Around a billion individuals worldwide have hypertension. Of these, 95% have essential hypertension, a type of undiagnosed hypertension.1 The regulation of blood pressure (BP) involves numerous signaling pathways. Among them, the Renin Angiotensin System is well known. All these pathways are regulated by modulation of renal salt handling and tone of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tissue. Any of these mechanisms can become faulty and alter the resistance arteries’ VSM tone, which can elevate BP. However, since the exact origin of PH and its pathophysiology are unknown, less effective, and generic treatments are used.2 The fact that more than 50% of hypertension patients in the USA do not have their BP under good control serves as an illustration of this. Antihypertensive treatment resistance affects an additional 5 million people and is defined as the inability to regulate BP despite the use of at least three antihypertensive drugs in combination.3
Increasing age, racial variables, history in household members, obese status, physical inactivity, larger amounts of salt consumption, stress, tobacco use, and heavy alcohol use are some of the potential etiological factors for essential hypertension.4 It has been examined in previous meta-analyses how vitamin D supplementation affects BP,5 but it is still unclear whether this connection is causal in the general population. This study focused on finding out the effect of vitamin D3 deficiency on BP.
Vitamin D, a steroid hormone, promotes the calcium and phosphate absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and reabsorption from the renal tubules. At low levels, it causes bone mineralization. At high doses, it causes bone resorption. It contributes significantly to mineral metabolism and skeletal homeostasis in this way.3
Up to 80% of human vitamin D comes from vitamin D3, which is produced in the skin by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from 7-dehydrocholesterol. Fish, egg yolk, fortified milk, cereal, juice, and yogurt are dietary sources of vitamin D that provide D2 as well as D3 forms and account for around 20% of the body's requirement. The significant vitamin D form, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], is produced by the liver from D2 and D3 forms of vitamin D in the body. It is the most accurate measure of the action status and levels of vitamin D. It mostly depends on the serum vitamin D binding protein.4
According to the Institution of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines, blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] results below 20 ng/mL (or 50 nmol/L) are considered deficient levels of vitamin D. Inadequate vitamin D status is ubiquitous among Chinese.4 Numerous studies have been published describing how vitamin D deficiency can lead to cancer,6-10 metabolic disor