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Advances in steam electrolysis for green hydrogen production: Current status and future outlook

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135165

Ait Mimoune Hamiche , Amine Boudghene Stambouli , Mohammed Tarik Benmessaoud , Yojiro Kitamura

As renewable energy sources increasingly dominate electricity generation, hydrogen is emerging as an important energy carrier, particularly through electrolysis. Among the various methods, steam electrolysis, in particular via solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and high-temperature proton exchange membranes (PEM), is gaining ground due to its efficiency and potential for large-scale hydrogen production. The global push for green hydrogen is supported by various government policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions and promoting the integration of renewable energies. Countries are investing in R&D to reduce costs and improve electrolyzer reliability. Analysis of solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC) cells and proton exchange membrane (PEM) steam electrolysis reveals distinct operational characteristics and applications. SOECs excel in high-temperature environments, while PEM technology is more suited to low-temperature applications. This study examines the key cell components of both technologies, describing their material properties and degradation issues. A comprehensive review of the impact of operational conditions on cell efficiency and longevity for both technologies is carried out. The comparative analysis of the two electrolysis methods highlights their unique advantages and limitations, shedding light on their specific application contexts. Given the relatively limited investigation into PEM steam electrolysis, this review concludes by suggesting that future research should focus on optimizing cell components, integrating renewable energy sources and investigating the utilization of seawater as a precursor for the generation of green hydrogen.

{"title":"Advances in steam electrolysis for green hydrogen production: Current status and future outlook","authors":"Ait Mimoune Hamiche , Amine Boudghene Stambouli , Mohammed Tarik Benmessaoud , Yojiro Kitamura","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As renewable energy sources increasingly dominate electricity generation, hydrogen is emerging as an important energy carrier, particularly through electrolysis. Among the various methods, steam electrolysis, in particular via solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and high-temperature proton exchange membranes (PEM), is gaining ground due to its efficiency and potential for large-scale hydrogen production. The global push for green hydrogen is supported by various government policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions and promoting the integration of renewable energies. Countries are investing in R&D to reduce costs and improve electrolyzer reliability. Analysis of solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC) cells and proton exchange membrane (PEM) steam electrolysis reveals distinct operational characteristics and applications. SOECs excel in high-temperature environments, while PEM technology is more suited to low-temperature applications. This study examines the key cell components of both technologies, describing their material properties and degradation issues. A comprehensive review of the impact of operational conditions on cell efficiency and longevity for both technologies is carried out. The comparative analysis of the two electrolysis methods highlights their unique advantages and limitations, shedding light on their specific application contexts. Given the relatively limited investigation into PEM steam electrolysis, this review concludes by suggesting that future research should focus on optimizing cell components, integrating renewable energy sources and investigating the utilization of seawater as a precursor for the generation of green hydrogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135165"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Activity and sulfur resistance enhancement of metal-based catalysts derived from layered double hydroxides for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134820

Gan Chen, Zhenzhen Guan, Shifeng Zhou, Yu Guo, Ziying Yang, Jiang Wu, Fangqin Li, Ping He, Xinxia Ma

NH₃ selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) over catalysts offers an effective method towards NO_x abatement at low to medium temperatures. Due to the unique structure and properties of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), metal-based catalysts derived from LDHs provide a potential solution for enhancing the catalytic activity, sulfur resistance and stability. In this review, the performance of various metal-based catalysts derived from LDHs was evaluated and summarized in terms of their ability to remove NO_x, the temperature range, N₂ selectivity, and sulfur resistance. An efficient strategy was also proposed to improve the resistance against sulfur poisoning. Given the high cost of catalysts, regeneration strategies for deactivated catalysts were also examined to prolong the lifespan. This study provided insights into the selection of a suitable method for catalyst synthesis, the design of active components, the control of electronic properties, along with the regulation of morphologies and structures for promoting the catalytic performance and sulfur resistance. LDH-derived catalysts exhibit significant potential for NH₃-SCR applications, and research in this field is encouraged.

催化剂上的 NH3 选择性催化还原（NH3-SCR）是一种在中低温条件下减少氮氧化物的有效方法。由于层状双氢氧化物（LDHs）的独特结构和特性，从 LDHs 衍生的金属基催化剂为提高催化活性、抗硫性和稳定性提供了一种潜在的解决方案。在这篇综述中，从 LDHs 派生的各种金属基催化剂在去除氮氧化物的能力、温度范围、N2 选择性和抗硫性等方面对其性能进行了评估和总结。此外，还提出了提高抗硫中毒能力的有效策略。鉴于催化剂的高成本，还研究了失活催化剂的再生策略，以延长其使用寿命。这项研究为选择合适的催化剂合成方法、设计活性成分、控制电子特性以及调节形态和结构以提高催化性能和抗硫性提供了启示。LDH 衍生催化剂在 NH3-SCR 应用方面具有巨大潜力，我们鼓励在这一领域开展研究。

{"title":"Activity and sulfur resistance enhancement of metal-based catalysts derived from layered double hydroxides for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3","authors":"Gan Chen, Zhenzhen Guan, Shifeng Zhou, Yu Guo, Ziying Yang, Jiang Wu, Fangqin Li, Ping He, Xinxia Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NH<sub>3</sub> selective catalytic reduction (NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR) over catalysts offers an effective method towards NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> abatement at low to medium temperatures. Due to the unique structure and properties of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), metal-based catalysts derived from LDHs provide a potential solution for enhancing the catalytic activity, sulfur resistance and stability. In this review, the performance of various metal-based catalysts derived from LDHs was evaluated and summarized in terms of their ability to remove NO<em><sub>x</sub></em>, the temperature range, N<sub>2</sub> selectivity, and sulfur resistance. An efficient strategy was also proposed to improve the resistance against sulfur poisoning. Given the high cost of catalysts, regeneration strategies for deactivated catalysts were also examined to prolong the lifespan. This study provided insights into the selection of a suitable method for catalyst synthesis, the design of active components, the control of electronic properties, along with the regulation of morphologies and structures for promoting the catalytic performance and sulfur resistance. LDH-derived catalysts exhibit significant potential for NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR applications, and research in this field is encouraged.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 134820"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of ionic bond on anion exchange membrane: Enhanced hydrophilicity and structural rearrangement of blending membrane

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135169

Kyu Ha Lee , Ji Young Chu

For the commercialization of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), the anion exchange membrane (AEM), which is a key component of AEMFCs, requires not only excellent ion conductivity but also high alkaline stability. Therefore, in this study, a hybrid membrane composed of quaternized poly(phenylene oxide) (QPPO) with a dense ion sites and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), known for its superior chemical and mechanical properties, is prepared. The QPPO_x-PVA_y AEMs (where x and y represent the weight ratio of QPPO and PVA) forms hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions through a dehydration reaction between the quaternary ammonium group of QPPO and the hydroxyl group of PVA. This network bonding, resulting in enhanced hydrophilicity and structural rearrangement, improves the dimensional and chemical stability of the membrane. Among the prepared AEMs, QPPO₈₅-PVA₁₅ AEM exhibits high ionic conductivity of 79.8 mS cm⁻¹ at 80 °C under 100 % RH, a low dimensional change, and appropriate mechanical strength. In addition, ion conductivity of QPPO₈₅-PVA₁₅ AEM retains 86.3 % of its initial ion conductivity after 1000 h in 2 M NaOH conditions. Thus, overall results demonstrate that the appropriate incorporation of PVA is effective in producing AEMs with excellent dimensional stability and high performance.

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引用次数: 0

Numerical study of a cold start at the ambient temperature of 243 K on methanol engine with coolant heating

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135138

Junyi Liu , Qinglong Yu , Junjie Cheng, Abubakar Unguwanrimi Yakubu, Xuanhong Ye, Shusheng Xiong

Misfire during cold starts limits the application of methanol engines. This study proposes a coolant heating method to establish suitable conditions for ignition. Numerical simulations were conducted on a water-cooled, spark-ignition methanol engine to investigate methanol distribution, performance and emissions during cold starts. The results indicate that high-temperature coolant can transfer heat into the cylinder at a high heat flux, providing a methanol-air mixture suitable for flame formation and propagation. Coolant heating enables the methanol engine to start at the ambient temperature of 243 K within the coolant operational temperature range. The main emissions are HC and CO, with minimal emissions of NO_x and soot. As the coolant temperature increases, the engine exhibits an increased cylinder pressure and a shorter ignition delay due to the increased cylinder temperature and richer mixture. NO_x, CO, and SOOT emissions increase while HC emission decreases. Considering the high temperature engine coolant required, this heating method is more suitable for hybrid vehicles.

{"title":"Numerical study of a cold start at the ambient temperature of 243 K on methanol engine with coolant heating","authors":"Junyi Liu , Qinglong Yu , Junjie Cheng, Abubakar Unguwanrimi Yakubu, Xuanhong Ye, Shusheng Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Misfire during cold starts limits the application of methanol engines. This study proposes a coolant heating method to establish suitable conditions for ignition. Numerical simulations were conducted on a water-cooled, spark-ignition methanol engine to investigate methanol distribution, performance and emissions during cold starts. The results indicate that high-temperature coolant can transfer heat into the cylinder at a high heat flux, providing a methanol-air mixture suitable for flame formation and propagation. Coolant heating enables the methanol engine to start at the ambient temperature of 243 K within the coolant operational temperature range. The main emissions are HC and CO, with minimal emissions of NO<sub>x</sub> and soot. As the coolant temperature increases, the engine exhibits an increased cylinder pressure and a shorter ignition delay due to the increased cylinder temperature and richer mixture. NO<sub>x</sub>, CO, and SOOT emissions increase while HC emission decreases. Considering the high temperature engine coolant required, this heating method is more suitable for hybrid vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135138"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High energy chelating coating improves the combustion performance and propellant compatibility of AL-5Li alloy powder

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135181

Hongdi Fu , Shuo Wang , Xuanyan Liu , Yonghao Zhao , Haiyang Wang , Siyuan Tang , Huaqiang Zhu , Wenya Yan , Kangcheng Xu , Lixiang Zhu , Ziqi He , Tinglu Song , Youqi Zhu , Xiaodong Li , Meishuai Zou

Aluminum-lithium alloy powder fuel is commonly used as a propellant because of its high combustion energy and energy-release level. However, the high reactivity of Li leads to poor compatibility of the Al-Li alloy powder with other propellant composites. In this study, a chelate of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) and aluminum ions, with high viscosity and a large number of hydroxyl groups, was prepared and coated onto the surface of an Al-Li alloy powder. The high-energy compound azide glycidyl ether (GAP) was further introduced onto the surface via a synergistic interaction with the Al³⁺-CMC chelate, forming layer-by-layer coated aluminum–lithium-based fuel Al-5Li@CMC@GAP. The combustion heat, ignition properties, and thermal stability of the fuel were enhanced after the coating. The combustion heat of Al-5Li@CMC@GAP increased by 9.98 % compared to that of the raw Al-5Li powder. In addition, Al-5Li@CMC@GAP burned with bright flames with a shorter combustion duration. The dense coating layer of Al-5Li@CMC@GAP was maintained even after aging for 3 months in the propellant. Therefore, Al-5Li@CMC@GAP can be used as an alloy fuel in composite solid propellants with good compatibility and storage durability and will play an important role in aviation and defense fields.

{"title":"High energy chelating coating improves the combustion performance and propellant compatibility of AL-5Li alloy powder","authors":"Hongdi Fu , Shuo Wang , Xuanyan Liu , Yonghao Zhao , Haiyang Wang , Siyuan Tang , Huaqiang Zhu , Wenya Yan , Kangcheng Xu , Lixiang Zhu , Ziqi He , Tinglu Song , Youqi Zhu , Xiaodong Li , Meishuai Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum-lithium alloy powder fuel is commonly used as a propellant because of its high combustion energy and energy-release level. However, the high reactivity of Li leads to poor compatibility of the Al-Li alloy powder with other propellant composites. In this study, a chelate of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) and aluminum ions, with high viscosity and a large number of hydroxyl groups, was prepared and coated onto the surface of an Al-Li alloy powder. The high-energy compound azide glycidyl ether (GAP) was further introduced onto the surface via a synergistic interaction with the Al<sup>3+</sup>-CMC chelate, forming layer-by-layer coated aluminum–lithium-based fuel Al-5Li@CMC@GAP. The combustion heat, ignition properties, and thermal stability of the fuel were enhanced after the coating. The combustion heat of Al-5Li@CMC@GAP increased by 9.98 % compared to that of the raw Al-5Li powder. In addition, Al-5Li@CMC@GAP burned with bright flames with a shorter combustion duration. The dense coating layer of Al-5Li@CMC@GAP was maintained even after aging for 3 months in the propellant. Therefore, Al-5Li@CMC@GAP can be used as an alloy fuel in composite solid propellants with good compatibility and storage durability and will play an important role in aviation and defense fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135181"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on combustion characteristics and mechanism of coal gangue under isothermal conditions

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135199

Haobo Bi , Jun Chen , Chunlong Jiang , Qizhao Lin

In this study, a vertical combustion test system is designed. The combustion characteristics of coal gangue under different environmental atmospheres are analyzed. Luminous parameters such as average gray value and image entropy were used to evaluate the intensity of combustion. Moreover, the combustion residue of coal gangue is also analyzed. Coal gangue combustion in furnace is mainly diffusion combustion. The combustion reaction process is mainly restricted by the mass transfer rate. At an oxygen concentration of 40 vol%, the image entropy decreases significantly, indicating higher burning brightness. Dehydroxylation reaction (removal of hydroxyl group in a reaction) and combustion reaction of combustible organic polymer occur simultaneously. Aluminosilicate minerals (minerals containing Al, Si and O) such as kaolinite contained in coal gangue can inhibit the combustion reaction to a certain extent.

引用次数: 0

Multi-objective optimization of hybridized turbofan engines using eco-friendly fuels

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135186

Shaimaa Seyam, Ibrahim Dincer, Martin Agelin-Chaab

Aviation has been a critical transportation mode that saves time, connects continents, and transports goods and passengers. However, the aviation industry must improve engine performance by reducing emissions and increasing power output with higher performance without relying on traditional fuels. This paper presents a comparison between a traditional turbofan and two hybridized turbofans combined with molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) separately. Also, the study selected one hybridized engine, which is a SOFC-turbofan, according to its weight and performance to conduct an optimization study to further enhance its performance. The optimization algorithm chosen is the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and is applied for thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses on the selected engine. The power of the optimized SOFC-turbofan has increased from 8.65 MW to 10.21 MW and improved its performance to 57 % energetic efficiency and 68% exergetic efficiency. The optimized SOFC-turbofan has a lower relative cost difference of 27% and a lower relative environmental impact difference of 18% than the unoptimized SOFC-turbofan. It proves that the optimized SOFC-turbofan is the most economical and eco-friendly engine by tuning parameters such as compression and expansion pressure ratios.

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of hybridized turbofan engines using eco-friendly fuels","authors":"Shaimaa Seyam, Ibrahim Dincer, Martin Agelin-Chaab","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aviation has been a critical transportation mode that saves time, connects continents, and transports goods and passengers. However, the aviation industry must improve engine performance by reducing emissions and increasing power output with higher performance without relying on traditional fuels. This paper presents a comparison between a traditional turbofan and two hybridized turbofans combined with molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) separately. Also, the study selected one hybridized engine, which is a SOFC-turbofan, according to its weight and performance to conduct an optimization study to further enhance its performance. The optimization algorithm chosen is the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and is applied for thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses on the selected engine. The power of the optimized SOFC-turbofan has increased from 8.65 MW to 10.21 MW and improved its performance to 57 % energetic efficiency and 68% exergetic efficiency. The optimized SOFC-turbofan has a lower relative cost difference of 27% and a lower relative environmental impact difference of 18% than the unoptimized SOFC-turbofan. It proves that the optimized SOFC-turbofan is the most economical and eco-friendly engine by tuning parameters such as compression and expansion pressure ratios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135186"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene over bimetallic-modified ZSM-5: Role of alkaline sites on structure regulation, thermal behavior and aromatics production

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135180

Huiyu Liu , Ying Qiu , Rui Shan , Jun Zhang , Haoran Yuan , Yong Chen

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) using bimetallic modified ZSM-5 enables efficient upcycling of polyethylene (PE). The present study demonstrates that alkaline sites significantly enhanced the mass transfer capacity of catalysts through generating fragmented structures, thus contributing to the selective regulation of thermal decomposition behavior of PE. Specifically, CuZn/ZSM-5 reduced decomposition temperature range by > 100 °C via enhanced chain-cracking and product transport. The synergistic effects of Cu⁰ and alkaline sites derived from Zn species facilitated the cleavage of C–C bonds under a high heating rate, thereby accelerating the formation of olefin intermediates as well as promoting the aromatization within ZSM-5 channels. CuZn/ZSM-5 optimally combined highly dispersed metal sites, abundant strong alkaline sites, moderate acidic sites, and reinforced diffusion capacity, boosting low-temperature aromatics selectivity by 29.7 %, particularly for monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs). Despite the highest alkalinity of CuMg/ZSM-5, the permanent loss of weak alkaline sites at high temperatures resulted in weak capacity for aromatization. In addition, the plausible pathway for fast pyrolysis of PE into aromatics over CuZn/ZSM-5 was proposed.

{"title":"Catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene over bimetallic-modified ZSM-5: Role of alkaline sites on structure regulation, thermal behavior and aromatics production","authors":"Huiyu Liu , Ying Qiu , Rui Shan , Jun Zhang , Haoran Yuan , Yong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) using bimetallic modified ZSM-5 enables efficient upcycling of polyethylene (PE). The present study demonstrates that alkaline sites significantly enhanced the mass transfer capacity of catalysts through generating fragmented structures, thus contributing to the selective regulation of thermal decomposition behavior of PE. Specifically, CuZn/ZSM-5 reduced decomposition temperature range by > 100 °C <em>via</em> enhanced chain-cracking and product transport. The synergistic effects of Cu<sup>0</sup> and alkaline sites derived from Zn species facilitated the cleavage of C–C bonds under a high heating rate, thereby accelerating the formation of olefin intermediates as well as promoting the aromatization within ZSM-5 channels. CuZn/ZSM-5 optimally combined highly dispersed metal sites, abundant strong alkaline sites, moderate acidic sites, and reinforced diffusion capacity, boosting low-temperature aromatics selectivity by 29.7 %, particularly for monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs). Despite the highest alkalinity of CuMg/ZSM-5, the permanent loss of weak alkaline sites at high temperatures resulted in weak capacity for aromatization. In addition, the plausible pathway for fast pyrolysis of PE into aromatics over CuZn/ZSM-5 was proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135180"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

MnFe2O4 thin film electrodes via AACVD: A facile route for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135179

Alishbah Zaka , Misha Aftab , Nudrat Fatima , Khola Mashood , Muhammad Adeel Asghar , Arshid Numan , Muhammad Sheraz Ahmad , Ali Haider , Mudassir Iqbal , Waqas Ali Shah , Muhammad Adil Mansoor

CO₂ emissions from existing non-renewable energy sources pose serious environmental consequences, making it a major global concern. There is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly alternative energy resources. Efficient electrocatalysts represent a promising solution due to their zero emissions of CO₂. In this study, we synthesized sustainable electrocatalysts based on transition metal oxides, designed to offer high current densities, superior stability, and a lower onset potential. Therefore, individual thin film electrodes of Fe₃O₄ and Mn₃O₄ and their binary composite MnFe₂O₄ were fabricated using an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) method for water-splitting applications. Bimetallic thin film electrodes were developed by varying the deposition temperatures of 425, 450, 475, and 500 °C. The synthesized thin film electrodes underwent comprehensive characterization to evaluate their structure, properties, composition, and morphology using techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental mapping, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Among the tested electrodes, the MnFe₂O₄ binary thin film electrode synthesized at 500 °C showed promising results for the oxygen evolution reaction compared to individual thin films and other binary composites prepared at different temperatures. It exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistance (R_ct) of 1.56 Ω and achieved current densities of 50 and 100 mA/cm² at remarkably low overpotentials of 390 and 480 mV, respectively. Further, the MnFe₂O₄@500 possess electrochemical active area of 269.2 cm² and Tafel slope value of 54 mV/dec. Moreover, following electrochemical efficiency, the film fabricated at 500 °C has the highest N_D value of 8.12 × 10²⁰ with the lowest flat band potential of 0.96 V. In addition, the same film showed excellent durability of 15 h at the potential of 1.35 V analyzed by chronoamperometry.

{"title":"MnFe2O4 thin film electrodes via AACVD: A facile route for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Alishbah Zaka , Misha Aftab , Nudrat Fatima , Khola Mashood , Muhammad Adeel Asghar , Arshid Numan , Muhammad Sheraz Ahmad , Ali Haider , Mudassir Iqbal , Waqas Ali Shah , Muhammad Adil Mansoor","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from existing non-renewable energy sources pose serious environmental consequences, making it a major global concern. There is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly alternative energy resources. Efficient electrocatalysts represent a promising solution due to their zero emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>. In this study, we synthesized sustainable electrocatalysts based on transition metal oxides, designed to offer high current densities, superior stability, and a lower onset potential. Therefore, individual thin film electrodes of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and their binary composite MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> were fabricated using an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) method for water-splitting applications. Bimetallic thin film electrodes were developed by varying the deposition temperatures of 425, 450, 475, and 500 °C. The synthesized thin film electrodes underwent comprehensive characterization to evaluate their structure, properties, composition, and morphology using techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental mapping, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Among the tested electrodes, the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> binary thin film electrode synthesized at 500 °C showed promising results for the oxygen evolution reaction compared to individual thin films and other binary composites prepared at different temperatures. It exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistance (R<sub>ct</sub>) of 1.56 Ω and achieved current densities of 50 and 100 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at remarkably low overpotentials of 390 and 480 mV, respectively. Further, the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@500 possess electrochemical active area of 269.2 cm<sup>2</sup> and Tafel slope value of 54 mV/dec. Moreover, following electrochemical efficiency, the film fabricated at 500 °C has the highest N<sub>D</sub> value of 8.12 × 10<sup>20</sup> with the lowest flat band potential of 0.96 V. In addition, the same film showed excellent durability of 15 h at the potential of 1.35 V analyzed by chronoamperometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135179"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on the effects of split injection on diesel engine spray impingement and fuel film under cold-start conditions

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135182

Jie Yan , Luxin Fu , Weizheng Zhang , Xu He , Shuang Jin , Zhenyao Guo , Huahong Yu , Sinan Bi

In high-intensity diesel engines, substantial fuel is injected onto the piston wall, which can readily produce pool fire and carbon soot during subsequent combustion. The split injection strategy effectively mitigates the wall impingement phenomenon. Employing a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) to emulate the diesel engine cylinder’s environment during a cold start, this study experimentally investigates the shape characteristics of diesel wall impingement and the evaporation behavior of fuel film under split injection using the refractive index matching method (RIM) and backlit technique. Results indicate that the spray area resulting from split injection is less extensive than that from a single injection. Moreover, the volume and area of the fuel film created by split injection impingement are less than those from a single injection event. The volume and area of the resulting fuel film are inversely proportional to the ratio of first injection. The injection dwell times between 0.7 ms and 1.5 ms demonstrate that longer dwell times correspond to smaller fuel film volumes and areas. Conversely, shorter injection dwell times of 0.3 ms and 0.5 ms lead to a minor reduction in the volume and area of the fuel film, attributed to the presence of the first injection film. After a period of evaporation, fuel films resulting from a single injection and split injections with a small injection ratio and dwell time still retain a significant thickness.

{"title":"Research on the effects of split injection on diesel engine spray impingement and fuel film under cold-start conditions","authors":"Jie Yan , Luxin Fu , Weizheng Zhang , Xu He , Shuang Jin , Zhenyao Guo , Huahong Yu , Sinan Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In high-intensity diesel engines, substantial fuel is injected onto the piston wall, which can readily produce pool fire and carbon soot during subsequent combustion. The split injection strategy effectively mitigates the wall impingement phenomenon. Employing a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) to emulate the diesel engine cylinder’s environment during a cold start, this study experimentally investigates the shape characteristics of diesel wall impingement and the evaporation behavior of fuel film under split injection using the refractive index matching method (RIM) and backlit technique. Results indicate that the spray area resulting from split injection is less extensive than that from a single injection. Moreover, the volume and area of the fuel film created by split injection impingement are less than those from a single injection event. The volume and area of the resulting fuel film are inversely proportional to the ratio of first injection. The injection dwell times between 0.7 ms and 1.5 ms demonstrate that longer dwell times correspond to smaller fuel film volumes and areas. Conversely, shorter injection dwell times of 0.3 ms and 0.5 ms lead to a minor reduction in the volume and area of the fuel film, attributed to the presence of the first injection film. After a period of evaporation, fuel films resulting from a single injection and split injections with a small injection ratio and dwell time still retain a significant thickness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":325,"journal":{"name":"Fuel","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 135182"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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