Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10742
Diny Luthfah
Cyber Attack is part of use of force. The scope of use of cyber force in this article is limited to use by state against another state. The increasing of cyber attack grow within the awareness of every country in the world including Indonesia in matters of strategy and regulated their National Security Law. Interpreted cyber attack as some forms of offensive attacks will be challenging. The reason why will be difficult to regulate is that the factual bases for there have to be casualties, physical destruction and attribution will be addressed. Furthermore Indonesia needs to develop new policy and regulated cyber attack in Indonesia National Security Law.
{"title":"Serangan Siber Sebagai Penggunaan Kekuatan Bersenjata dalam Perspektif Hukum Keamanan Nasional Indonesia (Cyber Attacks as the Use of Force in the Perspective of Indonesia National Security Law)","authors":"Diny Luthfah","doi":"10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10742","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber Attack is part of use of force. The scope of use of cyber force in this article is limited to use by state against another state. The increasing of cyber attack grow within the awareness of every country in the world including Indonesia in matters of strategy and regulated their National Security Law. Interpreted cyber attack as some forms of offensive attacks will be challenging. The reason why will be difficult to regulate is that the factual bases for there have to be casualties, physical destruction and attribution will be addressed. Furthermore Indonesia needs to develop new policy and regulated cyber attack in Indonesia National Security Law.","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130736550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10743
Bernhard Ruben Fritz Sumigar
The superiority of a country in defending its sovereignty and territorial integrity can no longer be directly measured by the amount of military infrastructure it has, however it should also be viewed from the aspect of a country’s ability to build a domestic defence industry that can be useful for meeting national and other countries’ needs. As an effort to develop the defence industry ecosystem in Indonesia, in 2020 the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Indonesian House of Representatives enacted Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (Job Creation Law), one of which regulates the opening of opportunities for the private sector to participate in the development of defence industry sector, thereby automatically changing previous arrangement in Law No. 16 of 2012 on Defence Industry. In this article, the author considers that the changes in the Job Creation Law provisions can bring four advantages to the improvement of the Indonesian defence industry in the future.
{"title":"IMPLIKASI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG CIPTA KERJA BAGI KEMAJUAN INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA (Implication of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation for the Advancement of Indonesian Defence Industry)","authors":"Bernhard Ruben Fritz Sumigar","doi":"10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10743","url":null,"abstract":"The superiority of a country in defending its sovereignty and territorial integrity can no longer be directly measured by the amount of military infrastructure it has, however it should also be viewed from the aspect of a country’s ability to build a domestic defence industry that can be useful for meeting national and other countries’ needs. As an effort to develop the defence industry ecosystem in Indonesia, in 2020 the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Indonesian House of Representatives enacted Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (Job Creation Law), one of which regulates the opening of opportunities for the private sector to participate in the development of defence industry sector, thereby automatically changing previous arrangement in Law No. 16 of 2012 on Defence Industry. In this article, the author considers that the changes in the Job Creation Law provisions can bring four advantages to the improvement of the Indonesian defence industry in the future.","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"167 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116111465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10744
Maya Indrasti Notoprayitno
Persons with disabilities are vulnerable group and would be found anywhere in any situation. They become refugees since their conditions of persecution and they should leave out from their country. Unfortunately, the problem occured when persons with mental disabilities could not indicate their well-founded fear as stated in the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees. Regarding the problem, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) may be the answer to settle the problem since CRPD is the human rights approach to disability and recognizes the right of persons with disabilities to equality in most aspects of life. From CRPD, refugees with disabilities can show a well-founded fear thus giving a hope for them in obtaining refugee status and gaining access equivalent to refugees in general. UNHCR uses the CRPD as a reference in carrying out the responsibilities and commitments for the rights of refugees with disabilities.
{"title":"KETAKUTAN YANG BERALASAN PADA PENGUNGSI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS (Well-Founded Fear within Refugees with Disabilities)","authors":"Maya Indrasti Notoprayitno","doi":"10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10744","url":null,"abstract":"Persons with disabilities are vulnerable group and would be found anywhere in any situation. They become refugees since their conditions of persecution and they should leave out from their country. Unfortunately, the problem occured when persons with mental disabilities could not indicate their well-founded fear as stated in the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees. Regarding the problem, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) may be the answer to settle the problem since CRPD is the human rights approach to disability and recognizes the right of persons with disabilities to equality in most aspects of life. From CRPD, refugees with disabilities can show a well-founded fear thus giving a hope for them in obtaining refugee status and gaining access equivalent to refugees in general. UNHCR uses the CRPD as a reference in carrying out the responsibilities and commitments for the rights of refugees with disabilities.","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124112221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10745
M. Zaki, Andrey Sujatmoko
Sejak Taliban pimpinan Haibatullah Akhundzada menguasai Afghanistan pada pada 15 Agustus yang lalu, Cina tampaknya menjadi negara yang paling intens bekerjasama dengan rezim yang berkuasa secara de facto itu. Berbeda dari negara-negara Barat yang cenderung mengambil jarak, tampaknya Cina mengambil sikap sebaliknya yang lebih akomodatif terhadap Taliban. Di sisi lain, pemerintahan Taliban sebagai rezim de facto yang sekarang berkuasa juga ingin menunjukkan citra baru dan berbeda dengan Taliban sebelumnya yang secara notorious berkuasa dengan brutal dalam kurun waktu 1996-2001 di bawah pimpinan Mohammad Omar. Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai hubungan antara Cina dan Taliban menurut hukum internasional, kemudian soal pengakuan internasional terhadap pemerintahan Taliban di Afghanistan.
{"title":"HUBUNGAN TALIBAN DAN CINA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONA (The Taliban and China Relations in International Law Perspective)","authors":"M. Zaki, Andrey Sujatmoko","doi":"10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10745","url":null,"abstract":"Sejak Taliban pimpinan Haibatullah Akhundzada menguasai Afghanistan pada pada 15 Agustus yang lalu, Cina tampaknya menjadi negara yang paling intens bekerjasama dengan rezim yang berkuasa secara de facto itu. Berbeda dari negara-negara Barat yang cenderung mengambil jarak, tampaknya Cina mengambil sikap sebaliknya yang lebih akomodatif terhadap Taliban. Di sisi lain, pemerintahan Taliban sebagai rezim de facto yang sekarang berkuasa juga ingin menunjukkan citra baru dan berbeda dengan Taliban sebelumnya yang secara notorious berkuasa dengan brutal dalam kurun waktu 1996-2001 di bawah pimpinan Mohammad Omar. Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai hubungan antara Cina dan Taliban menurut hukum internasional, kemudian soal pengakuan internasional terhadap pemerintahan Taliban di Afghanistan. ","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125466878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10741
Laila Almira
States and non-State armed groups are increasingly employing cyber capabilities in their military operations in the digitalization environment today. There is a controversy about how current international legal frameworks, especially International Humanitarian Law (IHL), applies to such conduct in cyberspace, most notably in the context of armed conflict. Because one of the fundamental aims of the IHL is to protect civilians from the impact of armed conflict, it is critical to explore the norms of IHL that regulate such operations. This article will be likely to discuss about cyber warfare in the term of armed conflict. Lastly, the article will be reviewing the rules and principle that applies during the cyber warfare.
{"title":"THE LIMITATION OF CYBER WARFARE UNDER HUMANITARIAN LAW (Pembatasan Perang Siber dalam Hukum Humaniter)","authors":"Laila Almira","doi":"10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/teras-lrev.v3i1.10741","url":null,"abstract":"States and non-State armed groups are increasingly employing cyber capabilities in their military operations in the digitalization environment today. There is a controversy about how current international legal frameworks, especially International Humanitarian Law (IHL), applies to such conduct in cyberspace, most notably in the context of armed conflict. Because one of the fundamental aims of the IHL is to protect civilians from the impact of armed conflict, it is critical to explore the norms of IHL that regulate such operations. This article will be likely to discuss about cyber warfare in the term of armed conflict. Lastly, the article will be reviewing the rules and principle that applies during the cyber warfare. ","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134122226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9054
Yulia Fitriliani, Mikkael Loviana Pangemanan
Abstract Command/superior responsibility is used by the majority of countries. Its implementation varies as reflected in many cases. This paper discusses the regulation and its implementation in case of gross violation on human rights under international and Indonesian law. It has existed in ancient internal rules until the Lieber Code 1863 was formulated and applied in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and Nuremberg of 1945. Its existence was even stronger in international treaties (Hague Convention IV and its Annex, 1907; Geneva Convention I-III, 1949; Additional Protocol I, 1977; ICTY/ICTR Statute; and 1998 Rome Statute). These development was adopted in Article 42 paragraph(1) of Indonesian Law Number 26 of 2000. Based on international jurisprudence, soldiers/subordinates do not need to be proven guilty first, if they want to sue their commander/superiors; while in Indonesian Law, command/superior responsibility requires soldiers/subordinates who commit gross violations of human rights and under effective control.Keyword: Command/superior responsibility, gross violation of human rights. Abstrak Tanggung jawab komando/atasan adalah prinsip yang digunakan oleh mayoritas negara. Pelaksanaannya berbeda-beda sebagaimana tercermin dalam sejumlah kasus. Makalah ini membahas pengaturan dan penerapan tanggung jawab komando/atasan dalam kasus pelanggaran berat HAM menurut hukum internasional dan hukum nasional Indonesia. Doktrin tanggung jawab komando/atasan telah terdapat dalam aturan internal hingga Lieber Code 1863 terbentuk, dan diaplikasikan dalam Mahkamah Militer Internasional untuk Timur Jauh dan Nuremberg 1945. Keberadaan doktrin ini semakin kokoh ketika dimasukkan dalam perjanjian internasional seperti Konvensi Den Haag IV, 1907 dan Annex-nya; Konvensi Jenewa I-III, 1949; Protokol Tambahan I, 1977; Statuta ICTY/ICTR; dan Statuta Roma 1998. Perkembangan tersebut diadopsinya dalam Pasal 42 Ayat (1) Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 26 Tahun 2000. Berdasarkan jurisprudensi dalam hukum internasional, prajurit/bawahan tidak perlu terbukti bersalah terlebih dahulu, apabila ingin menuntut komandan/atasannya, sedangkan hukum nasional Indonesia, tanggung jawab komando/atasan selalu mensyaratkan adanya prajurit/bawahan yang melakukan pelanggaran berat terhadap HAM dan dalam pengendalian yang efektif.Kata kunci: Tanggung jawab komando, pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia.
摘要大多数国家都采用指挥/上级责任制。它的执行情况在许多情况下有所不同。本文讨论了国际法和印度尼西亚法在严重侵犯人权情况下的规定及其实施。它一直存在于古老的内部规则中，直到1863年利伯法典被制定并在远东国际军事法庭和1945年纽伦堡法庭上适用。其存在在国际条约中更为明显(《海牙第四公约》及其附件，1907年;1949年《日内瓦第一-三公约》;1977年《第一附加议定书》;痛苦/两个用ICTY法令;和1998年《罗马规约》)。印度尼西亚2000年第26号法律第42条第(1)款通过了这些发展。根据国际法理，如果士兵/下属想起诉指挥官/上级，他们不需要首先证明自己有罪;而在印度尼西亚法律中，指挥/上级责任要求士兵/下属犯有严重侵犯人权行为并受到有效控制。关键词:指挥/上级责任;严重侵犯人权。【摘要】唐公爪哇komando/atasan adalah prinsip yang digunakan oleh mayoritas negara。Pelaksanaannya berbeda-beda sebagaimana tercermin dalam sejumlah kasus。Makalah ini成员bahas pengaturan dan penerapan tanggung jawab komando/atasan dalam kasus pelanggaran berat HAM menurut hukum international和hukum national Indonesia。在德国纽伦堡，德国国防军国际军事组织(Timur jaub Nuremberg)于1945年成立。Keberadaan doktrin ini semakin kokoh ketika dimasukkan dalam perjanjian international seperi Konvensi Den Haag IV, 1907年dan附件-nya;Konvensi Jenewa I-III, 1949;Protokol Tambahan I, 1977;痛苦/用ICTY Statuta两个;1998年罗马规约。Perkembangan tersebut diadopsinya dalam Pasal 42 Ayat (1) Undang-undang共和国，印度尼西亚，2000年7月26日。Berdasarkan jurisprudensi dalam hukum international, prajurit/bawahan tidak perlu terbukti bersalah terlebih dahulh, apabila ingin menuntut komaman /atasannya, sedangkan hukum national Indonesia, tangung jawab komando/atasan selalu mensyaratkan adanya prajurit/bawahan yang melakukan pelanggaran berat terhadap HAM dan dalam pengendalian yang efektif。《中国日报》:《中国日报》，《中国日报》，《中国日报》。
{"title":"TANGGUNG JAWAB KOMANDO/ATASAN DALAM KASUS PELANGGARAN HAM BERAT MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DAN HUKUM INDONESIA (Command/Superior Responsibility in Case of Gross Violation of Human Rights under International Law and Indonesian Law)","authors":"Yulia Fitriliani, Mikkael Loviana Pangemanan","doi":"10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Command/superior responsibility is used by the majority of countries. Its implementation varies as reflected in many cases. This paper discusses the regulation and its implementation in case of gross violation on human rights under international and Indonesian law. It has existed in ancient internal rules until the Lieber Code 1863 was formulated and applied in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and Nuremberg of 1945. Its existence was even stronger in international treaties (Hague Convention IV and its Annex, 1907; Geneva Convention I-III, 1949; Additional Protocol I, 1977; ICTY/ICTR Statute; and 1998 Rome Statute). These development was adopted in Article 42 paragraph(1) of Indonesian Law Number 26 of 2000. Based on international jurisprudence, soldiers/subordinates do not need to be proven guilty first, if they want to sue their commander/superiors; while in Indonesian Law, command/superior responsibility requires soldiers/subordinates who commit gross violations of human rights and under effective control.Keyword: Command/superior responsibility, gross violation of human rights. Abstrak Tanggung jawab komando/atasan adalah prinsip yang digunakan oleh mayoritas negara. Pelaksanaannya berbeda-beda sebagaimana tercermin dalam sejumlah kasus. Makalah ini membahas pengaturan dan penerapan tanggung jawab komando/atasan dalam kasus pelanggaran berat HAM menurut hukum internasional dan hukum nasional Indonesia. Doktrin tanggung jawab komando/atasan telah terdapat dalam aturan internal hingga Lieber Code 1863 terbentuk, dan diaplikasikan dalam Mahkamah Militer Internasional untuk Timur Jauh dan Nuremberg 1945. Keberadaan doktrin ini semakin kokoh ketika dimasukkan dalam perjanjian internasional seperti Konvensi Den Haag IV, 1907 dan Annex-nya; Konvensi Jenewa I-III, 1949; Protokol Tambahan I, 1977; Statuta ICTY/ICTR; dan Statuta Roma 1998. Perkembangan tersebut diadopsinya dalam Pasal 42 Ayat (1) Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 26 Tahun 2000. Berdasarkan jurisprudensi dalam hukum internasional, prajurit/bawahan tidak perlu terbukti bersalah terlebih dahulu, apabila ingin menuntut komandan/atasannya, sedangkan hukum nasional Indonesia, tanggung jawab komando/atasan selalu mensyaratkan adanya prajurit/bawahan yang melakukan pelanggaran berat terhadap HAM dan dalam pengendalian yang efektif.Kata kunci: Tanggung jawab komando, pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia. ","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132760873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9052
Arlina Permanasari
Abstrak Pandemi Covid-19 mengakibatkan peningkatan risiko bagi kesehatan penduduk sipil di wilayah konflik dan harus merupakan pertimbangan utama pihak-pihak yang bersengketa, baik itu negara maupun kelompok-kelompok bersenjata bukan negara. Tulisan ini membahas bagaimana ketentuan hukum humaniter dapat berkontribusi positif dalam perlindungan penduduk sipil di wilayah konflik pada masa pandemi Covid-19 khususnya mengatur hak dan kewajiban yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak yang bersengketa guna melindungi penduduk sipil, termasuk para tawanan perang dan interniran sipil di wilayah konflik yang dikuasai. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, dengan metode studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan analisis terhadap isi norma perjanjian internasional. Analisis kualitatif dilakukan terhadap bahan hukum sekunder untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan yang ditarik secara deduktif. Berdasarkan pembahasan disimpulkan bahwa ketaatan terhadap pelaksanaan ketentuan hukum humaniter diikuti dengan kemauan politik yang baik dari para pihak merupakan modal dasar yang sangat penting dalam memberikan perlindungan optimal terhadap penduduk sipil di wilayah konflik dari pandemi Covid-19. Kata kunci: Covid-19, Hukum Humaniter, Konflik Bersenjata, Perlindungan Penduduk Sipil Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in increased risks to the health of civilians in conflict areas and should be a primary consideration of the parties to the dispute, both the state and non-state armed groups. This paper discusses how the provisions of humanitarian law can positively contribute to the protection of civilians in conflict areas during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially regulating the rights and obligations that must be carried out by the disputing parties to protect the civilian population. This research is a normative legal research, with a literature study method with an content analysis approach. Qualitative analysis is performed on secondary legal material to get conclusions drawn deductively. Based on the discussion, it is concluded that the compliance with humanitarian law provisions followed by good political will carried out by the parties is the basic and pivotal requirement in providing optimal protection for civilians in conflict areas from the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19, Humanitarian Law, Armed Conflict, Protection of Civilian Population
{"title":"PERLINDUNGAN PENDUDUK SIPIL DI WILAYAH KONFLIK DALAM PANDEMI COVID-19: PERSPEKTIF HUKUM HUMANITER (Protection of Civilian Population in Conflict Area in Pandemic Covid-19: Humanitarian Law Perspective)","authors":"Arlina Permanasari","doi":"10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrak Pandemi Covid-19 mengakibatkan peningkatan risiko bagi kesehatan penduduk sipil di wilayah konflik dan harus merupakan pertimbangan utama pihak-pihak yang bersengketa, baik itu negara maupun kelompok-kelompok bersenjata bukan negara. Tulisan ini membahas bagaimana ketentuan hukum humaniter dapat berkontribusi positif dalam perlindungan penduduk sipil di wilayah konflik pada masa pandemi Covid-19 khususnya mengatur hak dan kewajiban yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak yang bersengketa guna melindungi penduduk sipil, termasuk para tawanan perang dan interniran sipil di wilayah konflik yang dikuasai. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, dengan metode studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan analisis terhadap isi norma perjanjian internasional. Analisis kualitatif dilakukan terhadap bahan hukum sekunder untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan yang ditarik secara deduktif. Berdasarkan pembahasan disimpulkan bahwa ketaatan terhadap pelaksanaan ketentuan hukum humaniter diikuti dengan kemauan politik yang baik dari para pihak merupakan modal dasar yang sangat penting dalam memberikan perlindungan optimal terhadap penduduk sipil di wilayah konflik dari pandemi Covid-19. Kata kunci: Covid-19, Hukum Humaniter, Konflik Bersenjata, Perlindungan Penduduk Sipil Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in increased risks to the health of civilians in conflict areas and should be a primary consideration of the parties to the dispute, both the state and non-state armed groups. This paper discusses how the provisions of humanitarian law can positively contribute to the protection of civilians in conflict areas during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially regulating the rights and obligations that must be carried out by the disputing parties to protect the civilian population. This research is a normative legal research, with a literature study method with an content analysis approach. Qualitative analysis is performed on secondary legal material to get conclusions drawn deductively. Based on the discussion, it is concluded that the compliance with humanitarian law provisions followed by good political will carried out by the parties is the basic and pivotal requirement in providing optimal protection for civilians in conflict areas from the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19, Humanitarian Law, Armed Conflict, Protection of Civilian Population ","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128035751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9053
Jun Justinar
Abstrak Pengungsi adalah penduduk sipil sehingga apabila ia mengangkat senjata, ia kehilangan status pengungsinya. Pengungsian dalam jumlah besar dalam konflik bersenjata menyebabkan kesulitan untuk membedakan antara pengungsi yang sebenarnya dengan kombatan yang membaur dengan para pengungsi. Oleh karena itu perlu dibuat pedoman teknis untuk membedakan keduanya. Sementara itu untuk penyalahgunaan status pengungsi, Konvensi 1951 tentang Status Pengungsi telah menetapkan Klausula Pengecualian. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang bagaimanakah interpretasi Klausula Pengecualian yang dihubungkan dengan status kombatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan eksploratif yang menggunakan bahan hukum sekunder. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif dan penarikan kesimpulan dilakukan secara deduktif. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa Klausula Pengecualian telah diakui sebagai suatu norma dan telah diadopsi dalam beberapa perjanjian internasional. Pelaku kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan dan perdamaian serta penjahat perang termasuk dalam kelompok yang dikecualikan dari status pengungsi. Kombatan tidak mungkin berstatus sebagai pengungsi karena pengungsi haruslah penduduk sipil. Kata kunci: Klausula Pengecualian, Status Pengungsi, Kombatan. Abstract Refugees are civilians, so if they take up arms, they lose their refugee status. The large number of displaced persons in armed conflict makes it difficult to distinguish between actual refugees and combatants mingling with refugees. Therefore it is necessary to make technical guidelines to distinguish the two. Meanwhile for the abuse of refugee status, the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees has inserted an Exclusion Clause. This raises the question of how the interpretation of the Exclusion Clause relates to combatant status. This research is a normative research with an exploratory approach using secondary legal materials. The analysis was conducted qualitatively and the conclusion was drawn deductively. The result of the discussion shows that the Exclusion Clause has been recognized as a norm and has been adopted in several international treaties. Perpetrators of crimes against humanity and crimes against peace as well as war criminals are included in the group exempted from refugee status. It is impossible for combatants to have the status of refugees because refugees must be civilians. Keywords: Combatant, Exclusion Clause, Refugee Status.
非难民是平民，所以当他拿起武器时，他就失去了难民的地位。在武装冲突中大量流离失所使得很难区分真正的难民和融入难民的战斗人员。因此需要制定技术指导方针来区分这两者。与此同时，为了虐待难民身份，1951年的《难民状况公约》规定了一个例外条款。这就提出了一个问题，即如何解释与战斗状态相关的条款排除。这项研究是一种具有次要法律成分的探索性研究。分析是定性的，提取结论是演绎的。讨论结果表明，条款已被公认为一种规范，并已在一些国际协议中采用。反人类、和平和战犯属于被排除在难民身份之外的群体。战斗人员不可能成为难民，因为难民必须是平民。关键词:豁免条款、难民身份、战斗人员。难民是平民，所以如果他们举起武器，他们就会失去难民身份。被低估的武装冲突人士的大量数字使得在实际难民和非法移民之间很难进行兑换。这就是为什么有必要建立技术指导方针来杀死这两个人。然而，关于难民身份的虐待，1951年关于难民身份的合同被排除在外。这提出了一个问题，关于克拉兹与地位相关的Exclusion是如何解释的。这是一项用secondary法律材料进行的诺顿探索研究。分析是受指责的，结论是腐败的。争议的结果是，极端偏见被认为是常态，是被收养在several international treaties。反人类罪和反和平罪的肇事者与战争罪犯一样，都包括在被排除的难民身份的群体中。强迫人拥有难民的地位是不可能的，因为难民必须是平民。复写，断言，拒绝状态。
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Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9051
Kushartoyo Budisantosa
AbstrakKonvensi-konvensi Jenewa 1949 dan Protokol Tambahan II 1977 tidak memberikan definisi mengenai konflik bersenjata non-internasional (KBNI). Protokol Tambahan II hanya menentukan ambang batas atas dan bawah yang termasuk ke dalam jenis konflik ini, termasuk persyaratan yang diperlukan agar Protokol berlaku. Penentuan jenis konflik berguna untuk menentukan apakah Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI) berlaku. Sehubungan dengan itu, jurisprudensi pada Tribunal Internasional untuk bekas Negara Yugoslavia (ICTY) dan Rwanda (ICTR), Pengadilan Khusus untuk Siera-Leone (SCSL), dan Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional (ICC) menggunakan pendekatan berbeda. Tulisan ini membandingkan pengaturan KBNI menurut sumber hukum tertulis dengan pelaksanaannya dalam putusan Peradilan Internasional. Walaupun perkembangan menunjukkan terdapat berbagai konflik bersenjata lainnya, namun hasil perbandingan menunjukkan bahwa tetap hanya terdapat dua jenis KBNI: pertama, KBNI yang dicakup dalam Common Article 3 dari Konvensi Jenewa 1949; dan kedua, KBNI yang dicakup dalam Pasal 1 Protokol Tambahan II 1977. Putusan Pengadilan Internasional bersifat melengkapi dan memperjelas KBNI. Kata kunci : Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional, ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, ICCAbstractThe Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocol II of 1977 do not provide a definition of non-international armed conflict (NIAC). Additional Protokol II specifies only the upper and lower thresholds that fall into this type of conflict, including requirements necessary to take effect. Determining the type of armed conflict is useful for determining whether International Humanitarian Law (IHL) applies. In this connection, the jurisprudence at the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR), the Special Court for Syria (SCSL) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) took a different approach. This paper compares NIAC between conventional legal sources and international judicial judgments. Although state practices indicate various other armed conflicts, the result shows that there are only two types of NIAC: first, NIAC which is covered in common article 3 of the Geneva Convention 1949; and second, NIAC which is coverend in Article 1 of Additional Protocol II 1977. Judgments of international tribunals complements and clarifies NIAC in Geneva Convention and its Additional Protocol II.Keywords: Non-International Armed Conflict (NIAC), ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, ICC
{"title":"STUDI KOMPARATIF KONFLIK BERSENJATA NON-INTERNASIONAL DALAM HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL ( Comparative Study on Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law )","authors":"Kushartoyo Budisantosa","doi":"10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V2I1.9051","url":null,"abstract":"AbstrakKonvensi-konvensi Jenewa 1949 dan Protokol Tambahan II 1977 tidak memberikan definisi mengenai konflik bersenjata non-internasional (KBNI). Protokol Tambahan II hanya menentukan ambang batas atas dan bawah yang termasuk ke dalam jenis konflik ini, termasuk persyaratan yang diperlukan agar Protokol berlaku. Penentuan jenis konflik berguna untuk menentukan apakah Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI) berlaku. Sehubungan dengan itu, jurisprudensi pada Tribunal Internasional untuk bekas Negara Yugoslavia (ICTY) dan Rwanda (ICTR), Pengadilan Khusus untuk Siera-Leone (SCSL), dan Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional (ICC) menggunakan pendekatan berbeda. Tulisan ini membandingkan pengaturan KBNI menurut sumber hukum tertulis dengan pelaksanaannya dalam putusan Peradilan Internasional. Walaupun perkembangan menunjukkan terdapat berbagai konflik bersenjata lainnya, namun hasil perbandingan menunjukkan bahwa tetap hanya terdapat dua jenis KBNI: pertama, KBNI yang dicakup dalam Common Article 3 dari Konvensi Jenewa 1949; dan kedua, KBNI yang dicakup dalam Pasal 1 Protokol Tambahan II 1977. Putusan Pengadilan Internasional bersifat melengkapi dan memperjelas KBNI. Kata kunci : Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional, ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, ICCAbstractThe Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocol II of 1977 do not provide a definition of non-international armed conflict (NIAC). Additional Protokol II specifies only the upper and lower thresholds that fall into this type of conflict, including requirements necessary to take effect. Determining the type of armed conflict is useful for determining whether International Humanitarian Law (IHL) applies. In this connection, the jurisprudence at the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR), the Special Court for Syria (SCSL) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) took a different approach. This paper compares NIAC between conventional legal sources and international judicial judgments. Although state practices indicate various other armed conflicts, the result shows that there are only two types of NIAC: first, NIAC which is covered in common article 3 of the Geneva Convention 1949; and second, NIAC which is coverend in Article 1 of Additional Protocol II 1977. Judgments of international tribunals complements and clarifies NIAC in Geneva Convention and its Additional Protocol II.Keywords: Non-International Armed Conflict (NIAC), ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, ICC","PeriodicalId":325645,"journal":{"name":"terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115286275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-12DOI: 10.25105/TERAS-LREV.V1I2.7112
Siti Nurbaiti
Pasal 1 butir (3) UU No.11 Tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya menentukan yang dimaksud Bangunan Cagar Budaya adalah susunan binaan yang terbuat dari benda alam atau benda buatan manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ruang berdinding dan/atau tidak berdinding dan beratap. Bangunan Cagar Budaya merupakan hasil karya manusia atau hasil karya suatu bangsa pada masa lalu. Sebagai karya warisan budaya masa lalu penting untuk dipertahankan keberadaannya terutama apabila terjadi perang, akan tetapi dalam praktek perlindungan bangunan cagar budaya di masa perang masih menimbulkan masalah terutama yang berkaitan dengan peraturannya. Tujuam penelitian ini adalah untuk mendiskripsikan Pengaturan perlindungan Bangunan Cagar Budaya pada masa Perang dalam UU No.11 Tahun 2011 tentang Cagar Budaya. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah metode penelitian normatif, yang bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa pengaturan perlindungan cagar budaya pada masa perang dalam UU No.11 Tahun 2010 hanya diatur dalam Penjelasan Pasal 57 UU No.11 Tahun 2010 mengenai penyelamatan, sedangkan dalam pelestarian, pelindungan dan pengamanan sebagai satu kesatuan yang tidak terpisahkan dengan penyelamatan tidak diatur mengenai perlindungan bangunan cagar budaya dalam keadaan perang, oleh karena itu Indoensia perlu meratifikasi Protocol II Konvensi 1954 dalam suatu peraturan perundang-undangan, agar bangunan cagar budaya yang berada di Indonesia terjamin perlindungan hukum dan kelesatriannya jika terjadi perang.
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