IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138506

Tao Ruan , Lifeng Li , Xinping Ouyang , Xueqing Qiu

Depolymerizing lignin is one of the most effective approaches for its high-valued utilization. However, the high oxygen contents in lignin depolymerized products cause the low calorific value, and hence limit their application in liquid fuels. A high efficiency 0.5 wt% Pd/WO_x-ZrO₂ catalyst was designed and applied in the process for the depolymerization of lignin in this work. The effect of preparation methodology of catalyst support, the molar ratio of W to Zr, and Pd loading on both the structure of catalyst and catalytic activity to lignin depolymerization were investigated. It was found that the catalyst prepared by hydrothermal method exhibited a large specific surface area, more uniform distribution of supported Pd, as well as higher acid content and oxygen vacancies, which contributed a good catalytic activity. Moreover, the lower Pd loading and higher dispersion of Pd particles were beneficial for hindering the decrease in the specific surface area of the WO_x-ZrO₂ support, and hence increasing the acidic sites of the catalyst, which also promoted both the cleavage of C-O bonds in lignin subunits and the alkylation of depolymerized products. When the catalyst prepared with 1:1 of W/Zr molar ratio and 0.5 wt% of Pd loading contributed to higher yields of bio-oil and aromatic monomers, achieving 83.30% and 35.49%, respectively. Among the aromatic monomers, 87.86% were demethoxylated alkylphenols, which significantly reduced the oxygen content of the depolymerization products.

木质素解聚是实现木质素高价值利用的最有效途径之一。然而，木质素解聚产物的高氧含量导致其热值较低，限制了其在液体燃料中的应用。设计了一种高效的0.5 wt% Pd/WOx-ZrO2催化剂，并将其应用于木质素解聚过程中。考察了催化剂载体的制备方法、W / Zr摩尔比和Pd负载对催化剂结构和木质素解聚催化活性的影响。结果表明，水热法制备的催化剂比表面积大，负载Pd分布均匀，酸含量和氧空位较高，具有较好的催化活性。此外，较低的Pd负载和较高的Pd颗粒分散度有利于阻碍woxzro2载体比表面积的减小，从而增加催化剂的酸性位点，这也促进了木质素亚基中C-O键的断裂和解聚产物的烷基化。当W/Zr摩尔比为1:1，Pd负载为0.5 wt%时，生物油和芳香单体的收率分别达到83.30%和35.49%。在芳族单体中，87.86%是脱甲氧基化的烷基酚，这显著降低了解聚产物的氧含量。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of renewable power-to-hydrogen systems for green ammonia production in Malaysia 马来西亚绿色氨生产可再生能源制氢系统的优化

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138511

Kheng Seng Goh , Haizum Aimi Zaharin , Lei Yang , RongXiang Wang , Kean Long Lim , Farah Ezzah Ab Latif , Jui-Yuan Lee , Wai Yin Wong

A renewable power-to-hydrogen (P2H) system converts electricity into green hydrogen for energy storage and ammonia production. Under Malaysia’s National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR), green ammonia is proposed as a co-firing fuel to decarbonize the power sector. This study develops an optimization model integrating solar PV, proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMWE), battery energy storage (BESS), and hydrogen energy storage (HESS) to minimize the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). Case studies in Sabah, Sarawak, and Terengganu show that solar PV and electrolyzer costs dominate the LCOH, while BESS and HESS balance supply for ammonia synthesis. Direct solar use with larger electrolyzers is favored, reducing storage needs. Sensitivity analysis indicates that with reduced electrolyzer costs, the LCOH can fall significantly, with Sabah showing the greatest potential, from 5.81 to 2.52 USD/kg due to superior solar resources and land availability. The findings highlight the narrowing cost gap between green and gray hydrogen and support the feasibility of solar P2H deployment.

可再生能源制氢（P2H）系统将电力转化为绿色氢气，用于储能和制氨。根据马来西亚的国家能源转型路线图（NETR），绿色氨被提议作为共烧燃料，以使电力部门脱碳。本研究建立了太阳能光伏、质子交换膜电解槽（PEMWE）、电池储能（BESS）和氢储能（HESS）的优化模型，以最小化氢的平准化成本（LCOH）。在沙巴、沙拉越和登嘉楼的案例研究表明，太阳能光伏和电解槽的成本占LCOH的主导地位，而BESS和HESS则平衡氨合成的供应。直接使用太阳能与更大的电解槽是有利的，减少存储需求。敏感性分析表明，随着电解槽成本的降低，LCOH可以显著下降，其中沙巴表现出最大的潜力，由于优越的太阳能资源和土地可用性，LCOH从5.81美元/公斤降至2.52美元/公斤。研究结果强调了绿色氢和灰色氢之间的成本差距正在缩小，并支持太阳能P2H部署的可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of compression ratio and EGR ratio on combustion stability and emission characteristics of natural gas/diesel engines with pre-injection strategy 压缩比和EGR比对预喷天然气/柴油发动机燃烧稳定性和排放特性的影响

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138508

Wenyao Zhao, Chaowei Zhu, Yuan Liu, Qian Ji, Junheng Liu

In order to expand the high-load operating range of natural gas/diesel engines, an in-cylinder combustion simulation model based on CFD simulation platform was developed and validated by engine bench test, and then five cylinder pressure monitoring points were arranged within the combustion chamber to track pressure changes in real time. The study systematically analyzed the impacts of compression ratio (CR) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio on combustion stability and pollutant formation mechanisms. Results indicate that the increased CR substantially elevates in-cylinder pressure and temperature, promoting flame core formation and propagation. However, excessively rapid combustion rates intensify high-frequency pressure oscillations and accelerate the onset of autoignition. As the CR is elevated from 16.5 to 18.5, NOx emissions rise by 26.0%. However, the elevated combustion temperature facilitates the post-combustion oxidation of soot and the complete combustion of CH₄, resulting in emission reductions of 24.6% and 22.4%, respectively. The application of EGR decreases in-cylinder reactivity and flame propagation velocity, significantly suppressing combustion temperature and knock tendency. Simultaneously, the increased EGR ratio effectively mitigates high NOx emissions caused by excessive premixing ratios, achieving a maximum reduction of 99.7%. However, despite lower soot generation rates at higher EGR level, final soot emission increases owing to reduced combustion temperature and oxidation concentration. Additionally, the delayed ignition timing and impeded flame propagation lead to the increased unburned CH₄ emission. This study extends the high-load operating range of natural gas/diesel combustion mode and provides new insights for optimizing stable and low-emission operation in engineering guidance.

为了扩大天然气/柴油发动机的高负荷工况范围，建立了基于CFD仿真平台的缸内燃烧仿真模型，并通过发动机台架试验进行了验证，在燃烧室内布置了5个缸内压力监测点，实时跟踪压力变化。本研究系统分析了压缩比（CR）和废气再循环比（EGR）对燃烧稳定性和污染物形成机理的影响。结果表明，CR的增加显著提高了缸内压力和温度，促进了火焰芯的形成和传播。然而，过快的燃烧速度加剧了高频压力振荡，加速了自燃的发生。当CR从16.5提高到18.5时，NOx排放量增加了26.0%。而提高燃烧温度有利于烟尘的燃烧后氧化和CH4的完全燃烧，分别减少了24.6%和22.4%的排放量。EGR的应用降低了缸内反应性和火焰传播速度，显著抑制了燃烧温度和爆震倾向。同时，EGR比的提高有效地缓解了因过度预混比而导致的NOx高排放，最高可降低99.7%。然而，在较高的EGR水平下，尽管烟尘生成率较低，但由于燃烧温度和氧化浓度降低，最终烟尘排放增加。此外，延迟点火时间和阻碍火焰传播导致未燃烧CH4排放量增加。该研究拓展了天然气/柴油燃烧模式的高负荷工况范围，为工程指导下的稳定低排放运行优化提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of explosion-venting interlayer height on methane explosion dynamics in utility tunnels 排爆层高度对公用隧道甲烷爆炸动力学的影响

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138468

Yulong Duan , Kunjian Du , Yuan Qiao , Li Deng , Fenglin Cao

Alongside the increasingly widespread use of utility tunnels, the risk of gas compartment explosions poses a significant threat to public safety. This study experimentally investigates the effects of explosion-venting interlayer height on methane explosion dynamics and pressure-relief efficiency, aiming to optimize the explosion venting design of utility tunnels. The results indicate that increasing the height of the explosion-venting interlayer remarkably suppresses flame propagation and explosion overpressure, while also playing a crucial role in regulating pressure-relief efficiency. A 30 mm interlayer height effectively balances energy release efficiency and demonstrates the most effective suppression of flame velocity. Increasing the height of the interlayer enhances the suppression of explosion overpressure, with Case c1 achieving the best suppression effect at 11.55 kPa. Additionally, positioning an explosion vent near the ignition source can mitigate explosions through early intervention. The synergistic effect of porous materials and the interlayer can disrupt the flame front, absorb shock wave energy, and enable flameless venting and heat dissipation. Optimizing the height of the explosion-venting interlayer and the layout of the explosion vent can significantly improve the explosion safety performance of utility tunnels. This research offers a theoretical foundation for designing explosion protection in utility tunnels and forms a foundation for practical engineering application.

随着公用隧道的日益广泛使用，燃气室爆炸的风险对公共安全构成了重大威胁。实验研究了排爆层高度对甲烷爆炸动力学和泄压效率的影响，旨在优化公用隧道的排爆设计。结果表明，增加排爆层高度可显著抑制火焰传播和爆炸超压，同时对泄压效率也起着至关重要的调节作用。30毫米的层间高度有效地平衡了能量释放效率，并证明了对火焰速度的最有效抑制。增加夹层高度可以增强对爆炸超压的抑制作用，其中Case c1在11.55 kPa时的抑制效果最好。此外，在点火源附近放置一个爆炸通风口可以通过早期干预来减轻爆炸。多孔材料与中间层的协同作用可以破坏火焰前缘，吸收激波能量，实现无焰通风散热。优化排爆夹层的高度和排爆口的布置，可以显著提高公用隧道的爆炸安全性能。本研究为公用隧道的防爆设计提供了理论依据，为实际工程应用奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

CPFD simulation study on co-firing of coal and swine manure in a CFB boiler CFB锅炉煤与猪粪共烧的CPFD模拟研究

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138464

Hong An , Mingyu Luan , Xiaole Huang , Defu Che , Lei Deng

To elucidate the combustion characteristics of coal blending with swine manure, we employ computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) to simulate the coupled gas–solid flow and reaction behavior in a 130 t h⁻¹ circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB). The effects of blending ratio, secondary air injection angle, and primary-secondary air ratio are evaluated in detail. Results indicate that moderate blending of swine manure elevates the average furnace temperature and strengthens combustion in the primary air zone, whereas excessive blending induces combustion instability. Swine manure addition also increases SO₂ emissions: at a 30% blending ratio, the average SO₂ molar fraction reaches 8.06 × 10⁻⁴, 23.3% higher than the 5.64 × 10⁻⁴ observed under pure coal combustion conditions. At a secondary air injection angle of 50°, the gas flow exhibits pronounced axial penetration, with high-velocity flow confined near the furnace centerline and limited lateral dispersion. Increasing the secondary air ratio reduces furnace temperature. At a primary-secondary air ratio of 55%:45%, bed material distribution becomes more uniform, with a substantial expansion of regions where the volume fraction exceeds 0.35. Under this condition, NO and SO₂ concentrations at the furnace outlet are minimized, reaching 47.27 and 649.30 μL L⁻¹, respectively.

为了阐明猪粪配煤的燃烧特性，采用计算颗粒流体力学（CPFD）对130 t h−1循环流化床锅炉（CFB）气固耦合流动和反应行为进行了数值模拟。详细分析了混合比、二次风注入角和一次-二次风比的影响。结果表明，适度掺加猪粪可提高炉温，加强一次风区的燃烧，而过量掺加则会导致燃烧不稳定。猪粪的添加也增加了SO2的排放，在30%的掺入比例下，SO2的平均摩尔分数达到8.06 × 10−4，比纯煤燃烧条件下的5.64 × 10−4提高了23.3%。在二次喷射角为50°时，气流表现出明显的轴向穿透，高速气流被限制在炉膛中心线附近，横向分散有限。提高二次风比可降低炉温。当一次二次风比为55%:45%时，床层物料分布更加均匀，体积分数超过0.35的区域大幅扩大。在此条件下，炉膛出口NO和SO2浓度最小，分别达到47.27和649.30 μL L−1。

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引用次数: 0

Tailoring SrFeO3-δ cathodes via Nd and Cu doping for boosting ORR activity for high-performance LT-PCFCs below 600 °C 通过Nd和Cu掺杂定制SrFeO3-δ阴极，提高600°C以下高性能lt - pcfc的ORR活性

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138393

Naveed Mushtaq , Wu Ping , Badriah S. Almutairi , Sajid Rauf , M.A.K Yousaf Shah , Muhammad Sultan Irshad

The development of high-performance cathode materials is critical for advancing low-temperature protonic ceramic fuel cells (LT-PCFCs) application. The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of the present cathode materials hindered the development of the LT-PCFCs. In this work, we report the rational design of SrFeO_3-δ perovskite cathodes tailored through Nd and Cu doping to enhance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity for LT-PCFCs operating below 600 °C. Using Sr_0.8Nd_0.2Fe_0.8Cu_0.2O₃ cathode has delivered a peak power density of ∼1000 mW/cm² with very small cathodic polarization and activation energy. The optimized Sr_1-xNd_xFe_1-yCu_yO_3-δ cathode demonstrates excellent electrochemical activity with markedly reduced polarization resistance in the temperature range of 450–600 °C. The Nd substitution at the A-site can help to stabilize cubic symmetry, while Cu incorporation at the B-site modulates the Fe oxidation state and promotes oxygen vacancy formation. These synergistic effects improved the electronic and ionic conductivity of the developed SrNdFeCuO₃ cathode, leading to accelerated surface exchange kinetics. Structural characterization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that Nd-Cu co-doping enhances oxygen vacancy concentration and reduces the proton migration barriers. This study providing new insights for the design of efficient and durable cathode materials for next-generation LT-PCFCs.

高性能正极材料的开发是推进低温质子陶瓷燃料电池应用的关键。现有正极材料氧还原反应（ORR）活性较低，阻碍了lt - pcfc的发展。在这项工作中，我们报告了通过Nd和Cu掺杂定制的SrFeO3-δ钙钛矿阴极的合理设计，以提高在600℃以下工作的lt - pcfc的氧还原反应（ORR）活性。采用sr0.8 nd0.2 fe0.8 cu0.3 2o3阴极，阴极极化和活化能非常小，峰值功率密度为~ 1000 mW/cm2。优化后的Sr1-xNdxFe1-yCuyO3-δ阴极在450 ~ 600℃的温度范围内具有良好的电化学活性，极化电阻显著降低。在a位的Nd取代有助于稳定立方对称，而在b位的Cu掺入调节了Fe的氧化态并促进了氧空位的形成。这些协同效应提高了制备的SrNdFeCuO3阴极的电子和离子电导率，导致表面交换动力学加速。结构表征、电化学阻抗谱和密度泛函理论（DFT）计算证实，Nd-Cu共掺杂提高了氧空位浓度，降低了质子迁移势垒。本研究为下一代lt - pcfc高效耐用正极材料的设计提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanistic investigation of the promotional effect of Fe2(SO4)3 on the SCR performance of CrOx catalysts Fe2(SO4)3对CrOx催化剂SCR性能促进作用的机理研究

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138504

Jiahui Liu , Dong Ye , Jingyi Feng , Sitian Wu , Kai Zhu , Ruitang Guo

This study demonstrated the promotional effects of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ on the textural, chemical, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) performance of CrO_x catalysts. Pristine CrO_x catalyst exhibited poor catalytic activity, with denitration efficiencies remaining below 68% throughout the entire temperature range investigated. In contrast, Fe₂(SO₄)₃ modification markedly enhanced catalytic performance. The optimal catalyst, with an Fe/Cr molar ratio of 0.1, achieved over 90% denitration efficiency between 250°C and 400°C at a high gas hourly space velocity of 150,000 mL g⁻¹ h⁻¹. Fe₂(SO₄)₃ incorporation into the CrO_x catalyst prevented the formation or led to the occupation of oxygen vacancies, which partially hindered the activation of gaseous oxygen. Furthermore, sulfate species suppressed electron transfer between metal cations, which likely disrupted the redox cycling among the metal cations in different oxidation states. These changes reduced the abundance and reactivity of Cr⁶⁺ species and chemisorbed oxygen, which lowered the overall oxidizing ability of the catalyst. Moreover, Fe₂(SO₄)₃ introduced additional strong Brønsted acid sites to enhance the acidity of the catalysts. At an optimal Fe/Cr molar ratio, a favorable balance between acidity and oxidizability might be achieved, which facilitated the progression of the SCR reactions at either low- or high-temperature points. The rationally modified sample exhibited an increased specific surface area and a broader temperature window for high SCR activity. Finally, the Fe₂(SO₄)₃-modified catalyst displayed certain resistance to SO₂-, H₂O-, or K-induced deactivation, indicating its potential for practical applications in engineering.

本研究证明了Fe2(SO4)3对CrOx催化剂的结构、化学和选择性催化还原（SCR）性能的促进作用。原始CrOx催化剂表现出较差的催化活性，在整个温度范围内脱硝效率低于68%。Fe2(SO4)3改性显著提高了催化性能。最佳催化剂Fe/Cr摩尔比为0.1，在250°C ~ 400°C范围内，在15000ml g−1 h−1的高气时空速下，脱硝效率达到90%以上。Fe2(SO4)3掺入到CrOx催化剂中阻止了氧空位的形成或导致氧空位被占据，这在一定程度上阻碍了气态氧的活化。此外，硫酸盐抑制了金属阳离子之间的电子转移，这可能破坏了不同氧化态金属阳离子之间的氧化还原循环。这些变化降低了Cr6+的丰度和反应性，降低了化学吸附氧，降低了催化剂的整体氧化能力。此外，Fe2(SO4)3引入了额外的强Brønsted酸位，提高了催化剂的酸性。在最佳的Fe/Cr摩尔比下，酸性和氧化性达到了良好的平衡，有利于低温和高温SCR反应的进行。合理修饰后的样品表现出更高的比表面积和更宽的温度窗以获得高SCR活性。最后，Fe2(SO4)3改性催化剂对SO2-、H2O-或k诱导的失活表现出一定的抗性，表明其在工程上的实际应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term aging of oxychar and biochar: structural, adsorptive, and microbial transformations 氧炭和生物炭的长期老化：结构、吸附和微生物转化

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138501

Cheng Ji , Shutao Wang , Man Zhang , Hang Sun , Qinggang Meng , Kexin Zhao , Yifan Li , Shiming Su , Bing Han , Wei Liu

This study investigated the effects of long-term aging on the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of oxychar (OC) and traditional biochar (BC) using the net bag method during a 682-day field experiment. The results showed that surface roughening and mineral adhesion developed in both OC and BC with time. In parallel, oxygen-containing functional groups (OFCGs) increased, whereas carboxyl groups. After aging, the cadmium (Cd) increased adsorption capacities of both materials increased. BC consistently exhibited a higher adsorption capacity than OC, and this difference correlated with the OFCGs levels. In addition, soil organic matter content increased across all treatments. Compared with OC, BC showed a significantly greater increase relative to the control. Microbial analyses revealed an initial increase in the diversity and abundance of surface-associated microbial communities, followed by distinct succession patterns. OC preferentially enriched bacteria associated with organic carbon decomposition. In contrast, microbial communities on BC shifted toward taxa involved in nutrient cycling, which was linked to a reduction in organic carbon availability. These results improve our understanding of biochar aging processes and indicate the potential of OC as an alternative to BC for enhancing soil quality and immobilizing contaminants.

通过682天的田间试验，采用网袋法研究了长期老化对氧炭（OC）和传统生物炭（BC）理化特性和微生物群落的影响。结果表明，随着时间的推移，普通碳化硅和普通碳化硅的表面都发生了粗化和矿物粘附。同时，含氧官能团（OFCGs）增加，而羧基增加。老化后，两种材料对镉（Cd）的吸附能力均有所提高。BC始终表现出比OC更高的吸附能力，这种差异与OFCGs水平相关。此外，土壤有机质含量在所有处理中均有所增加。与OC相比，BC相对于对照组明显增加。微生物分析显示，表层相关微生物群落的多样性和丰度最初有所增加，随后出现了明显的演替模式。OC优先富集与有机碳分解相关的细菌。相比之下，BC上的微生物群落向参与养分循环的分类群转移，这与有机碳有效性的降低有关。这些结果提高了我们对生物炭老化过程的理解，并表明了有机碳作为BC的替代品在提高土壤质量和固定污染物方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Conversion of CO2 and H2O gasification agents in autothermal circulating fluidised bed gasification 自热循环流化床气化中CO2和H2O气化剂的转化

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138514

Antti Pitkäoja , Franz Winter , Jouni Ritvanen

Thermochemical conversion phenomena in CO₂-blown and H₂O-blown autothermal biomass gasification are investigated. A circulating fluidised bed (CFB) gasification is studied through modelling, using a 1.5D semi-empirical CFB model. The study examines how the gasifier’s operating temperature, as well as the CO₂ and H₂O used as the gasification agents, and their mixtures influence the thermochemical conversion phenomena. The simulations indicate that gasifier temperature exerts a significant influence on the rate of char gasification reactions. The char gasification rate was faster in H₂O-blown gasification than in CO₂-blown gasification since both H₂O and CO₂ participated in the char gasification. In the CO₂-blown gasification, primarily CO₂ participated in the char gasification. Simulations indicate that the water–gas shift reaction is significantly influenced by the gasifier’s steam-to-biomass and carbon dioxide-to-biomass ratios. The ratios influence how close the reactor operates to the reaction’s equilibrium conditions. To activate the CO₂ conversion in the CO₂-blown gasification, high operating temperatures > 900 °C are required. The conversion increased as the gasifier temperature increased. The highest CO₂ conversion was obtained at the highest studied temperature. The H₂O conversion was high at lower temperatures < 900 °C, where the highest conversion was at the lowest studied temperature. The H₂O conversion declined when temperatures were elevated. Water-gas shift was the most significant reaction converting CO₂ and H₂O gases. The results demonstrate how operating parameters influence thermochemical conversion phenomena and the conversion of CO₂ and H₂O gases in autothermal CO₂-blown and H₂O-blown gasifiers. The results offer insights into the key factors governing the thermochemical conversion.

研究了co2吹制和h2o吹制生物质自热气化过程中的热化学转化现象。采用1.5D半经验循环流化床（CFB）模型对循环流化床（CFB）气化过程进行了建模研究。该研究考察了气化炉的操作温度，以及用作气化剂的CO2和H2O及其混合物如何影响热化学转化现象。模拟结果表明，气化炉温度对煤焦气化反应速率有显著影响。由于H2O和CO2都参与了炭的气化，因此吹水气化比吹二氧化碳气化的气化速率更快。在CO2吹气气化中，主要是CO2参与了炭气化。模拟结果表明，水煤气转换反应受气化炉蒸汽生物质比和二氧化碳生物质比的显著影响。这些比率影响反应器运行与反应平衡条件的接近程度。为了激活吹气气化过程中的二氧化碳转化，需要900°C的高温。转化率随着气化炉温度的升高而升高。在研究的最高温度下，CO2转化率最高。在较低温度（900℃）下，水的转化率较高，其中在最低温度下的转化率最高。温度升高时，水的转化率降低。水-气转换是CO2和H2O气体转化最显著的反应。结果表明，操作参数对自热吹CO2和吹H2O气化炉中热化学转化现象和CO2和H2O气体转化的影响。结果提供了对控制热化学转化的关键因素的见解。

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引用次数: 0

In-situ constraints on the occurrence and mineralization of critical elements in Late Triassic coals from the Sichuan Basin, China 四川盆地晚三叠世煤中关键元素赋存与成矿作用的原位约束

IF 7.5 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2026.138438

Rongjie Wang , Shifeng Dai , Victor P. Nechaev , Sergey Y. Budnitskiy , David French , Ian T. Graham , Xiaoyun Yan , Zhuangzhuang Bao , Junling Lu

Multi-metal coupled mineralization in coal deposits has revealed new potential metal sources. However, two questions persist: (1) the precise occurrence at the micro-scale of metals in coal, and (2) organic–inorganic interaction mechanisms for metal enrichment and preservation. This study integrates statistical analysis, sequential extraction, mapping and spot analysis, petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry to reveal a two-stage organic–inorganic coupled mineralization process for Li-Ga-Nb-Ta-Zr-Hf-REY in coal. During peat deposition, primary carrier minerals of Li-Ga-Nb-Ta-Zr-Hf-REY, including feldspars, micas, Ti-magnetite, anatase/rutile, and zircon were input into the swamp. During the first stage of organic–inorganic interaction, the primary minerals underwent partial dissolution by humic acids, leading to the initial release of metals. During the second stage of organic–inorganic interaction (coalification stage), acidic fluids released the metals in the residual primary minerals, alteration products of the first stage (e.g., kaolinite and illite), and organic matter. Representative hosts in coals include: (1) the detrital feldspars (Li, 173 ppm; Ga, 52.2 ppm; REY, 103 ppm), Ti-oxides, zircon, and clays (average values of Li, 179 ppm; Ga, 35.8 ppm; REY, 270 ppm). (2) diagenetically altered kaolinite aggregates (average values of Li, 327 ppm; Ga, 37.8 ppm; REY, 23.2 ppm). (3) chlorite-paragonite-kaolinite assemblages formed by hydrothermal (maximum value of Li, 1366 ppm; Ga, 138 ppm; REY, 63.3 ppm), phosphates, and macerals (e.g., collotelinite, collodetrinite, and fusinite). Although minor Zr-Hf-Nb-Ta possibly occurs in clays via isomorphic substitution for Ti, the majority of these metals are residually enriched in the refractory zircon and Ti-oxides.

煤矿多金属耦合成矿作用揭示了新的潜在金属来源。然而，两个问题仍然存在：(1)金属在煤中微观尺度上的精确存在；(2)金属富集和保存的有机-无机相互作用机制。综合统计分析、序贯提取、填图点位分析、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学等手段，揭示了煤中Li-Ga-Nb-Ta-Zr-Hf-REY的有机-无机耦合成矿过程。泥炭沉积过程中，Li-Ga-Nb-Ta-Zr-Hf-REY主要载体矿物长石、云母、钛磁铁矿、锐钛矿/金红石、锆石等被输入沼泽。在有机-无机相互作用的第一阶段，原生矿物被腐植酸部分溶解，导致金属的初始释放。在有机-无机相互作用的第二阶段（煤化阶段），酸性流体释放了残余原生矿物中的金属、第一阶段蚀变产物（如高岭石和伊利石）中的金属和有机物。煤中代表性的寄主有：(1)碎屑长石（Li, 173 ppm; Ga, 52.2 ppm； REY, 103 ppm）、钛氧化物、锆石和粘土（Li平均值，179 ppm; Ga, 35.8 ppm； REY, 270 ppm）。(2)成岩蚀变高岭石聚集体（Li平均值为327 ppm， Ga平均值为37.8 ppm， REY平均值为23.2 ppm）。(3)由水热形成的绿泥石-paragonite-高岭石组合（Li的最大值为1366 ppm； Ga的最大值为138 ppm； REY的最大值为63.3 ppm）、磷酸盐和显微矿物（如胶白云石、胶泥石和绢云石）。虽然少量的Zr-Hf-Nb-Ta可能通过同构取代Ti而存在于粘土中，但这些金属大部分残留富集于难熔锆石和Ti氧化物中。

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