IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133610

José L.B. Campos , Paulo H.L. Pinheiro , Robson M. da Silva , Claudio T. Carvalho , Magno A.G. Trindade , Raphael Rodrigues

The development of strategies targeting the deployment of renewable platforms has consistently garnered global attention, including lignocellulosic-derived methods for the production of hydrochars. Such materials have a versatile application repertoire due to their distinctive surface features. Despite numerous attempts to enhance the surface acidity of lignocellulosic-based hydrochars for catalytic purposes by incorporating sulfur-oxygen and carbon–oxygen functional groups, the specific contributions of each lignocellulosic component to the development of these groups remains unclear. This study elucidates the roles of lignin and cellulose in the formation of −SO₃H and carbon–oxygen functional groups on the surface of hydrochars. This was achieved by significantly altering the cellulose-to-lignin molar ratio in the herein selected feedstock before subjecting it to the H₂SO₄-assisted hydrothermal carbonization process. The findings demonstrated that intermediate phenolic compounds – generated through the depolymerization and hydrolysis of lignin – are highly susceptible to sulfonation, leading to increased functionalization yields with −SO₃H groups. Conversely, cellulosic-derived furanic intermediates (mainly furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) enhance the population of carbon–oxygen functional groups, varying in type, nature, and acid strength. The acidic surface features of the hydrochars were successfully validated in the solvent-free acetalization of glycerol with acetone. The concentration of −SO₃H groups significantly boosted the catalytic performance of the material, achieving nearly full selective conversion of glycerol to solketal within 40 min of reaction, with a turnover frequency as high as 228 h⁻¹ and satisfactory reusability. Therefore, this investigation reveals that lignin primarily facilitates the one-step sulfonation process, while cellulose exclusively contributes to the evolution of carbon–oxygen functionalities on the hydrochars.

以部署可再生平台为目标的战略开发一直备受全球关注，其中包括生产水煤浆的木质纤维素衍生方法。此类材料因其独特的表面特征而具有广泛的应用范围。尽管人们曾多次尝试通过加入硫氧官能团和碳氧官能团来增强木质纤维素基水合碳的表面酸性以达到催化目的，但每种木质纤维素成分对这些官能团形成的具体贡献仍不清楚。本研究阐明了木质素和纤维素在水合碳表面形成-SO3H 和碳氧官能团中的作用。在将所选原料置于 H2SO4 辅助水热碳化过程之前，通过大幅改变纤维素与木质素的摩尔比实现了这一目的。研究结果表明，通过木质素的解聚和水解产生的中间酚类化合物极易受到磺化作用的影响，从而提高了-SO3H基团的官能化产率。相反，纤维素衍生的呋喃类中间体（主要是糠醛和 5-羟甲基糠醛）会增加碳氧官能团的数量，其类型、性质和酸性强度各不相同。在甘油与丙酮的无溶剂缩醛反应中，成功地验证了氢碳酸酯的酸性表面特征。-SO3H基团的浓度显著提高了材料的催化性能，在反应 40 分钟内几乎实现了甘油到乙缩醛的完全选择性转化，转化频率高达 228 h-1，并且具有令人满意的重复使用性。因此，这项研究揭示了木质素主要促进了一步磺化过程，而纤维素则完全促进了水合碳上碳-氧官能团的演化。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced hydrogen evolution in alkaline media by electrodeposition of floral spherical Ni–Se–Yb/NF electrocatalyst 通过电沉积花状球形 Ni-Se-Yb/NF 电催化剂提高碱性介质中的氢进化能力

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133744

Sanjun He , Liyan Liu , Yang Yang , Wei Liu , Wenyu Tan , Chao Zhou

Developing novel, cost-effective, and high-performance electrocatalysts is crucial to advancing the practical application of water electrolysis. Rare-earth (RE) elements have emerged as the research focus for modifying metal catalysts owing to their distinctive electronic structure. In this study, a Ni–Se–Yb/NF electrode was synthesized on the nickel foam (NF) substrate through potentiostatic electrodeposition. Results indicated that the nucleation of the Ni–Se–Yb electrode followed a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The addition of Yb regulated the surface morphology and enhanced the intrinsic properties of the catalyst material by rapidly achieving the Volmer desorption step of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), thereby improving the catalytic performance of HER. The Ni–Se–Yb/NF electrocatalyst achieved a current density of 10 mA·cm⁻² with merely 50 mV overpotential. The Ni–Se–Yb/NF catalyst also exhibited excellent electrochemical stability after 72 h of long-term durability measurement.

开发新型、具有成本效益和高性能的电催化剂对于推动水电解的实际应用至关重要。稀土元素因其独特的电子结构而成为改性金属催化剂的研究重点。本研究在泡沫镍（NF）基底上通过恒电位电沉积合成了 Ni-Se-Yb/NF 电极。结果表明，Ni-Se-Yb 电极的成核遵循三维瞬时成核机制。Yb 的加入调节了催化剂材料的表面形貌，并通过快速实现氢进化反应（HER）的 Volmer 解吸步骤增强了催化剂材料的内在性能，从而提高了 HER 的催化性能。Ni-Se-Yb/NF 电催化剂的电流密度达到 10 mA-cm-2，过电位仅为 50 mV。经过 72 小时的长期耐久性测量，Ni-Se-Yb/NF 催化剂还表现出卓越的电化学稳定性。

引用次数: 0

Optimization of microalgal hydrothermal carbonization parameters using the response surface method for biochar applications in blast furnaces to reduce carbon emissions 利用响应面法优化微藻水热碳化参数，用于生物炭在高炉中的应用以减少碳排放

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133671

Shiya Ye , Siyuan Hao , Chenyan Yan , Xinru Zhang , Yanqiang Di , Xiaoqin Zhou , Hu Zhang , Zeyi Jiang , Xinxin Zhang

Utilizing biochar in blast furnace (BF) ironmaking is a feasible and promising approach to reducing carbon emissions. Microalgae are one of the promising feedstocks for biochar production; however, research on producing high-performance microalgal hydrochars suitable for BF applications remains limited. Herein, we optimized the reaction parameters of the microalgal hydrothermal carbonization process by the response surface method for applying biochar in BF. Then, the properties of hydrochars produced under different conditions were characterized, including microstructure, surface chemical properties, composition, and combustion performance. The results indicated that hydrothermal temperature and time significantly affected hydrochars properties. The hydrochar obtained under the optimized conditions exhibited a high carbonization degree (H/C: 1.06, and O/C: 0.34), with a notable average removal rate of harmful metal elements (about 78 %) and excellent combustion performance (comprehensive combustion index = 11.98). Moreover, we assessed the CO₂ emission of the optimized hydrochar as a partial replacement for injection coal in BF. The results indicated about 30 % reduction in CO2 emissions associated with the coal acquisition process for BF coal injection, reflecting an environmental benefit. The study provides insights into producing high-performance hydrochars suitable for use as BF injection fuel to reduce CO₂ emissions.

在高炉（BF）炼铁中利用生物炭是减少碳排放的一种可行且前景广阔的方法。微藻是很有前景的生物炭生产原料之一；然而，有关生产适合高炉应用的高性能微藻水热炭化物的研究仍然有限。在此，我们采用响应面法优化了微藻水热碳化过程的反应参数，以将生物炭应用于生物燃料。然后，表征了不同条件下生产的水热碳化物的特性，包括微观结构、表面化学特性、成分和燃烧性能。结果表明，水热温度和时间对水炭特性有显著影响。在优化条件下获得的水炭具有较高的碳化程度（H/C：1.06，O/C：0.34），有害金属元素的平均去除率显著（约 78%），燃烧性能优良（综合燃烧指数 = 11.98）。此外，我们还评估了优化后的水包炭作为喷吹煤的部分替代品的二氧化碳排放量。结果表明，BF 喷吹用煤采集过程中的二氧化碳排放量减少了约 30%，体现了环境效益。这项研究为生产适合用作生物质燃料喷吹燃料的高性能水煤浆以减少二氧化碳排放提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Chemiluminescence spectra investigation of ammonia flame over a wide-range equivalence ratios in a rapid compression machine 快速压缩机中各种当量比的氨焰化学发光光谱研究

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133604

Qihang Zhang , Yunliang Qi , Ridong Zhang , Xing Chao , Bin Yang , Zhi Wang

This work investigates the chemiluminescence spectra of ammonia flame on a rapid compression machine using central spark ignition, with the equivalence ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.5, pressure at the end of compression of 30 bar, and temperature at the end of compression of 900 K. For the first time, the color of an ammonia flame was found to vary with the equivalence ratio under engine-related conditions from images observed by a high-speed camera: orange at the equivalence ratio of 0.4, light pinkish purple at 0.7, blue at 1, and golden yellow for the flame front while dark blue for internal flame at 1.5. The chemiluminescence emissions of OH∗, NH∗, and NH₂ ∗ were observed from the spectra. Integral intensity ratios NH∗/OH ∗ and Red/Blue are two indicators of extreme lean combustion, OH∗/Violet, NH∗/Red, and WB3/WB1 can identify conditions closer to stoichiometric condition by comparation, and WB3/WB2 has the potential to serve as an indicator for determining other parameters independently of the equivalence ratio. The intensities of the R, G, and B channels in combustion images exhibit distinct trends over time across different equivalence ratios. The ratio of R value to B value is smallest under stoichiometric condition and decreases over time under different equivalence ratios. Chemical analysis indicates that under lean combustion conditions, the path of NH₂ to H₂NO is enhanced due to the increased oxygen, while under rich combustion conditions, the direct dehydrogenation of NH₂ to NH is enhanced as a result of decreased oxygen.

这项工作研究了使用中央火花点火的快速压缩机上氨火焰的化学发光光谱，等效比范围为 0.4 至 1.5，压缩结束时的压力为 30 巴，压缩结束时的温度为 900 K。通过高速摄像机观察到的图像，首次发现在与发动机相关的条件下，氨火焰的颜色随当量比的变化而变化：当量比为 0.4 时为橙色，0.7 时为浅粉紫色，1 时为蓝色，1.5 时火焰前端为金黄色，内部火焰为深蓝色。从光谱中可以观察到 OH∗、NH∗ 和 NH2 ∗ 的化学发光。积分强度比 NH∗/OH ∗ 和红/蓝是极度贫燃烧的两个指标，OH∗/紫、NH∗/红和 WB3/WB1 可以通过比较确定更接近于化学计量学条件的条件，而 WB3/WB2 则有可能作为独立于等效比的确定其他参数的指标。在不同的当量比下，燃烧图像中 R、G 和 B 通道的强度随时间变化呈现出不同的趋势。在化学计量条件下，R 值与 B 值的比值最小，而在不同当量比条件下，R 值与 B 值的比值会随着时间的推移而减小。化学分析表明，在贫燃烧条件下，由于氧气的增加，NH2 转化为 H2NO 的路径增强；而在富燃烧条件下，由于氧气的减少，NH2 直接脱氢为 NH 的路径增强。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of an air-breathing anion-exchange membrane fuel cell based on Pd0.9−Cu0.1/rGO anode catalyst for low ethanol sensing 基于 Pd0.9-Cu0.1/rGO 阳极催化剂的空气呼吸阴离子交换膜燃料电池对低乙醇传感的评估

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133357

Marzieh Gholamian , Mohammad Zhiani , Mohammad Mohammadi Taghiabadi

Breath alcohol analyzers (BrAAs) can utilize anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) as an alternative to proton exchange membrane ones, allowing non-platinum catalysts in BrAA structure. In this respect, an anode catalyst consisting of

{Pd}_{0.9} - {Cu}_{0.1} / rGO

is used in the AEMFC catalyst layer to sense low ethanol concentration solution in the presence of carbonate. In addition to catalyst structural analysis, the performance of the prepared AEMFC is evaluated using the electrochemical tests. Polarization curves of the air-breathing passive ethanol fuel cell show a high power density output of 189

{mWcm}^{- 2}

at 2 M of ethanol. To assess the sensitivity of the AEMFC, the polarization and V–t curves are investigated at low ethanol concentrations of 5-50

{mmolL}^{- 1}

. According to the obtained results, the sensor’s highest sensitivity is achieved at 300 mV, indicating that voltage can be used for sensitivity control. In addition, the separation of the anode and cathode polarization curves shows that the anode current density increases with ethanol concentration, whereas the cathode current density remains constant. Overall, the sensitivity and repeatability evaluations represent

{Pd}_{0.9} - {Cu}_{0.1} / rGO

as an appropriate anode catalyst in the new generation of breath alcohol analyzers based on AEMFC.

呼出气体酒精分析仪（BrAAs）可利用阴离子交换膜燃料电池（AEMFCs）替代质子交换膜燃料电池，允许在 BrAA 结构中使用非铂催化剂。为此，在 AEMFC 催化剂层中使用了由 Pd0.9-Cu0.1/rGO 组成的阳极催化剂，以感知存在碳酸盐的低浓度乙醇溶液。除了催化剂结构分析之外，还利用电化学测试评估了所制备的 AEMFC 的性能。空气呼吸被动式乙醇燃料电池的极化曲线显示，在 2 M 乙醇溶液中可输出 189 mWcm-2 的高功率密度。为了评估 AEMFC 的灵敏度，研究了 5-50 mmolL-1 低乙醇浓度下的极化曲线和 V-t 曲线。根据所得结果，传感器在 300 mV 时达到最高灵敏度，这表明电压可用于灵敏度控制。此外，阳极和阴极极化曲线的分离表明，阳极电流密度随乙醇浓度的增加而增加，而阴极电流密度则保持不变。总之，灵敏度和可重复性评估表明，Pd0.9-Cu0.1/rGO 是基于 AEMFC 的新一代呼气酒精分析仪的合适阳极催化剂。

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引用次数: 0

Equivalence ratio inhomogeneity and mixing in liquid-fueled detonations 液体燃料引爆中的等效比不均匀性和混合问题

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133587

Manoj Paudel, Jacob A. McFarland

Liquid-fueled detonation systems are intrinsically heterogeneous due to the discrete nature of liquid droplets, and their initial size and spatial distribution. Understanding the effect of droplet spatial distribution perturbations coupled with droplet-scale effects like lag, breakup, and evaporation is essential in predicting realistic multiphase detonation phenomena. In this paper, the effect of initial perturbations of equivalence ratio, created by a 2D sinusoidal spatial distribution of uniform sized droplets, on the detonation behavior is examined through 2D Euler–Lagrange simulations. The propagation speed and cellular structure of detonation propagating through a tube with Decane droplets suspended in air (N

_{2}

/O

_{2}

mix) is simulated using a quasi-global 3-step 7-species reaction mechanism. The effect of small-scale fluctuations in fuel concentration, due to random particle positions, is found to be of minor importance compared to the large-scale perturbation produced by the sinusoidal spatial distribution. Increased initial inhomogeneity decreased the detonation speed, made the detonation more unstable, and caused an overall increase in cell size. The extent/strength of inhomogeneity that a multiphase detonation can overcome is found to be much lower than that of an equivalent gaseous detonation.

由于液滴的离散性及其初始尺寸和空间分布，液体燃料引爆系统本质上是异质的。了解液滴空间分布扰动的影响以及滞后、破裂和蒸发等液滴尺度效应对于预测真实的多相起爆现象至关重要。本文通过二维欧拉-拉格朗日模拟研究了由大小均匀的液滴的二维正弦空间分布产生的等效比初始扰动对起爆行为的影响。利用准全局 3 步 7 种反应机制模拟了在空气（N2/O2 混合气）中悬浮有 Decane 液滴的管道中传播的爆炸的传播速度和细胞结构。结果发现，与正弦空间分布产生的大尺度扰动相比，随机颗粒位置导致的燃料浓度小尺度波动的影响微不足道。初始不均匀性的增加降低了起爆速度，使起爆更加不稳定，并导致电池尺寸整体增大。研究发现，多相起爆可克服的不均匀程度/强度远低于等效的气体起爆。

{"title":"Equivalence ratio inhomogeneity and mixing in liquid-fueled detonations","authors":"Manoj Paudel, Jacob A. McFarland","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid-fueled detonation systems are intrinsically heterogeneous due to the discrete nature of liquid droplets, and their initial size and spatial distribution. Understanding the effect of droplet spatial distribution perturbations coupled with droplet-scale effects like lag, breakup, and evaporation is essential in predicting realistic multiphase detonation phenomena. In this paper, the effect of initial perturbations of equivalence ratio, created by a 2D sinusoidal spatial distribution of uniform sized droplets, on the detonation behavior is examined through 2D Euler–Lagrange simulations. The propagation speed and cellular structure of detonation propagating through a tube with Decane droplets suspended in air (N<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>/O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> mix) is simulated using a quasi-global 3-step 7-species reaction mechanism. The effect of small-scale fluctuations in fuel concentration, due to random particle positions, is found to be of minor importance compared to the large-scale perturbation produced by the sinusoidal spatial distribution. Increased initial inhomogeneity decreased the detonation speed, made the detonation more unstable, and caused an overall increase in cell size. The extent/strength of inhomogeneity that a multiphase detonation can overcome is found to be much lower than that of an equivalent gaseous detonation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 133587"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analytical study on mild steel corrosion inhibition in acidic environment: DFT modeling and RSM optimization 酸性环境中低碳钢缓蚀的分析研究：DFT 建模和 RSM 优化

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133729

Mehmet Erman Mert , Ceyla Güngör , Başak Doğru Mert

This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of various heterocyclic compounds, including 1,3-Thiazole-4-carbothioamide, 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrimidine-2-thiocarboxamide, 1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-carbothioamide, 1H-imidazole-4-carbothioamide, 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide, 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol, and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid, selected for their structural characteristics that make them effective in fuel applications. The presence of functional groups such as thiol, amide, carboxylic acid, imidazole, and thiazole in these compounds enhances their ability to adsorb onto metal surfaces, forming protective layers that significantly inhibit corrosion. These compounds were chosen not only for their strong interaction with metal substrates but also for their stability and durability under various environmental conditions, which are important for fuel systems. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to give structural insights, which are essential for understanding the corrosion inhibition mechanism of the examined compounds. The inhibition performance of these molecules were investigated in 0.5 M HCl via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique for mild steel (MS) containing various inhibitor concentrations (1;3 and 5 mM) and exposure times (1; 24 and 48 h). Particularly, the higher inhibition efficiency of compounds; 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol from their structural and electronic properties. The variable inhibition efficiency observed among different compounds investigates the importance of methods Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for systematically analyzing concentration, time, and molecular structure interactions. The experimental results indicated that 2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-aminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-thiol exhibited significantly higher inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 5 mM and an exposure duration of 48 h, with inhibition efficiencies of 98.96 % and 98.66 % respectively.

本研究探讨了各种杂环化合物的缓蚀潜力，包括 1,3-噻唑-4-硫代甲酰胺、4-氨基吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶、嘧啶-2-硫代甲酰胺、1,2,4-恶二唑-3-硫代甲酰胺、1H-咪唑-4-硫代甲酰胺、2-甲基-1,3-噻唑-4-硫代甲酰胺、4-氨基噻吩并[2,3-d]嘧啶-2-硫醇和 2-异丙基-4-甲基-1,3-噻唑-5-羧酸。这些化合物中含有硫醇、酰胺、羧酸、咪唑和噻唑等官能团，增强了它们在金属表面的吸附能力，形成的保护层可显著抑制腐蚀。之所以选择这些化合物，不仅是因为它们与金属基底的相互作用很强，而且还因为它们在各种环境条件下的稳定性和耐久性，这对燃料系统非常重要。密度泛函理论（DFT）计算有助于深入了解这些化合物的结构，这对于理解它们的缓蚀机理至关重要。在 0.5 M HCl 溶液中，通过电化学阻抗光谱技术研究了这些分子在不同抑制剂浓度（1、3 和 5 mM）和暴露时间（1、24 和 48 小时）下对低碳钢（MS）的抑制性能。其中，2-甲基-1,3-噻唑-4-硫代甲酰胺和 4-氨基噻吩并[2,3-d]嘧啶-2-硫醇化合物的抑制效率较高，这与它们的结构和电子特性有关。不同化合物的抑制效率各不相同，这说明采用响应面方法（RSM）系统分析浓度、时间和分子结构相互作用的重要性。实验结果表明，2-甲基-1,3-噻唑-4-硫代甲酰胺和 4-氨基噻吩并[2,3-d]嘧啶-2-硫醇在浓度为 5 毫摩尔、暴露时间为 48 小时时的抑制效率明显更高，分别为 98.96 % 和 98.66 %。

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引用次数: 0

Pragmatic investigation of the effect of ether additives on biodiesel combustion to reduce NOx and other harmful emissions 务实调查醚类添加剂对生物柴油燃烧的影响，以减少氮氧化物和其他有害气体的排放

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133712

Arun Teja Doppalapudi , Abul Kalam Azad , Md Nurun Nabi , Mohammad G. Rasul , Mohammad Masud Kamal Khan

The addition of oxygenated additives such as ethers has shown better results with improved combustion and reduced emissions. Ethers have a lower viscosity and higher oxygen concentrations that can improve combustion and have lower calorific value, which can control the cylinder temperature. Hence, three ethers: diethyl ether (DEE), Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether (DME), and Tri-propylene-Glycol Monomethyl ether (TME) were selected as biodiesel additives to conduct engine tests for reducing NO_x and CO emissions. These three ethers were added at 10 % volume to the Tucuma B10 blend, and the results were compared with diesel, TB10, and TB20. The performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were investigated through engine tests conducted at 2400 rpm with varying loads of 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %. The study found that adding oxygenated additives into the TB10 blend has led to a decrease in both CO and NO_x compared to the TB10 blend alone. However, the NO_x was higher for the ether-TB10 blends than diesel. At full load, TB10DME10 reduced CO emissions by 22.3 %, 45 %, and 38 %, compared to diesel, TB10, and TB20, respectively. Also, TB10TME10 showed reduced NO_x by 8.5 %, 5.2 %, 6.62 %, and 0.12 % compared to TB10 at 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % loads, respectively. Peak pressure values for ether blends were lower than diesel but higher than TB10 and TB20. The study concluded that the TB10DEE10 has shown better results in reducing CO, NO_x, and BSFC and improved BTE. The study recommends a detailed computational fluid dynamics study to investigate more combustion aspects of ether blends. In addition, further investigation on oxidative stability, tribological behaviour, and cold flow performance of the ether blends is much needed.

添加含氧添加剂（如醚类）在改善燃烧和减少排放方面取得了更好的效果。醚的粘度较低，氧气浓度较高，可以改善燃烧，热值较低，可以控制气缸温度。因此，我们选择了三种醚：二乙醚（DEE）、二乙二醇二甲醚（DME）和三丙二醇单甲醚（TME）作为生物柴油添加剂，进行发动机测试，以减少氮氧化物和一氧化碳的排放。将这三种醚以 10% 的体积添加到 Tucuma B10 混合燃料中，并将结果与柴油、TB10 和 TB20 进行比较。在发动机转速为 2400 rpm、负荷分别为 25%、50%、75% 和 100%的情况下，对发动机的性能、燃烧和排放特性进行了研究。研究发现，与单独使用 TB10 混合燃料相比，在 TB10 混合燃料中添加含氧添加剂可降低 CO 和 NOx。不过，醚-TB10 混合物的氮氧化物含量高于柴油。与柴油、TB10 和 TB20 相比，满负荷时 TB10DME10 的一氧化碳排放量分别减少了 22.3%、45% 和 38%。此外，与 TB10 相比，TB10TME10 在 25%、50%、75% 和 100%负荷时的氮氧化物排放量分别减少了 8.5%、5.2%、6.62% 和 0.12%。醚混合物的峰值压力低于柴油，但高于 TB10 和 TB20。研究得出结论，TB10DEE10 在降低 CO、NOx 和 BSFC 以及改善 BTE 方面显示出更好的效果。研究建议进行详细的计算流体动力学研究，以调查醚类混合物燃烧的更多方面。此外，还需要进一步研究醚类混合物的氧化稳定性、摩擦学行为和冷流性能。

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引用次数: 0

Modelling, simulation, thermodynamic and economic performance analysis of steam and CO2 as diluents in thermal cracking furnace for ethylene manufacturing 乙烯生产热裂解炉中作为稀释剂的蒸汽和二氧化碳的建模、模拟、热力学和经济性能分析

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133656

Yao Zhang , Hui Yan , Daotong Chong , Cailing Guo , Shengyuan Huang , Joan Cordiner , Meihong Wang

Energy consumption, economic and environmental benefits of thermal cracking furnace have been important topics in ethylene manufacturing. Use of captured CO₂ as alternative diluent in thermal cracking furnace can significantly contribute to CO₂ reduction while the studies on CO₂ as diluent are limited and inaccurate. To carry out comparative analysis of using steam and CO₂ as diluents in propane cracking for ethylene manufacturing, a 1-dimensional (1-D) pseudo-dynamic model of plug flow reactor (PFR) was developed and implemented in gPROMS ModelBuilder®. The model was validated and showed good agreement with industrial data from literature and then was used to analyse the economic and thermodynamic performance of PFR using different diluents. The process analysis includes: (1) impact of diluent-to-propane ratio using steam as diluent; (2) impact of diluent-to-propane ratio using CO₂ and compared with using steam; (3) comparison of pure/mixed diluents in 4 different scenarios. The results indicated that the PFR could reach highest annual production at the steam-to-propane ratio 0.2 and reach highest annual profit at the ratio 0.3 when using steam as diluent. Compared with steam, using CO₂ as diluent hardly changes the annual production, but can significantly increase the run length and the annual profit. The highest annual profit using CO₂ is 10.10 % higher than that using steam and when operating at the diluent-to-propane ratio achieving highest annual profit, using CO₂ as diluent can save 17.44 % energy and reduce the exergy destruction by 20.53 %. Pure CO₂ was recommended as diluent from comparison of pure/mixed diluents in 4 different scenarios. The key findings of this paper provide significant operational guidance for existing thermal cracking furnace using steam as diluent and also provide insights for future new generation diluents design to reduce the energy consumption in quantity and quality and increase the economic benefits of thermal cracking furnace for ethylene manufacturing.

热裂解炉的能耗、经济和环境效益一直是乙烯生产的重要课题。在热裂解炉中使用捕集的二氧化碳作为替代稀释剂可大大有助于减少二氧化碳的排放，而有关二氧化碳作为稀释剂的研究却非常有限且不准确。为了对丙烷裂解制乙烯过程中使用蒸汽和二氧化碳作为稀释剂进行比较分析，开发了一个塞流反应器（PFR）的一维（1-D）伪动态模型，并在 gPROMS ModelBuilder® 中实施。该模型经过验证，与文献中的工业数据非常吻合，随后被用于分析使用不同稀释剂的 PFR 的经济和热力学性能。工艺分析包括(1) 使用蒸汽作为稀释剂时稀释剂与丙烷比率的影响；(2) 使用二氧化碳作为稀释剂时稀释剂与丙烷比率的影响，并与使用蒸汽进行比较；(3) 在 4 种不同情况下纯稀释剂/混合稀释剂的比较。结果表明，当使用蒸汽作为稀释剂时，当蒸汽与丙烷的比例为 0.2 时，PFR 的年产量最高；当蒸汽与丙烷的比例为 0.3 时，PFR 的年利润最高。与蒸汽相比，使用二氧化碳作为稀释剂几乎不会改变年产量，但会显著增加运行时间和年利润。使用二氧化碳的最高年利润比使用蒸汽的高 10.10%，在稀丙烷比达到最高年利润时，使用二氧化碳作为稀释剂可节能 17.44%，减少 20.53%的放能破坏。通过对 4 种不同情况下的纯稀释剂/混合稀释剂进行比较，推荐使用纯二氧化碳作为稀释剂。本文的主要结论为现有使用蒸汽作为稀释剂的热裂解炉提供了重要的操作指导，同时也为未来新一代稀释剂的设计提供了启示，从而在数量和质量上降低能耗，提高乙烯生产热裂解炉的经济效益。

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引用次数: 0

Magnetic field effect on mechanism and syngas products of microalgae pyrolysis with activated carbon catalysts 磁场对活性炭催化剂热解微藻的机理和合成气产物的影响

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133617

Ahmad Yusril Aminullah , Sukarni Sukarni , Retno Wulandari , Muhammad Shahbaz

H₂-rich syngas has various applications, but it is primarily produced from fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Its conversion from renewable sources, such as biomass, can bring environmental benefits and help achieve a reduction in global temperatures below 2 °C. Biomass conversion through the thermal process offers a promising solution for syngas generation. Pyrolysis is appealing as it is more cost-effective than other thermal conversion technologies. The objective of this study is to investigate the conversion of Spirulina microalgae (SP) into syngas (CH₄, H₂, and CO₂) using activated carbon (AC) as a catalyst under the influence of a magnetic field, employing a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. Characterization on raw and char SP reveals those biomasses’s main component affecting volatile population, CH₄ and H₂ correlated with protein and lipid decomposition; on the other hand, CO₂ product depends on carbohydrates degradation. An investigation of fresh and spent AC indicates that the main catalytic interaction between pyrolysis vapor and AC is through the Van der Waals force. The magnetic field helps prevent pore blocking on AC, which is proved by specific surface analysis results indicating in a positive synergistic effect between the magnetic field and AC. Activated carbon and magnetic field affected syngas production through a series of pyrolysis vapor cracking, deoxygenation, and hydrocarbon declustering, enhancing CH₄ and H₂ production by 28.66 and 8.4 %, respectively, and suppressing CO₂ by 28.64 % compared to SP pyrolysis alone.

富含 H2- 的合成气有多种用途，但它主要由化石燃料生产，造成温室气体排放。从生物质等可再生资源转化合成气可带来环境效益，并有助于将全球气温降至 2 °C 以下。通过热工艺进行生物质转化为合成气的生产提供了一种前景广阔的解决方案。与其他热转化技术相比，热解技术更具成本效益，因此很有吸引力。本研究的目的是采用固定床热解反应器，在磁场影响下使用活性炭（AC）作为催化剂，研究螺旋藻（SP）转化为合成气（CH4、H2 和 CO2）的过程。对原料和焦炭 SP 的特性分析表明，这些生物质的主要成分会影响挥发物的数量，CH4 和 H2 与蛋白质和脂质的分解有关；另一方面，CO2 产物取决于碳水化合物的降解。对新鲜 AC 和废 AC 的研究表明，热解蒸汽与 AC 之间的主要催化作用是通过范德华力进行的。磁场有助于防止活性炭上的孔隙堵塞，比表面分析结果表明磁场与活性炭之间存在积极的协同效应。活性炭和磁场通过一系列热解蒸汽裂解、脱氧和碳氢化合物除杂作用影响合成气的产生，与单独的 SP 热解相比，CH4 和 H2 的产生量分别提高了 28.66% 和 8.4%，CO2 的产生量降低了 28.64%。

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