Endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants have the ability to produce the same pharmacologic bioactive secondary metabolites as their host medicinal plants, which have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine and still are used for their health benefits. Nowadays, medicinal plants are quarrying for isolation of plant-derived drugs as they are very effective and have reasonably less or no side effects. However, the natural resources of ethanomedicinal plants are gradually exhausted and access to plant bioactive compounds is challenged by the low levels at which these products accumulate in native medicinal plants. For example, to meet the market demands of 3 Kg per year of Vinca alkaloids, powerful plant-derived anticancer drugs, 1.5x10 Kg dry leaves are required. In this regard, this review articles aims to highlight the fact that endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants are capable to biosynthesize pharmacologically active secondary metabolites as antioxidant identical to those produced by their host medicinal plant. Furthermore, the evolutionary origin of the genes involved in these metabolic pathways as well as the approaches designed to enhance the production of these secondary metabolites by the isolated endophytic fungi medicinal plant have a lot of type of antioxidant mostly polyphenols, flavonoids which exhibit high antioxidants bioactivity. In addition to aforementioned reasons, this article also will shed the light on the efforts of Abdel-Azeem and his co-workers at Botany department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University and their continuing search for biologically active natural products from Egyptian endophytic fungi hosted medicinal plants in Saint Katherine Protectorate, Arid Sinai, Egypt.
{"title":"Endophytic fungi: A gold mine of antioxidants","authors":"A. Nahas","doi":"10.21608/mb.2019.41030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2019.41030","url":null,"abstract":"Endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants have the ability to produce the same pharmacologic bioactive secondary metabolites as their host medicinal plants, which have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine and still are used for their health benefits. Nowadays, medicinal plants are quarrying for isolation of plant-derived drugs as they are very effective and have reasonably less or no side effects. However, the natural resources of ethanomedicinal plants are gradually exhausted and access to plant bioactive compounds is challenged by the low levels at which these products accumulate in native medicinal plants. For example, to meet the market demands of 3 Kg per year of Vinca alkaloids, powerful plant-derived anticancer drugs, 1.5x10 Kg dry leaves are required. In this regard, this review articles aims to highlight the fact that endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants are capable to biosynthesize pharmacologically active secondary metabolites as antioxidant identical to those produced by their host medicinal plant. Furthermore, the evolutionary origin of the genes involved in these metabolic pathways as well as the approaches designed to enhance the production of these secondary metabolites by the isolated endophytic fungi medicinal plant have a lot of type of antioxidant mostly polyphenols, flavonoids which exhibit high antioxidants bioactivity. In addition to aforementioned reasons, this article also will shed the light on the efforts of Abdel-Azeem and his co-workers at Botany department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University and their continuing search for biologically active natural products from Egyptian endophytic fungi hosted medicinal plants in Saint Katherine Protectorate, Arid Sinai, Egypt.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86785764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our third contribution to the checklist of Algerian fungi is dedicated to Labouls (Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes) an a typical and very diversified group of microscopic fungi that unsure their nutrition and/or dispersal by being insect ectoparasites. By screening all available bibliographic sources and herbaria catalogues it was possible to delineate 66 species belonging to 26 genera that occurs in Algeria. Additionally a list of 8 erroneous or doubtful records unsupported by literature and/or herbarium material is provided. This checklist is the first comprehensive species list fully dedicated to Algerian Laboulbeniales.
{"title":"Checklist of Algerian fungi – Part 3: Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota)","authors":"S. Amrani, Ahmed M. Abdel-Azeem","doi":"10.21608/mb.2019.37826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2019.37826","url":null,"abstract":"Our third contribution to the checklist of Algerian fungi is dedicated to Labouls (Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes) an a typical and very diversified group of microscopic fungi that unsure their nutrition and/or dispersal by being insect ectoparasites. By screening all available bibliographic sources and herbaria catalogues it was possible to delineate 66 species belonging to 26 genera that occurs in Algeria. Additionally a list of 8 erroneous or doubtful records unsupported by literature and/or herbarium material is provided. This checklist is the first comprehensive species list fully dedicated to Algerian Laboulbeniales.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78581547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungi have a long and intimate connection with humankind, particularly at the chemical level as a source of both harmful and beneficial compounds. Their worldwide occurrence in various food and feeds poses a major health threatening risk for human and animal and, as a consequence, mycotoxins represent an economic burden. Fortunately, not all fungal secondary metabolites are toxic to humankind such as; antibiotics, phytotoxines, enzymes and antioxidants, which represent the other side of the coin. Endophytes are now considered as an important component of biodiversity, and act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, isocoumarin derivatives, peptides and enzymes, beside their ability to produce the same or similar kind of compounds of their host plants. Today’s world challenge is ensuring the safety of food, which has been a major focus of international and national action over the last years. Legislative limits for a range of mycotoxins continue to develop worldwide, due to being carcinogenic to animals and humans, resulting in an increased number of official controls monitoring in the food supply chain deriving from national food safety plans and for food trade purposes. This review brings about the harmful (mycotoxins) and beneficial (antioxidants, antibiotics, enzymes) fungal metabolites in industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It also provides a perspective about mechanism of how can endophytic fungi metabolites play a reverse role as one of the main strategies of mycotoxin deactivation and prevention representing the other side of the coin.
{"title":"Fungal mycotoxins and natural antioxidants: Two sides of the same coin and significance in food safety","authors":"Darwish Amg","doi":"10.21608/mb.2019.37468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2019.37468","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi have a long and intimate connection with humankind, particularly at the chemical level as a source of both harmful and beneficial compounds. Their worldwide occurrence in various food and feeds poses a major health threatening risk for human and animal and, as a consequence, mycotoxins represent an economic burden. Fortunately, not all fungal secondary metabolites are toxic to humankind such as; antibiotics, phytotoxines, enzymes and antioxidants, which represent the other side of the coin. Endophytes are now considered as an important component of biodiversity, and act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, isocoumarin derivatives, peptides and enzymes, beside their ability to produce the same or similar kind of compounds of their host plants. Today’s world challenge is ensuring the safety of food, which has been a major focus of international and national action over the last years. Legislative limits for a range of mycotoxins continue to develop worldwide, due to being carcinogenic to animals and humans, resulting in an increased number of official controls monitoring in the food supply chain deriving from national food safety plans and for food trade purposes. This review brings about the harmful (mycotoxins) and beneficial (antioxidants, antibiotics, enzymes) fungal metabolites in industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It also provides a perspective about mechanism of how can endophytic fungi metabolites play a reverse role as one of the main strategies of mycotoxin deactivation and prevention representing the other side of the coin.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90930393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In view of health effects of pollution related with chemical fertilizers and pesticides, interest has increased to find alternative green methods of fertilization and control of pests. Fungal endophytes (endobionts) can be defined as the microfungi living within the tissues of plant without causing them probable disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi play an important role in the growth promotion and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and diseases in plants. They also produce useful compounds as phytohormones, antimicrobial compounds, and many agrochemical bioactive metabolites. These endophytes hold huge potential to be used as safe and cost-effective alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers in view of their wide range of plant growthpromoting activities. The present review article describes the role of endophytic fungi in the agriculture sector.
{"title":"Endophytic fungi for sustainable agriculture","authors":"FA AboNouh","doi":"10.21608/mb.2019.38886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2019.38886","url":null,"abstract":"In view of health effects of pollution related with chemical fertilizers and pesticides, interest has increased to find alternative green methods of fertilization and control of pests. Fungal endophytes (endobionts) can be defined as the microfungi living within the tissues of plant without causing them probable disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi play an important role in the growth promotion and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and diseases in plants. They also produce useful compounds as phytohormones, antimicrobial compounds, and many agrochemical bioactive metabolites. These endophytes hold huge potential to be used as safe and cost-effective alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers in view of their wide range of plant growthpromoting activities. The present review article describes the role of endophytic fungi in the agriculture sector.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75240010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ganoderma is the genus from order Aphyllophorales with more than 300 species. Ganoderma contains various compound that showed many biological activities e.g. enhancer of immune system, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory action. These bioactive compounds related to the triterpenoids and polysaccharides classes. Proteins, lipids, phenols, sterols, and others, are also recorded. Ganoderma is currently an important source in the pharmaceutical industry and is one of the most promissing projects in the world of food and medicine, which is being highlighted these days. In Egypt seven species of Ganoderma were recorded by Abdel-Azeem (2018). Among cultivated mushrooms, G. lucidum is unique in that its pharmaceutical rather than nutritional value is paramount. A variety of commercial G. lucidum products are available in various forms, such as powders, dietary supplements, and tea. These are produced from different parts of the mushroom, including mycelia, spores, and fruit body. The commercial cultivation of Ganoderma in Egypt not started yet. In this article the most important bioactive materials produced by Ganoderma, their applications and business opportunity in Egypt will be discussed.
{"title":"Ganoderma: The mushroom of immortality","authors":"S. Elmansy","doi":"10.21608/mb.2019.40239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2019.40239","url":null,"abstract":"Ganoderma is the genus from order Aphyllophorales with more than 300 species. Ganoderma contains various compound that showed many biological activities e.g. enhancer of immune system, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory action. These bioactive compounds related to the triterpenoids and polysaccharides classes. Proteins, lipids, phenols, sterols, and others, are also recorded. Ganoderma is currently an important source in the pharmaceutical industry and is one of the most promissing projects in the world of food and medicine, which is being highlighted these days. In Egypt seven species of Ganoderma were recorded by Abdel-Azeem (2018). Among cultivated mushrooms, G. lucidum is unique in that its pharmaceutical rather than nutritional value is paramount. A variety of commercial G. lucidum products are available in various forms, such as powders, dietary supplements, and tea. These are produced from different parts of the mushroom, including mycelia, spores, and fruit body. The commercial cultivation of Ganoderma in Egypt not started yet. In this article the most important bioactive materials produced by Ganoderma, their applications and business opportunity in Egypt will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85011777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edible mushrooms have the ability to bio-accumulate minerals from the growth medium into the fruiting body. Selenium (Se) is an example of minerals that can be easily absorbed by mushroom. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of Pleurotus spp. fortified with selenium. Pleurotus spp. (fortified with selenium and nonfortified with selenium) were cultivated on corn cobs using standard procedures. The yield, biological efficiency, selenium absorption level, phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties were determined using standard methods. Non-fortified Pleurotus pulmonarius recorded the highest yield and biological efficiency, while fortified Pleurotus ostreatus had the lowest yields and biological efficiency. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the selenium concentration absorbed in Pleurotus ostreatus (51.79μg/g) and Pleurotus pulmonarius (59.29 μg/g) but no selenium was detected in the non-fortified samples. The presence of 5 phytochemicals viz; saponins, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and flavonoids were detected in cultivated mushrooms. Saponin was highest (7.08 mg/g) in non-fortified Pleurotus pulmonarius while tannin was the least with the value of 0.02 mg/g in fortified Pleurotus ostreatus. The ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus spp. inhibited the growth of Gram positive and negative bacteria with Pseudomonas aeruginosabeen the most susceptible (25.00 mm). The ethanolic extracts of fortified Pleurotus spp. inhibited Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. The non-fortified extracts however, had no inhibitory effects on the tested fungi. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Se-fortification increased the antibacterial activities of Pleurotus spp. These results therefore, suggest that Se-enriched mushrooms can be used as potential source of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Fortification of Pleurotus spp. with essential metals should be encouraged as this can improve its health promoting property.
{"title":"Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial evaluation of ethanolic extracts from Pleurotus spp. cultivated on substrate fortified with selenium","authors":"O. Fasoranti, C. O. Ogidi, V. Oyetayo","doi":"10.21608/mb.2018.26274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2018.26274","url":null,"abstract":"Edible mushrooms have the ability to bio-accumulate minerals from the growth medium into the fruiting body. Selenium (Se) is an example of minerals that can be easily absorbed by mushroom. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of Pleurotus spp. fortified with selenium. Pleurotus spp. (fortified with selenium and nonfortified with selenium) were cultivated on corn cobs using standard procedures. The yield, biological efficiency, selenium absorption level, phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties were determined using standard methods. Non-fortified Pleurotus pulmonarius recorded the highest yield and biological efficiency, while fortified Pleurotus ostreatus had the lowest yields and biological efficiency. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the selenium concentration absorbed in Pleurotus ostreatus (51.79μg/g) and Pleurotus pulmonarius (59.29 μg/g) but no selenium was detected in the non-fortified samples. The presence of 5 phytochemicals viz; saponins, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and flavonoids were detected in cultivated mushrooms. Saponin was highest (7.08 mg/g) in non-fortified Pleurotus pulmonarius while tannin was the least with the value of 0.02 mg/g in fortified Pleurotus ostreatus. The ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus spp. inhibited the growth of Gram positive and negative bacteria with Pseudomonas aeruginosabeen the most susceptible (25.00 mm). The ethanolic extracts of fortified Pleurotus spp. inhibited Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. The non-fortified extracts however, had no inhibitory effects on the tested fungi. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Se-fortification increased the antibacterial activities of Pleurotus spp. These results therefore, suggest that Se-enriched mushrooms can be used as potential source of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Fortification of Pleurotus spp. with essential metals should be encouraged as this can improve its health promoting property.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80713820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phylogeny of six specimens of Lenzites species collected from Akure Nigeria was studied using molecular data obtained by sequencing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions of ribosomal RNA using universal primers (ITS4 and ITS5). Preliminary basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) revealed the identity of the specimens from Akure as Lenzites species. The percentage relationship between rRNA gene sequences of Lenzites species from Akure and Lenzites species sequences in NCBI GenBank database showed 99 to 100 similarity. Phylogenetic tree generated using MEGA 4 software strongly supported Lenzites clade that includes most Lenzites species together with species of Trametes and Daedalea which are considered as synonyms of Lenzites species. The rRNA gene sequences of three of the Lenzites species designated specimens 1, 3 and 6 were in the same clade with most of the Lenzites species collected from NCBI GenBank. Generally, specimens 1 to 6 form a monophyletic group with Lenzites species collected from other parts of the world. The results revealed the relationship of Lenzites species collected from Nigeria with Lenzites species with other parts of the world.
{"title":"Molecular variations in Lenzites species collected from Nigeria and other parts of the world using Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) regions of Ribosomal RNA","authors":"O. Oyetayo","doi":"10.21608/mb.2018.26275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2018.26275","url":null,"abstract":"The phylogeny of six specimens of Lenzites species collected from Akure Nigeria was studied using molecular data obtained by sequencing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions of ribosomal RNA using universal primers (ITS4 and ITS5). Preliminary basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) revealed the identity of the specimens from Akure as Lenzites species. The percentage relationship between rRNA gene sequences of Lenzites species from Akure and Lenzites species sequences in NCBI GenBank database showed 99 to 100 similarity. Phylogenetic tree generated using MEGA 4 software strongly supported Lenzites clade that includes most Lenzites species together with species of Trametes and Daedalea which are considered as synonyms of Lenzites species. The rRNA gene sequences of three of the Lenzites species designated specimens 1, 3 and 6 were in the same clade with most of the Lenzites species collected from NCBI GenBank. Generally, specimens 1 to 6 form a monophyletic group with Lenzites species collected from other parts of the world. The results revealed the relationship of Lenzites species collected from Nigeria with Lenzites species with other parts of the world.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81787892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This publication provides an updated checklist of Chromistan Fungal Analogues (CFA) in Algeria. This is a compilation of information on substrate and locality from where CFA fungi have been recorded. or original descriptions available. By screening all available bibliographic sources and herbaria (fungaria) catalogues it was possible to delineate 83 species of CFA belonging to 21 genera and from which several species have not been yet reported in the literature for Algeria. This checklist is the first comprehensive species list fully dedicated to Algerian Chromistan Fungal Analogues.
{"title":"Checklist of Algerian fungi – Part 2: Chromistan Fungal Analogues (Oomycota, Bigyra, Cercozoa)","authors":"Amrani, Amal S. Abdel-Azeem","doi":"10.21608/mb.2018.26273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2018.26273","url":null,"abstract":"This publication provides an updated checklist of Chromistan Fungal Analogues (CFA) in Algeria. This is a compilation of information on substrate and locality from where CFA fungi have been recorded. or original descriptions available. By screening all available bibliographic sources and herbaria (fungaria) catalogues it was possible to delineate 83 species of CFA belonging to 21 genera and from which several species have not been yet reported in the literature for Algeria. This checklist is the first comprehensive species list fully dedicated to Algerian Chromistan Fungal Analogues.","PeriodicalId":32201,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biosystems Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81946959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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