IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137769

Naser Asadzadeh, MohammadHossein Shabani, Fatemeh-Zahra Salehi, Arezou Jafari, Reza Gharibshahi, Barak Aldhaheri

Heavy oil reservoirs represent a critical transitional energy resource capable of mitigating conventional production declines and postponing global peak oil demand through optimized extraction processes. This study pioneers a decarbonization strategy for heavy oil recovery by systematically evaluating three energy-driven upgrading technologies (conventional heating, ultrasonic activation, and microwave (MW) irradiation) synergized with engineered nanocatalysts (Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄-NiO, Fe₃O₄-MWCNT) to enhance oil mobility and reduce asphaltene content. A Taguchi-optimized experimental framework integrated molecular-level characterization (NMR, FTIR spectroscopy) and reservoir-condition sandpack simulations. Nanocatalyst-oil suspensions were processed under controlled microwave (200, 400, and 600 W), thermal (90, 110, and 130 °C), and ultrasonic (280 W) conditions. Asphaltene structural changes were quantified via IP-143 extraction, NMR aromaticity/shape factor analysis, and FTIR functional group tracking. Results demonstrate that microwave irradiation achieved optimal performance, delivering 64.6 % viscosity reduction and 41 % asphaltene depolymerization at 400 W over 8 min, attributed to selective dielectric heating and ionic conduction mechanisms. Gravitational drainage simulations further validated microwave superiority, achieving 42 % recovery efficiency (vs. 35 % thermal, 30 % ultrasonic) through Bond number elevation (capillary force reduction). Crucially, nanocatalyst functionality exhibited treatment modality dependence: Fe₃O₄-NiO composites stabilized cracked hydrocarbons in via hydrogen donation, whereas pure Fe₃O₄ optimized energy coupling through high dielectric loss tangents. All in all, this work establishes, microwave-nanocatalyst synergy as a scalable, energy-efficient pathway for in-situ heavy oil upgrading. By delineating electromagnetic field effects on fluid dynamics (Bond/Capillary number modulation) and proving nanocatalysts’ modality-specific roles, we enable sustainable heavy oil extraction with lower carbon intensity than thermal methods.

稠油油藏是一种关键的过渡性能源资源，能够通过优化开采工艺减缓常规产量下降，推迟全球石油需求峰值。本研究通过系统评估三种能源驱动升级技术（传统加热、超声波活化和微波（MW）辐照）与工程纳米催化剂（Fe3O4、Fe3O4- nio、Fe3O4- mwcnt）协同作用，提高原油流动性，降低沥青质含量，从而开拓了稠油采收率脱碳策略。taguchi优化的实验框架集成了分子水平表征（NMR， FTIR光谱）和储层条件沙层模拟。纳米催化剂油悬浮液在可控的微波（200、400和600 W）、热（90、110和130°C）和超声波（280 W）条件下进行处理。通过IP-143提取、核磁共振芳香性/形状因子分析和FTIR官能团跟踪来量化沥青质的结构变化。结果表明，由于选择性电介质加热和离子传导机制，微波辐照达到了最佳性能，在400 W下，在8 min内，沥青质粘度降低64.6%，解聚41%。重力排水模拟进一步验证了微波的优势，通过提高键数（减少毛细力），达到42%的采收率（热采收率为35%，超声采收率为30%）。至关重要的是，纳米催化剂的功能表现出处理方式的依赖性：Fe3O4- nio复合材料通过给氢来稳定裂解的碳氢化合物，而纯Fe3O4通过高介质损耗切线来优化能量耦合。总而言之，这项工作建立了微波-纳米催化剂协同作用作为一种可扩展的、节能的原位重油升级途径。通过描述电磁场对流体动力学（键/毛细数调制）的影响，并证明纳米催化剂的特定模态作用，我们实现了比热法更低碳强度的可持续稠油开采。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable campus energy transition: Integrating hybrid renewables and green hydrogen for net-zero operations 可持续校园能源转型：整合混合可再生能源和绿色氢，实现净零运营

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137859

Amina Bekkouche , Fatiha Benidir , Abdelhak Lekbir , Abdullahi Mohamed Samatar , Saad Mekhilef

This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment of a hybrid renewable energy system integrating photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), grid electricity, and hydrogen production technologies (EHT) to sustainably supply electricity and heating to a university campus in Algeria. The objective is to design a resilient energy solution based on real multi-year demand profiles, promoting decarbonization through the production and storage of green hydrogen. The proposed system utilizes excess renewable energy (RE) for water electrolysis, with hydrogen serving as both a seasonal energy storage medium and a clean heating fuel. Four system configurations, Grid / EHT, WT /Grid / EHT, PV /Grid / EHT, and PV/ WT / Grid/ EHT, were analyzed using HOMER Pro and MATLAB software to optimize system sizing and evaluate techno-economic and environmental performance. Results indicate that the PV/WT/Grid/ EHT configuration is the most efficient, achieving 55.4% RE penetration, a levelized cost of energy of $0.0041/kWh, a levelized cost of hydrogen of $0.154/kg, and a net present cost of $10.5 million. Additionally, this configuration achieves a 77.6% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to the grid-only baseline and delivers annualized savings of $752592. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers regarding campus-scale renewable-hydrogen system design under regional constraints, supporting Algeria’s transition to a clean and sustainable energy future.

本研究提出了一个综合的技术经济和环境评估的混合可再生能源系统集成光伏（PV），风力涡轮机（WT），电网电力，和氢气生产技术（EHT），以可持续地为阿尔及利亚的一所大学校园供电和供暖。目标是根据多年的实际需求概况设计一个有弹性的能源解决方案，通过生产和储存绿色氢来促进脱碳。该系统利用多余的可再生能源（RE）进行水电解，氢气既可以作为季节性储能介质，也可以作为清洁的加热燃料。利用HOMER Pro和MATLAB软件分析了四种系统配置，即Grid/ EHT、WT /Grid / EHT、PV/ Grid/ EHT和PV/ WT /Grid / EHT，以优化系统规模并评估技术经济和环境绩效。结果表明，PV/WT/Grid/ EHT配置效率最高，可实现55.4%的RE渗透率，能源平准化成本为0.0041美元/kWh，氢平准化成本为0.154美元/kg，净现值成本为1050万美元。此外，与纯电网相比，这种配置可减少77.6%的二氧化碳排放量，每年可节省752592美元。研究结果为政策制定者在区域限制下设计校园规模的可再生氢系统提供了有价值的见解，支持阿尔及利亚向清洁和可持续能源的未来过渡。

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引用次数: 0

MgAl-layered double hydroxide materials incorporated with carbon nitride: Facile recycling solid catalysts for efficient synthesis of dimethyl carbonate 含碳氮化铝层状双氢氧化物材料：高效合成碳酸二甲酯的易回收固体催化剂

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137932

Zi-Xuan Dai, Jing-Yun Xu, Xue-Wen Zhang, Fei Wang, Jie Xu, Bing Xue

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is regarded as an eco-benign building block of the modern chemical industry, and the transesterification of cyclic carbonate is a sustainable pathway for the clean synthesis of DMC. In order to develop an efficient solid catalyst for the transesterification of cyclic carbonate herein, a series of LDH/g-C₃N₄ materials consisting of MgAl-layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) and carbon nitride were synthesized. In the transesterification of ethylene carbonate with CH₃OH, the LDH/g-C₃N₄ materials as solid base catalysts exhibited superior activity to Mg(OH)₂/g-C₃N₄ and Al(OH)₃/g-C₃N₄. The catalytic activity was largely dependent on the hydrothermal time and the amount of g-C₃N₄. Under the reaction temperature of 120 °C, the EC conversion and selectivity to DMC were up to 79.9 % and 99.9 % after 3 h of reaction. More importantly, the incorporation of g-C₃N₄ into LDH effectively restrained the leaching of catalytically active sites.

碳酸二甲酯（DMC）被认为是现代化工的生态基石，而环碳酸酯酯交换反应是清洁合成DMC的可持续途径。为了开发一种高效的环碳酸盐酯交换固体催化剂，合成了一系列由镁铝层状双氢氧化物（MgAl-LDH）和氮化碳组成的LDH/g-C3N4材料。在碳酸乙烯与CH3OH的酯交换反应中，LDH/g-C3N4材料作为固体碱催化剂的活性优于Mg(OH)2/g-C3N4和Al(OH)3/g-C3N4。催化活性主要取决于水热时间和g-C3N4的用量。在120℃的反应温度下，反应3 h后，EC对DMC的转化率和选择性分别达到79.9%和99.9%。更重要的是，g-C3N4掺入LDH有效地抑制了催化活性位点的浸出。

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引用次数: 0

Synthesis hierarchical Zn-containing ZSM-5 by dry gel conversion for catalytic reforming of cellulose volatiles to light aromatic 纤维素挥发物催化重整为轻芳香的干凝胶法合成含锌分级ZSM-5

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137838

Nai-Yu Yao , Jing-Pei Cao , Xiao-Yan Zhao , Xin-Bo Pang , Shi-Jie Cai , Min Xu , You Lu , Feng-Jiao Yi , Xiao-Bo Feng , Tungalagtamir Bold

To overcome the issue of constrained mass transfer efficiency and conversion capacity of conventional commercial ZSM-5 in biomass pyrolysis for aromatics production, Zn-doped nano-ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared using Dry Gel Conversion-Steam Assisted Crystallization (DGC-SAD) method. This synthesis strategy concurrently modulated the particle size of ZSM-5 and incorporated new active sites, which effectively increased the yield of the target product and inhibited coke deposition. The variation of TPAOH content revealed optimal catalysts as DZ5-12 (synthesized by the DGC-SAD) and Z5-16 (synthesized by the hydrothermal), demonstrating the DGC-SAD method ’s advantage in TPAOH utilization efficiency. Compared with the hydrothermal synthesis method, the nano-ZSM-5 synthesized by the DGC-SAD method has a larger mesoporous specific surface area and smaller grain size, which improves the mass transfer efficiency, promotes the diffusion of macromolecules during the reaction process, and avoids the coke deposition due to the accumulation of macromolecule oxygen-containing compounds while increasing the reaction products. Moreover, the DGC-SAD method of Zn doping effectively avoids the loss of Zn during the synthesis process and provides more ZnOH⁺ active sites for the zeolite, and its larger mesoporous specific surface area also improves the accessibility of the active sites. The catalytic evaluation demonstrated that the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose using ZnDZ5-12 resulted in the highest light aromatic yield of 174.68 mg/g and the lowest coke yield of 7.7 %.

为克服传统工业ZSM-5在生物质热解生产芳烃过程中传质效率和转化能力受限的问题，采用干凝胶转化-蒸汽辅助结晶（DGC-SAD）法制备了掺杂锌的纳米ZSM-5催化剂。该合成策略同时调节了ZSM-5的粒度，并加入了新的活性位点，有效地提高了目标产物的收率，抑制了焦炭的沉积。结果表明，DGC-SAD法合成的催化剂为DZ5-12，水热法合成的催化剂为Z5-16，表明DGC-SAD法在TPAOH利用效率方面具有优势。与水热合成法相比，DGC-SAD法合成的纳米zsm -5具有更大的介孔比表面积和更小的晶粒尺寸，提高了传质效率，促进了反应过程中大分子的扩散，在增加反应产物的同时避免了大分子含氧化合物积累导致的焦炭沉积。此外，掺杂Zn的DGC-SAD方法有效避免了Zn在合成过程中的损失，为沸石提供了更多的ZnOH+活性位点，其更大的介孔比表面积也提高了活性位点的可及性。催化评价结果表明，ZnDZ5-12催化热解纤维素的轻烃产率最高，为174.68 mg/g，焦炭产率最低，为7.7%。

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引用次数: 0

CFD-FEA modelling of tuyere damage in an industrial ironmaking blast furnace: A case of coke oven gas injection 工业炼铁高炉风口损伤的cfd -有限元模拟：以焦炉注气为例

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137845

Ehsan Farajzadeh, Yuting Zhuo, Yansong Shen

Tuyere damage is a recurring issue in ironmaking blast furnaces (BFs), and frequent failures may lead to significant operational disruptions. However, the thermal stress contributing to such damage remains insufficiently understood, particularly in the emerging operation of coke oven gas (COG) injection. In this study, an industrial-scale tuyere-raceway model is developed by combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and used to analyse the thermal stress during COG injection. The results show that thermal stress peaks at the outer edges of the tuyere tip, where the temperatures exceed 1900 K and thermal stresses surpass 2.0 GPa. Additionally, unlike other regions of the tuyere, the blowpipe and the areas adjacent to the cooling chambers exhibit temporal fluctuations in thermal stress, with stress levels ranging between 2.0 and 2.8 GPa and fluctuations of approximately 100 MPa, which may increase the risk of fatigue and crack propagation. As a countermeasure, the application of an Fe-Cr coating is tested and can effectively insulate the tuyere core, maintaining its temperature below 780 K and reducing the average thermal stress on the tuyere core surface by 41% compared to uncoated designs. The CFD-FEA integration model offers a cost-effective tool for optimising tuyere design and operating parameters under new BF conditions.

风口损坏是炼铁高炉（BFs）中反复出现的问题，频繁的故障可能导致重大的运营中断。然而，导致这种破坏的热应力仍然没有得到充分的了解，特别是在新出现的焦炉煤气（COG）注入操作中。本文采用计算流体力学（CFD）和有限元分析（FEA）相结合的方法建立了工业规模的风口-滚道模型，并对COG注入过程中的热应力进行了分析。结果表明：热应力在风口尖端的外缘处达到峰值，温度超过1900 K，热应力超过2.0 GPa；此外，与风口的其他区域不同，吹管和靠近冷却室的区域表现出热应力的时间波动，应力水平在2.0至2.8 GPa之间，波动约为100 MPa，这可能会增加疲劳和裂纹扩展的风险。作为应对措施，测试了Fe-Cr涂层的应用，该涂层可以有效地隔离风口核心，使其温度保持在780 K以下，与未涂层设计相比，风口核心表面的平均热应力降低了41%。CFD-FEA集成模型为在新的高炉工况下优化风口设计和运行参数提供了一种经济有效的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Domain knowledge and data-driven framework for predicting the time of gas breakthrough during in-situ combustion 基于领域知识和数据驱动的原位燃烧瓦斯突破时间预测框架

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137933

Yuan Yuan , Renbao Zhao , Jiaying Wang , Atena Ebrahim Zadeh Rajaei , Chengdong Yuan , Guangsen Zhu , Haitao Ren , Fengxiang Yang , Zhihui Zhu

In-situ combustion (ISC) is regarded as a promising thermal recovery technology for heavy oil reservoirs, offering both high recovery efficiency and the potential for in-situ upgrading. However, its practical application is limited by the premature gas breakthrough, which results in invalid injected gas, increased costs, safety risks such as gas leakage, and even the failure of the ISC. Therefore, accurate prediction of gas breakthrough time (TGB) is vital for early warning, enabling adjustment of injection strategy in time and maintain a stable fire front propagation. In this study, a domain-knowledge framework is proposed by three complementary methods including inferring TGB from cumulative liquid production and pressure-drop data, predicting TGB by estimating gas saturation from temperature variations, and identifying TGB by detecting a sharp rise in oxygen concentration, which together characterize the nonlinear relationships that govern TGB. Then a deep learning model that leverages data-driven insights from the HQ block and domain knowledge from combustion tube (CT) experiments is developed. The data-driven section combines attention mechanisms, convolutional neural networks (CNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) units, together with the integration of domain knowledge results in the A-P-CNN-LSTM framework, which enhances both interpretability and predictive accuracy for TGB. The model achieves a mean squared error (MSE) of 22.76, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 4.06, mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.55, and R-squared (R²) of 0.93, outperforming conventional models such as RF, XGBoost, CNN, LSTM, CNN-LSTM, and CNN-GRU. Ablation experiments quantify the contribution of each module, revealing that the integration of domain knowledge significantly improves TGB prediction accuracy. The proposed method demonstrates strong interpretability and provides a reliable tool for real-time early warning of gas breakthrough during the ISC processes.

原位燃烧（ISC）技术具有采收率高、就地改造潜力大等优点，是稠油油藏热采技术的发展方向。然而，其实际应用受到过早的气体突破的限制，导致注气无效，成本增加，气体泄漏等安全风险，甚至导致ISC失效。因此，准确预测瓦斯突破时间（TGB）对于早期预警至关重要，可以及时调整喷射策略，保持火锋的稳定传播。在本研究中，通过三种互补的方法提出了一个领域知识框架，包括从累积产液量和压降数据推断TGB，通过估计温度变化的气饱和度来预测TGB，以及通过检测氧浓度的急剧上升来识别TGB，这些方法共同表征了控制TGB的非线性关系。然后，开发了一个深度学习模型，该模型利用了来自HQ模块的数据驱动见解和来自燃烧管（CT）实验的领域知识。数据驱动部分结合了注意机制、卷积神经网络（CNN）和长短期记忆（LSTM）单元，并在A-P-CNN-LSTM框架中整合了领域知识结果，提高了TGB的可解释性和预测准确性。该模型的均方误差（MSE）为22.76，均方根误差（RMSE）为4.06，平均绝对误差（MAE）为1.55，r平方（R2）为0.93，优于RF、XGBoost、CNN、LSTM、CNN-LSTM和CNN- gru等传统模型。消融实验量化了各个模块的贡献，表明领域知识的整合显著提高了TGB预测的精度。该方法具有较强的可解释性，为ISC过程中天然气突破的实时预警提供了可靠的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Navigating green Seas: An open-source tool for costing the development of green shipping corridors 绿色海洋导航：绿色航运走廊开发成本计算的开源工具

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137870

Peter Ellersdorfer , Muhammad Haider Ali Khan , Michaël Lejeune , Annika Kerwick , Tahlia Nolan , Jorge Garcia Martinez , Alannah Darling , Iain MacGill , Rahman Daiyan

The adoption of low-carbon ammonia and low-carbon methanol is widely regarded as a key, viable strategy for decarbonising the global maritime sector. While there exists analysis on the relative economic and environmental impacts of using alternative fuels, there is limited literature that integrates both environmental impact and economic analysis of the development of individual green shipping corridors. Moreover, as this industry transitions to the use of low-carbon fuels, the use of fuel additives to enable the blending of methanol and maritime fuels up to 20% (v/v) could potentially offer a low-cost, near-term option for reducing shipping emissions with minimal impact to current infrastructure. Herein, we present an open-source model that encompasses fuel storage, ship capital, and operating costs, developed to assist stakeholders in assessing the costs of shipping with ammonia, methanol, and methanol fuel blends for individual shipping trade routes. The model is applied to major global trade routes for container, bulk carrier and chemical tanker routes, accounting for 29% of total global shipping volume. Our analysis indicates that switching to ammonia or methanol fuel incurs carbon abatement costs of 590 US$/tonne_CO2-eq and 350 US$/tonne_CO2-eq, respectively, for a 100-year global warming potential. Our results show that decarbonisation costs scale with both trade volume and voyage distance, with high-volume bulk corridors offering the lowest marginal abatement costs per tonne-kilometre, while long-haul container trades face the highest cost premiums.

采用低碳氨和低碳甲醇被广泛认为是全球海事部门脱碳的关键、可行战略。虽然存在对使用替代燃料的相对经济和环境影响的分析，但将单个绿色航运走廊发展的环境影响和经济分析结合起来的文献有限。此外，随着该行业向使用低碳燃料过渡，使用燃料添加剂使甲醇和船用燃料的混合达到20% (v/v)，可能为减少航运排放提供一种低成本的短期选择，同时对现有基础设施的影响最小。在此，我们提出了一个包含燃料储存、船舶资本和运营成本的开源模型，旨在帮助利益相关者评估单个航运贸易路线上使用氨、甲醇和甲醇燃料混合物的运输成本。该模型适用于占全球航运量29%的集装箱、散货船和化学品船等全球主要贸易航线。我们的分析表明，以100年的全球变暖潜势计算，改用氨或甲醇燃料的碳减排成本分别为590美元/吨neco2当量和350美元/吨neco2当量。我们的研究结果表明，脱碳成本与贸易量和航次距离有关，大批量散货走廊提供的每吨公里边际减排成本最低，而长途集装箱贸易面临的成本溢价最高。

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引用次数: 0

Improved bifunctional electrocatalytic water splitting via FeSe/NiP heterostructure for accelerated surface reconstruction 基于FeSe/NiP异质结构的改进双功能电催化水分解加速表面重构

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137914

Qihao Zhang , Huiya Zhou , Boyao Zhang , Heran Ren , Songlin Xu , Rong-Da Zhao , Fufa Wu , Lihua Miao

Transition metal selenides have become a research focus due to their excellent electrocatalytic performance. However, single-component transition metal selenides often suffer from inherent drawbacks such as high electronic transfer resistance and poor conductivity. Phosphide substrates can effectively compensate for these shortcomings. Therefore, in this study, a dense FeSe layer was constructed on NiP substrate by electrodeposition to form a heterogeneous structure with abundant active sites. The prepared FeSe/NiP-600 catalyst exhibits high performance for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER: 122.7 mV@-10 mA cm⁻²) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER: 208 mV@50 mA cm⁻²) in 1.0 M KOH, with good stability over 170 h. It also maintains good catalytic activity in alkaline seawater medium (HER: 122.5 mV@-10 mA cm⁻²; OER: 215.5 mV@50 mA cm⁻²). When used in a dual-electrode system, the catalyst achieves a decomposition voltage of only 1.85 V at 160 mA cm⁻², enabling efficient water splitting.

过渡金属硒化物因其优异的电催化性能而成为研究热点。然而，单组分过渡金属硒化物往往存在固有的缺点，如高电子转移电阻和导电性差。磷化物衬底可以有效地弥补这些缺点。因此，本研究通过电沉积在NiP衬底上构建致密的FeSe层，形成具有丰富活性位点的非均相结构。制备的FeSe/ ip -600催化剂在1.0 M KOH条件下对析氢反应（HER: 122.7 mV@-10 mA cm−2）和析氧反应（OER: 208 mV@50 mA cm−2）均表现出良好的性能，在170 h内具有良好的稳定性，在碱性海水介质中也保持良好的催化活性（HER: 122.5 mV@-10 mA cm−2;OER: 215.5 mV@50 mA cm−2）。当在双电极系统中使用时，该催化剂在160 mA cm - 2下的分解电压仅为1.85 V，实现了高效的水分解。

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引用次数: 0

Ultrasound is a powerful tool for monitoring real-time online transesterification reaction 超声是实时在线监测酯交换反应的有力工具

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137861

P.A. Oliveira , R.M. Baesso , M.I. Nunes , J.A.P. Coutinho , R.P.B. Costa-Félix

Biodiesel is an increasingly crucial alternative energy source, requiring efficient monitoring of production processes to ensure quality and economic viability. Conventional techniques for monitoring the transesterification reaction are often time-consuming, destructive, and unsuitable for real-time applications. This study demonstrates the potential of quantitative ultrasound as a real-time, non-destructive, and cost-effective approach for monitoring biodiesel production from soybean–castor oil blends (80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 wt%). An ultrasonic pulse-echo method at 1 MHz was employed, and the speed of sound (SoS) was measured alongside fatty acid methyl ester content, viscosity, and density. A strong correlation was observed between SoS and FAME content (R2 ≈ 0.97), supporting the method’s applicability for real-time monitoring. SoS values ranged from 1365.7 ± 4.4 m·s⁻1 to 1403.7 ± 1.8 m·s⁻1, increasing with higher castor oil content, with statistically significant differences observed between the studied blends (p < 0.05). In contrast, viscosity (4.2 – 11.6 mPa∙s) and density (897.0 – 927.7 kg∙m⁻³⁾ distinguish pure oils but could not differentiate between the blends. These findings highlight quantitative ultrasound as a reliable, sensitive and innovative tool for real-time biodiesel monitoring, with clear advantages over conventional methods and potential for industrial implementation, as it can support quality control while reducing analysis time and operational costs.

生物柴油是一种日益重要的替代能源，需要对生产过程进行有效监控，以确保质量和经济可行性。传统的监测酯交换反应的技术通常是耗时的，破坏性的，并且不适合实时应用。这项研究证明了定量超声作为一种实时、非破坏性和具有成本效益的方法来监测大豆-蓖麻油混合物（80:20、70:30、60:40和50:50 wt%）生产生物柴油的潜力。采用1 MHz的超声脉冲回波法，测量声速（SoS）、脂肪酸甲酯含量、粘度和密度。SoS与FAME含量之间存在较强的相关性（R2≈0.97），支持该方法适用于实时监测。SoS值范围为1365.7±4.4 m·s−1 ~ 1403.7±1.8 m·s−1，随蓖麻油含量的增加而增加，研究混合物之间的差异具有统计学意义（p < 0.05）。相比之下，粘度（4.2 - 11.6 mPa∙s）和密度（897.0 - 927.7 kg∙m−3）区分了纯油，但不能区分共混油。这些发现强调了定量超声作为一种可靠、敏感和创新的实时生物柴油监测工具，与传统方法相比具有明显的优势和工业应用潜力，因为它可以支持质量控制，同时减少分析时间和操作成本。

{"title":"Ultrasound is a powerful tool for monitoring real-time online transesterification reaction","authors":"P.A. Oliveira , R.M. Baesso , M.I. Nunes , J.A.P. Coutinho , R.P.B. Costa-Félix","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodiesel is an increasingly crucial alternative energy source, requiring efficient monitoring of production processes to ensure quality and economic viability. Conventional techniques for monitoring the transesterification reaction are often time-consuming, destructive, and unsuitable for real-time applications. This study demonstrates the potential of quantitative ultrasound as a real-time, non-destructive, and cost-effective approach for monitoring biodiesel production from soybean–castor oil blends (80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 wt%). An ultrasonic pulse-echo method at 1 MHz was employed, and the speed of sound (SoS) was measured alongside fatty acid methyl ester content, viscosity, and density. A strong correlation was observed between SoS and FAME content (R2 ≈ 0.97), supporting the method’s applicability for real-time monitoring. SoS values ranged from 1365.7 ± 4.4 m·s<sup>−</sup>1 to 1403.7 ± 1.8 m·s<sup>−</sup>1, increasing with higher castor oil content, with statistically significant differences observed between the studied blends (p < 0.05). In contrast, viscosity (4.2 – 11.6 mPa∙s) and density (897.0 – 927.7 kg∙m<sup>−3)</sup> distinguish pure oils but could not differentiate between the blends. These findings highlight quantitative ultrasound as a reliable, sensitive and innovative tool for real-time biodiesel monitoring, with clear advantages over conventional methods and potential for industrial implementation, as it can support quality control while reducing analysis time and operational costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 137861"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Degradation pathways in PEM water electrolyzers: Insights from Nafion™ N115 membranes with Pt black and Ir–Ru oxide catalysts PEM水电解槽的降解途径：从具有Pt黑和Ir-Ru氧化物催化剂的Nafion™N115膜的见解

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137919

G. Tejera , E. Teliz , R. Faccio , L. Fernández-Werner , V. Diaz

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a key technology for sustainable hydrogen production, yet long-term stability remains a challenge. This study evaluates degradation mechanisms in a 25 cm² catalyst-coated membrane electrolyzer cell using IrO₂/RuO₂ as anodic and Pt-based cathodic electrocatalysts, under both potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions, and investigates the effect of acid-based regeneration. Under 2.0 V potentiostatic operation, current density declined steadily, particularly in the initial phase, stabilizing at ∼204 µA/h·cm². Galvanostatic operation required ∼50 mV more to maintain target current, indicating performance loss. Post-immersion in 1 M H₂SO₄, partial performance recovery was observed, but subsequent degradation accelerated to ∼860 µA/h·cm2, highlighting the regeneration’s limited durability.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed faradaic processes degrade earlier and more severely than mass transport, especially at 2.3 V. Increasing ohmic resistance indicated membrane dehydration and loss of interfacial integrity. No fluoride was detected, excluding chemical attack by oxidizing species. X-ray diffraction revealed peak broadening and cathodic Pt disorder, partially reversible upon regeneration. SEM-EDS analysis showed no new elements, suggesting structural reorganization. Loss of (Ru,Ir)O₂ phases at the anode post-regeneration indicated irreversible damage. These results confirm that degradation arises from both kinetic and structural factors, and that regeneration only temporarily mitigates performance losses.

质子交换膜水电解（PEMWE）是可持续制氢的关键技术，但其长期稳定性仍是一个挑战。本研究以IrO2/RuO2为阳极和pt为阴极电催化剂，在25 cm2的催化剂包覆膜电解槽中，在恒电位和恒流条件下评估了降解机制，并研究了酸基再生的影响。在2.0 V恒电位操作下，电流密度稳定下降，特别是在初始阶段，稳定在~ 204 µA/h·cm2。恒流操作需要约50 mV来维持目标电流，这表明性能损失。在1 M H2SO4中浸泡后，观察到部分性能恢复，但随后的降解加速到~ 860 µA/h·cm2，突出了再生的有限耐久性。电化学阻抗谱（EIS）表明，法拉第过程比质量输运更早、更严重，特别是在2.3 V时。欧姆电阻的增加表明膜脱水和界面完整性的丧失。没有检测到氟化物，不包括氧化物种的化学侵蚀。x射线衍射显示峰展宽和阴极Pt无序，再生后部分可逆。SEM-EDS分析未发现新元素，提示结构重组。阳极再生后（Ru,Ir）O2相的损失表明不可逆损伤。这些结果证实，降解是由动力学和结构因素引起的，再生只能暂时减轻性能损失。

{"title":"Degradation pathways in PEM water electrolyzers: Insights from Nafion™ N115 membranes with Pt black and Ir–Ru oxide catalysts","authors":"G. Tejera , E. Teliz , R. Faccio , L. Fernández-Werner , V. Diaz","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a key technology for sustainable hydrogen production, yet long-term stability remains a challenge. This study evaluates degradation mechanisms in a 25 cm<sup>2</sup> catalyst-coated membrane electrolyzer cell using IrO<sub>2</sub>/RuO<sub>2</sub> as anodic and Pt-based cathodic electrocatalysts, under both potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions, and investigates the effect of acid-based regeneration. Under 2.0 V potentiostatic operation, current density declined steadily, particularly in the initial phase, stabilizing at ∼204 µA/h·cm<sup>2</sup>. Galvanostatic operation required ∼50 mV more to maintain target current, indicating performance loss. Post-immersion in 1 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, partial performance recovery was observed, but subsequent degradation accelerated to ∼860 µA/h·cm2, highlighting the regeneration’s limited durability.</div><div>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed faradaic processes degrade earlier and more severely than mass transport, especially at 2.3 V. Increasing ohmic resistance indicated membrane dehydration and loss of interfacial integrity. No fluoride was detected, excluding chemical attack by oxidizing species. X-ray diffraction revealed peak broadening and cathodic Pt disorder, partially reversible upon regeneration. SEM-EDS analysis showed no new elements, suggesting structural reorganization. Loss of (Ru,Ir)O<sub>2</sub> phases at the anode post-regeneration indicated irreversible damage. These results confirm that degradation arises from both kinetic and structural factors, and that regeneration only temporarily mitigates performance losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 137919"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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