材有效地提高了学生的批判性思维能力。
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引用次数: 2
The Resilience of Laid-Off Mothers of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Children's Learning Outcomes 新冠肺炎大流行下岗母亲对儿童学习成果的恢复力
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.23887/jppp.v6i3.56189
E. Murniarti, Melda Rumia Rosmery Simorangkir
The Covid-19 pandemic attacked all sectors including education, industry and the economy. The government's decision to lock down to slow the spread of Covid-19 has had a major impact on Indonesia. There are many companies, restaurants and other businesses that have had to go out of business, so unemployment has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to look at the mother's actions when she found out that she was a victim of layoffs, as well as the mother's efforts to meet the needs of children's learning media during school from home after being laid off. The method used is qualitative through a case study approach. Data collection techniques are carried out by documentation, interviews and observation. The research subjects were students and mothers of victims of layoffs in the Pulogadung industrial area, Jakarta. The results showed that maternal resilience greatly influences student learning outcomes, maternal resilience is needed to build maximum children's learning conditions. Even though they are in a very complicated situation due to layoffs due to the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers are willing to help themselves so that their children are helped both psychologically, physically and cognitively. Based on the results of observations, documentation and interviews, it can be concluded that the mental condition of the mother, in this case the resilience of the mother, greatly affects student learning outcomes, mother's resilience is needed to build maximum children's learning conditions. Even though they are in a very complicated situation due to the layoffs of the Covid-19 pandemic, mothers are willing to help themselves so that their children are helped both psychologically, physically and cognitively.
新冠肺炎疫情冲击了教育、工业、经济等各个领域。政府决定封锁以减缓Covid-19的传播,这对印度尼西亚产生了重大影响。有许多公司、餐馆和其他企业不得不停业,因此在新冠肺炎大流行期间失业率上升。本研究的目的是观察母亲在发现自己是被裁员的受害者时的行为,以及母亲在被解雇后在家满足孩子在学校学习媒体需求的努力。使用的方法是通过案例研究方法定性。数据收集技术通过文件、访谈和观察进行。研究对象是雅加达Pulogadung工业区的学生和下岗受害者的母亲。结果表明,母亲心理弹性对学生的学习效果有显著影响,构建最大限度的儿童学习条件需要母亲心理弹性。由于新冠肺炎疫情导致的裁员,母亲们的处境非常复杂,但为了孩子的心理、身体和认知都得到帮助,母亲们愿意帮助自己。根据观察、文献和访谈的结果,可以得出结论,母亲的心理状况,在这种情况下,母亲的弹性,极大地影响了学生的学习成果,母亲的弹性是需要最大限度地建立儿童的学习条件。由于新冠肺炎大流行的裁员,母亲们的处境非常复杂,但她们愿意帮助自己,让孩子在心理、身体和认知上都得到帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Multimedia Interaktif Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik Efektif Meningkatkan Kompetensi Pengetahuan IPA 以互动多媒体为基础的科学方法有效地提高了科学知识的能力
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.23887/jppp.v7i2.54767
Ni Putu Ayu Gayatri Dharmayani, A. Agung, I. Wiyasa
Belum tersedianya media pembelajaran yang efektif dan inovatif dalam pembelajaran IPA di sekolah. Pembelajaran hanya mengandalkan buku membuat siswa kurang antusias dalam belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan menciptakan multimedia interaktif berbasis pendekatan saintifik materi Perkembangbiakan Tumbuhan dan Hewan kelas VI SD. Penelitian pengembangan ini menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE. Subjek penelitian, yaitu: ahli rancang bangun, ahli isi pembelajaran, ahli desain instruksional, ahli media pembelajaran, dan 17 siswa kelas VI SD. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan tes. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif, kualitatif dan statistik inferensial teknik uji-t.  Hasil penelitian yaitu validasi dari para ahli mendapatkan skor rata-rata 88,10% kualifikasi baik, uji coba perorangan sebesar 92,36% kualifikasi sangat baik, dan uji coba kelompok kecil sebesar 97,92% kualifikasi sangat baik. Hasil uji efektivitas dengan uji-t ada perbedaan yang signifikan kompetensi pengetahuan muatan IPA materi perkembangbiakan tumbuhan dan hewan setelah menggunakan multimedia interaktif berbasis pendekatan saintifik. Disimpulkan multimedia interaktif berbasis pendekatan saintifik dinyatakan layak untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran dan efektif meningkatkan kompetensi pengetahuan IPA siswa kelas VI SD. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah memotivasi guru untuk menggunakan media pembelajaran sebagai variasi untuk menciptakan suasana belajar yang menyenangkan.
没有媒体的有效的学习和创新在学校的学习科学。仅仅靠书本学习使学生对学习不那么热情。本研究旨在创建一种基于科学方法的互动多媒体,以植物和动物种类为基础。这些开发研究采用了ADDIE开发模式。研究对象包括:班设计师、学习内容专家、教学设计专家、学习媒体专家和17名六年级学生。数据收集方法采用升降机和测试。数据分析技术采用定量描述性、定性和uji-t技术差异统计技术。研究发现,专家们的平均成绩为88.10%,个人测试为92,36%,单独测试为97.92%,条件良好。uj -t的有效测试结果显示,在使用基于科学方法的多互动媒体后,对动植物繁殖的科学内容知识的能力存在显著差异。基于科学方法的总结多媒体互动有效表达应该用于学习和提高小学六年级学生的科学知识的能力。学习研究的含义是激励教师利用媒体作为营造学习有趣的变化。
{"title":"Multimedia Interaktif Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik Efektif Meningkatkan Kompetensi Pengetahuan IPA","authors":"Ni Putu Ayu Gayatri Dharmayani, A. Agung, I. Wiyasa","doi":"10.23887/jppp.v7i2.54767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23887/jppp.v7i2.54767","url":null,"abstract":"Belum tersedianya media pembelajaran yang efektif dan inovatif dalam pembelajaran IPA di sekolah. Pembelajaran hanya mengandalkan buku membuat siswa kurang antusias dalam belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan menciptakan multimedia interaktif berbasis pendekatan saintifik materi Perkembangbiakan Tumbuhan dan Hewan kelas VI SD. Penelitian pengembangan ini menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE. Subjek penelitian, yaitu: ahli rancang bangun, ahli isi pembelajaran, ahli desain instruksional, ahli media pembelajaran, dan 17 siswa kelas VI SD. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan tes. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif, kualitatif dan statistik inferensial teknik uji-t.  Hasil penelitian yaitu validasi dari para ahli mendapatkan skor rata-rata 88,10% kualifikasi baik, uji coba perorangan sebesar 92,36% kualifikasi sangat baik, dan uji coba kelompok kecil sebesar 97,92% kualifikasi sangat baik. Hasil uji efektivitas dengan uji-t ada perbedaan yang signifikan kompetensi pengetahuan muatan IPA materi perkembangbiakan tumbuhan dan hewan setelah menggunakan multimedia interaktif berbasis pendekatan saintifik. Disimpulkan multimedia interaktif berbasis pendekatan saintifik dinyatakan layak untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran dan efektif meningkatkan kompetensi pengetahuan IPA siswa kelas VI SD. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah memotivasi guru untuk menggunakan media pembelajaran sebagai variasi untuk menciptakan suasana belajar yang menyenangkan.","PeriodicalId":31821,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Luar Biasa","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78394400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Teacher Professional Development in Indonesia’s Remote Areas with Driven Educational Philanthropic Institutions 教育慈善机构推动下印尼偏远地区教师专业发展
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.23887/jppp.v6i3.55742
Moh. Sutomo, Epi Supriyani Siregar
The three main problems of education in Indonesia’s remote areas: policy, human resources, and funding, are still deeply rooted today. The government’s unequal attention to remote schools makes the quality of education worse. To overcome this and as an effort to support government programs, the Tanoto Foundation has been driven by funding remote schools and training for teachers to develop their professionalism. This study aims to analyze how the Tanoto Foundation supports the professional development of teachers in remote areas and how the facilitation program activities are carried out. This research uses a qualitative case study approach by extracting data using philanthropic program documents and interviews with teachers and facilitators in three provinces. The results that the driven by Tanoto Foundation are focused on funding support in the provision of facilities and infrastructure, as well as the ‘Service-Learning’ training facilitation program for teachers. Forms of facilitation activities such as Pelita Guru Mandiri and the PINTAR program have trained many teachers and produced various innovative and fun learning methods, as well as learning products that were exhibited at the Education Expo. The results contribute philanthropic institutions are driven not only by funding but also by the development of teacher professionalism, which is still low and does not receive attention.
印尼偏远地区教育的三个主要问题:政策、人力资源和资金,至今仍然根深蒂固。政府对偏远学校的不平等关注使得教育质量更差。为了克服这一问题,同时也为了支持政府项目,陈江和基金会一直在资助偏远地区的学校,并为教师提供专业培训。本研究旨在分析陈和基金会如何支持偏远地区教师的专业发展,以及如何开展促进计划活动。本研究采用定性案例研究方法,从三个省的慈善项目文件和对教师和辅导员的访谈中提取数据。陈和基金会推动的成果集中在提供设施和基础设施方面的资金支持,以及为教师提供的“服务学习”培训促进计划。各种形式的促进活动,如Pelita Guru Mandiri和PINTAR计划,培训了许多教师,并产生了各种创新和有趣的学习方法,以及在教育博览会上展出的学习产品。结果表明,慈善机构的贡献不仅受到资金的驱动,还受到教师专业精神发展的推动,而教师专业精神的发展仍然很低,没有受到重视。
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引用次数: 0
Edutourism Digital Laboratory: Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa SD dalam Upaya Penguatan Karakter dan Potensi Madura 数字教育实验室:提高小学生的批判性思维能力,以加强马杜拉的性格和潜力
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.23887/jppp.v6i3.55806
Fachrur Rozie, Ahmad Sudi Pratikno
Minat anak untuk mengenal dan memahami wisata lokal daerah saat ini sangat rendah. Jika hal ini terus terjadi maka potensi wisata lokal tidak akan mampu terjadi regenerisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menciptakan suatu laboratorium wisata edukasi digital untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa SD dalam upaya penguatan karakter dan potensi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan menggunakan metode RnD dengan model pengembangan Borg and Gall meliputi 10 tahapan. Pemilihan subjek uji coba menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Metode pengumpulan data mengguanakan studi literatur, observasi, dan  wawancara.  Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis kuantitatif. Hasil validasi ahli didapat skor 92,5% (sangat valid), hasil keefektifan mendapat skor  93,7% (sangat efektif). Hasil observasi didapat skor 90% (sangat efektif), hasil kemenarikan didapat skor 98,2% (sangat menarik). Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa produk multimedia dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa dan menguatkan karakter dan potensi Madura. Implikasi penelitian ini diharapkan multimedia Edutourism Digital Laboratory dapat digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran untuk membantu mengembangkan informasi terkait potensi wisata.
儿童对了解和了解当地旅游的兴趣目前非常低。如果这种情况继续下去,那么当地的旅游潜力将无法再生。本研究旨在创建一个数字教育旅游实验室,以提高小学生的批判性思维技能,以加强他们的品格和潜力。使用RnD方法的博格和加尔发展模型的研究方法包括10个阶段。选择测试对象采用采样技术。数据收集方法涉及文献研究、观察和采访。数据分析技术采用定量分析。专家验证得分为92.5%(非常有效),有效成绩为93.7%(非常有效)。这项评估获得了90%(非常有效),加班员获得了98.2%(非常有趣)。本研究的结论是,多媒体产品可以提高学生的批判性思维能力,增强马杜拉的性格和潜力。这项研究的含义预计多媒体数字研究可以用于学习过程,帮助开发与旅游潜力相关的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Number Sense Ability in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Solving Mathematical Problems 自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童解题时的数感能力分析
Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.17977/um029v9i22022p43-50
Nova Kristinawati Barutu, Amalia Husna, S. Winarni, M. Marlina
Children with autism have disorders that distinguish them from typical children, but children with autism can also learn in school. The learning abilities consist of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities. In cognitive abilities, there are various types of abilities, one of which is the ability to number sense. This study aims to analyze the number sense ability of children with autism in solving math problems. This research belongs to the type of qualitative research that uses a descriptive approach. From the research results, the number of sense abilities in autistic children is still low and different for each autistic child, depending on their communication and concentration skills. SA1 satisfies several indicators: it determines the size of the numbers, the meaning of numbers and symbols in the set, and estimates.
自闭症儿童有与典型儿童不同的障碍,但自闭症儿童也可以在学校学习。学习能力包括认知能力、情感能力和心理运动能力。在认知能力中,有各种类型的能力,其中之一是数字感知能力。本研究旨在分析自闭症儿童解决数学问题的数字感觉能力。本研究属于使用描述性方法的定性研究类型。从研究结果来看,自闭症儿童的感知能力数量仍然很低,而且每个自闭症儿童都不同,这取决于他们的沟通和专注能力。SA1满足几个指标:它确定了数字的大小、数字和符号在集合中的含义,以及估计。
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引用次数: 0
Parenting Style and Family Resilience with Children Congenital Rubella Syndrome 先天性风疹综合征患儿的育儿方式与家庭弹性
Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.17977/um029v9i22022p33-37
Elfara Hajjar Sujani, Khamim Zarkasih Putro
This study aims to determine parenting patterns, family resilience with Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the factors that influence family resilience. The method used is naturalistic with a case study approach. Research data was obtained by interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The data triangulation technique tested the validity of the data. The results of this study are: parents apply democratic parenting, parents can accept the child's condition, and the supporting factors are family and friends. Parents also seek information about their children's needs through seminars and others.
本研究旨在确定先天性风疹综合征的育儿模式、家庭复原力以及影响家庭复原力的因素。所使用的方法是自然的,采用案例研究的方法。研究数据是通过访谈、观察和文献技术获得的。数据三角测量技术检验了数据的有效性。本研究的结果是:父母实行民主育儿,父母能够接受孩子的状况,支持因素是家人和朋友。家长们还通过研讨会和其他方式寻求有关孩子需求的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of the Teacch Approach on Repetitive Behavior and Limited Interest in Children with Autism 自闭症儿童重复行为和有限兴趣教学方法的实施
Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.17977/um029v9i22022p38-42
E. Kenila
One of the main disorders in children with autism is repetitive behavior and limited interest. The purpose of this study was to describe 1) planning, 2) implementation and 3) evaluation of the implementation of the TEACCH approach on behavior and limited interests in children with autism. The research method uses a qualitative research design with a case study approach. Data were obtained through observation and documentation, open questionnaires and discussions with therapists and caregivers at the Autism Therapy Unit of Bhkati Luhur in Malang. Results: 1) Planning: there is training to find out the TEACCH approach, recurrent disorders in children with autism, the impact and handling of strategies, 2) the implementations are; Structuring the environment, assessment, making visual programs and schedules, regular and structured and collaborative intervention 3) Evaluation: Children with autism are more organized, more independent, increased in receptive communication, more focused, control emotions, and are confident. Some children with severe disabilities are still need some assistance.
自闭症儿童的主要障碍之一是重复行为和兴趣有限。本研究的目的是描述1)计划、2)实施和3)评估实施TEACCH方法对自闭症儿童行为和有限兴趣的影响。研究方法采用定性研究设计和案例研究方法。数据是通过观察和记录、公开问卷调查以及与玛琅Bhkati Luhur自闭症治疗部门的治疗师和护理人员讨论获得的。结果:1)策划:对教学方法、自闭症儿童复发性障碍、影响及处理策略进行了培训;构建环境,评估,制作可视化的程序和时间表,定期和结构化和协作干预3)评估:自闭症儿童更有组织,更独立,接受性沟通能力增强,注意力更集中,控制情绪,自信。一些严重残疾的儿童仍然需要一些帮助。
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引用次数: 0
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Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Luar Biasa
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