Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530705
P. Ndayizigamiye, M. Maharaj
Mobile health (or mHealth) describes the utilisation of wireless mobile communications devices in public and private healthcare. These include, but are not limited to, mobile telephones, personal digital assistants, and patient monitoring devices. A number of researchers recognize the potential of mHealth capabilities to address healthcare issues within developing countries. Although the outcomes of mHealth interventions have generally been assessed as positive, there is a need for designing mHealth interventions that are specifically tailored to the context of individual countries. This paper investigates ICT use within the Burundian Health sector with specific emphasis on mHealth adoption. Using Bridges' Real Access / Real Impact framework for ICT in development [2], this paper explores the challenges impeding the adoption of mHealth in Burundi. Findings reveal that mHealth is not currently in use in the public health care sector, except for recent pilot projects which are still to be evaluated. In addition, there are access, technology and organisational challenges that need to be addressed for mHealth adoption to become a reality. A multistakeholder approach is adopted to address these issues.
{"title":"Applying bridges framework to investigate challenges to the adoption of mHealth in Burundi","authors":"P. Ndayizigamiye, M. Maharaj","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530705","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile health (or mHealth) describes the utilisation of wireless mobile communications devices in public and private healthcare. These include, but are not limited to, mobile telephones, personal digital assistants, and patient monitoring devices. A number of researchers recognize the potential of mHealth capabilities to address healthcare issues within developing countries. Although the outcomes of mHealth interventions have generally been assessed as positive, there is a need for designing mHealth interventions that are specifically tailored to the context of individual countries. This paper investigates ICT use within the Burundian Health sector with specific emphasis on mHealth adoption. Using Bridges' Real Access / Real Impact framework for ICT in development [2], this paper explores the challenges impeding the adoption of mHealth in Burundi. Findings reveal that mHealth is not currently in use in the public health care sector, except for recent pilot projects which are still to be evaluated. In addition, there are access, technology and organisational challenges that need to be addressed for mHealth adoption to become a reality. A multistakeholder approach is adopted to address these issues.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132497246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530582
P. Delport, Rossouw von Solms, M. Gerber
One of the main objectives of local government is the effective delivery of services. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a major role in this regard. Various best practices and standards indicate the importance of corporate governance of ICT across all types of sectors. According to the Auditor General, in the South African context, there exists a definite lack in implementing corporate governance of ICT. Due to the complexity of the current corporate governance of ICT structure, local government is challenged with implementing sound corporate governance of ICT. Through the extensive use of a literature survey and semi-structured interviews, an architecture is proposed to address this issue of complexity. This architecture can aid local government in the corporate governance of ICT. This not only applies to South Africa, but also possibly to the rest of Africa.
{"title":"Towards corporate governance of ICT in local government","authors":"P. Delport, Rossouw von Solms, M. Gerber","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530582","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main objectives of local government is the effective delivery of services. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a major role in this regard. Various best practices and standards indicate the importance of corporate governance of ICT across all types of sectors. According to the Auditor General, in the South African context, there exists a definite lack in implementing corporate governance of ICT. Due to the complexity of the current corporate governance of ICT structure, local government is challenged with implementing sound corporate governance of ICT. Through the extensive use of a literature survey and semi-structured interviews, an architecture is proposed to address this issue of complexity. This architecture can aid local government in the corporate governance of ICT. This not only applies to South Africa, but also possibly to the rest of Africa.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115479179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530604
A. Phokeer, Alain Aina
This paper specifically deals with the different policies and technical frameworks at a Regional Internet Registry (RIR) level in terms of anti-spam measures. It also exposes the issue of spam from an Internet registry perspective, as an important element of the Internet technical infrastructure. We found out that, an RIR itself is not mandated to fight spam but it maintains a registry that is of paramount importance for traceability of Internet Number Resources ownership information. The paper starts with describing the challenges faced by operators followed by the different sources of spam. It then exposes the different mechanisms deployed by RIRs but importantly, this paper shows how those mechanisms either technical or policy-oriented are mostly underutilised, although they are operational. The latter is achieved by taking AFRINIC, the African RIR as case study.
{"title":"A survey of anti-spam mechanisms and their usage from a Regional Internet Registry's perspective","authors":"A. Phokeer, Alain Aina","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530604","url":null,"abstract":"This paper specifically deals with the different policies and technical frameworks at a Regional Internet Registry (RIR) level in terms of anti-spam measures. It also exposes the issue of spam from an Internet registry perspective, as an important element of the Internet technical infrastructure. We found out that, an RIR itself is not mandated to fight spam but it maintains a registry that is of paramount importance for traceability of Internet Number Resources ownership information. The paper starts with describing the challenges faced by operators followed by the different sources of spam. It then exposes the different mechanisms deployed by RIRs but importantly, this paper shows how those mechanisms either technical or policy-oriented are mostly underutilised, although they are operational. The latter is achieved by taking AFRINIC, the African RIR as case study.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123418324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530641
Dorothy A. Rambim, Solomon O. Ogara, S. Liyala, F. Awuor
Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a powerful tool which can accelerate socio-economic development in developing nations. The growth of information is the main compelling reason for new cutting edge technologies through ICT to be assimilated in commerce and trade, health, education, governance, research and development in rural development. Regardless of the great advantages offered by ICT, rural areas still stagger in embracing ICT as a developmental tool. Major efforts are being made by major stakeholders: government institutions, international/local NGOs, private institutions, businesses foundations, developers to promote sustainable development in Kenya with little impact. This implies that despite the increase in the number of institutions rendering ICT services, none of these services are yet to reach a greater scale. Arguably, the key hindrances to progress are not only on access and enabling environment but also lack of cooperation from stakeholders. To address this challenge, there is need to achieve the scale and sustainability required by integrating the major stakeholders. Cooperation among stakeholders will address isolated investment and integrate information required by the consumers (beneficiaries) from diverse sources into a single information access point. An adoption of the proposed integrated framework will ensure collaboration among main stakeholders into meaningful partnerships.
{"title":"Towards an integrated framework for rural development in Kenya","authors":"Dorothy A. Rambim, Solomon O. Ogara, S. Liyala, F. Awuor","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530641","url":null,"abstract":"Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a powerful tool which can accelerate socio-economic development in developing nations. The growth of information is the main compelling reason for new cutting edge technologies through ICT to be assimilated in commerce and trade, health, education, governance, research and development in rural development. Regardless of the great advantages offered by ICT, rural areas still stagger in embracing ICT as a developmental tool. Major efforts are being made by major stakeholders: government institutions, international/local NGOs, private institutions, businesses foundations, developers to promote sustainable development in Kenya with little impact. This implies that despite the increase in the number of institutions rendering ICT services, none of these services are yet to reach a greater scale. Arguably, the key hindrances to progress are not only on access and enabling environment but also lack of cooperation from stakeholders. To address this challenge, there is need to achieve the scale and sustainability required by integrating the major stakeholders. Cooperation among stakeholders will address isolated investment and integrate information required by the consumers (beneficiaries) from diverse sources into a single information access point. An adoption of the proposed integrated framework will ensure collaboration among main stakeholders into meaningful partnerships.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122700840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530661
T. Prinsloo, C. de Villiers
With traceability systems becoming increasingly important, Swaziland and Namibia invested heavily in traceability systems, and achieved sufficient meat traceability for them to be able to export to countries in Europe and other parts of the world. The projects now include communal farmers, farmers who were previously excluded from this initiative. Case studies and interviews with key role players confirmed that the projects are sustainable, and that communal farmers are benefitting, but that further research is required to determine the full scope of the benefits. Farmers still need to be better educated and more funds are needed to better the working conditions of the veterinary assistants in Swaziland. However, the projects are ensuring that people will have safe meat to eat, not only for now, but also in the future.
{"title":"Traceability systems in Swaziland and Namibia: Improving access to markets with digital information","authors":"T. Prinsloo, C. de Villiers","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530661","url":null,"abstract":"With traceability systems becoming increasingly important, Swaziland and Namibia invested heavily in traceability systems, and achieved sufficient meat traceability for them to be able to export to countries in Europe and other parts of the world. The projects now include communal farmers, farmers who were previously excluded from this initiative. Case studies and interviews with key role players confirmed that the projects are sustainable, and that communal farmers are benefitting, but that further research is required to determine the full scope of the benefits. Farmers still need to be better educated and more funds are needed to better the working conditions of the veterinary assistants in Swaziland. However, the projects are ensuring that people will have safe meat to eat, not only for now, but also in the future.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128653886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530583
Ruan Koen, Rossouw von Solms, M. Gerber
Information and Communication Technology is a critical enabler for service delivery in local government. The importance of adequate business and ICT continuity should therefore not be understated. Effective ICT Readiness, as part of the wider Business Continuity system, enables ICT to be more resilient and able to recover should an incident or disaster occur. However, within South African local government, ICT continuity controls are found to be ineffective. This is an ongoing problem reported by the Auditor-General of South Africa. The objective of this paper is therefore to propose a model, based on literature and a design-oriented research approach, for the implementation and operation of ICT readiness in local government - applicable throughout the continent of Africa.
{"title":"ICT Readiness for Business Continuity in local government","authors":"Ruan Koen, Rossouw von Solms, M. Gerber","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530583","url":null,"abstract":"Information and Communication Technology is a critical enabler for service delivery in local government. The importance of adequate business and ICT continuity should therefore not be understated. Effective ICT Readiness, as part of the wider Business Continuity system, enables ICT to be more resilient and able to recover should an incident or disaster occur. However, within South African local government, ICT continuity controls are found to be ineffective. This is an ongoing problem reported by the Auditor-General of South Africa. The objective of this paper is therefore to propose a model, based on literature and a design-oriented research approach, for the implementation and operation of ICT readiness in local government - applicable throughout the continent of Africa.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114657715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530625
P. Chikumba, Stine Loft Ramussen
Many developing countries have adopted electronic health management information systems to support management of health service delivery. However, use of health information from HMIS is often challenged. Previous research point out that is essential that health information is not only collected, but also analyzed and disseminated to relevant stakeholders for decision making - a process also referred to as a culture of information use or information behavior. This study explores how health information is currently managed in Malawi and Burkina Faso. Through a comparison of the current practices and the role of technology, the study confirms that information behavior is about more than technology in itself. Both countries have a rather strong and well-organized culture of information use, but only parts of it is supported by the current technology. Changes to the technology at hand and organizational roles that could improve the current information culture are discussed as well.
{"title":"Management and use of health information in Malawi and Burkina Faso: The role of technology","authors":"P. Chikumba, Stine Loft Ramussen","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530625","url":null,"abstract":"Many developing countries have adopted electronic health management information systems to support management of health service delivery. However, use of health information from HMIS is often challenged. Previous research point out that is essential that health information is not only collected, but also analyzed and disseminated to relevant stakeholders for decision making - a process also referred to as a culture of information use or information behavior. This study explores how health information is currently managed in Malawi and Burkina Faso. Through a comparison of the current practices and the role of technology, the study confirms that information behavior is about more than technology in itself. Both countries have a rather strong and well-organized culture of information use, but only parts of it is supported by the current technology. Changes to the technology at hand and organizational roles that could improve the current information culture are discussed as well.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116752062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530621
Collins O Oduor, Joseph Sevilla, Tirus Wanyoike, N. Mutua
Revenue collection is an effective way in which governments can develop their economies. However, many developing countries like Kenya face challenges in their revenue collection. County governments in Kenya loses millions of Shillings through fraud and errors related to manual county revenue collection. The adoption of automated revenue collection systems by some county governments in Kenya has tremendously transformed revenue collection and improved service delivery. This study focused on ascertaining the impact of adopting automated revenue collection system and its effects on governance and service delivery in Kiambu County. The results of the study for the period of May-June 2014 showed an upsurge in revenue realization and granular visibility of county revenues and trends. There was an increase of 60% improvement in revenue collection within the first of the implementation of CountyPro system. The study also revealed that 74% of respondents were satisfied with the automated revenue collection. Finally the study revealed the need for further training on usage of CountyPro system in all areas to improve user acceptance. Political goodwill, appropriate change management and user acceptance are key to successful implementation of automated revenue collection in Counties.
{"title":"Automating revenue collections in Kenya: A case of Kiambu County","authors":"Collins O Oduor, Joseph Sevilla, Tirus Wanyoike, N. Mutua","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530621","url":null,"abstract":"Revenue collection is an effective way in which governments can develop their economies. However, many developing countries like Kenya face challenges in their revenue collection. County governments in Kenya loses millions of Shillings through fraud and errors related to manual county revenue collection. The adoption of automated revenue collection systems by some county governments in Kenya has tremendously transformed revenue collection and improved service delivery. This study focused on ascertaining the impact of adopting automated revenue collection system and its effects on governance and service delivery in Kiambu County. The results of the study for the period of May-June 2014 showed an upsurge in revenue realization and granular visibility of county revenues and trends. There was an increase of 60% improvement in revenue collection within the first of the implementation of CountyPro system. The study also revealed that 74% of respondents were satisfied with the automated revenue collection. Finally the study revealed the need for further training on usage of CountyPro system in all areas to improve user acceptance. Political goodwill, appropriate change management and user acceptance are key to successful implementation of automated revenue collection in Counties.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117003418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530624
Melanie Platz, Miriam Krieger, E. Niehaus, Kathrin Winter
Reasoning skills form the basis for the proving of mathematical statements and relations themed in higher school grades in different contexts. It is important that students acquire or expand their reasoning skills as part of their teacher training in order to provide age appropriate reasoning skills to their pupils. The vision is to develop an open source e-proof system that supports learners in understanding of proof structures and teachers in the evaluation of proving tasks. Therefore, a first prototype for a diagnostic based exercise environment for automatically supported proving was developed for German conditions. In this paper, the pilot prototype of the e-proof system is presented and a first transfer to South African conditions is discussed.
{"title":"Electronic proofs and electronic assessments in an educational context transferred to South African conditions","authors":"Melanie Platz, Miriam Krieger, E. Niehaus, Kathrin Winter","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530624","url":null,"abstract":"Reasoning skills form the basis for the proving of mathematical statements and relations themed in higher school grades in different contexts. It is important that students acquire or expand their reasoning skills as part of their teacher training in order to provide age appropriate reasoning skills to their pupils. The vision is to develop an open source e-proof system that supports learners in understanding of proof structures and teachers in the evaluation of proving tasks. Therefore, a first prototype for a diagnostic based exercise environment for automatically supported proving was developed for German conditions. In this paper, the pilot prototype of the e-proof system is presented and a first transfer to South African conditions is discussed.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114437175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530626
T. Pholotho, J. Mtsweni
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are capable of expanding access to quality education, educational resources and provide teachers with new skills. Nevertheless, a majority of rural public schools have limited ICTs, mainly due to geographical landscape, lack of service delivery and poverty. As a result, they currently seem not to be adequately benefiting from current advancements in ICTs. The main objective of the research presented in this paper was to understand the challenges faced by resource constrained schools under the Greater Tubatse Municipality (GTM) in the Limpopo Province of South Africa regarding lack of access to electronic educational information. An exploratory case study approach was adopted to identify and understand the challenges faced by rural schools, including educational services and content considered by schools as relevant and useful. The results indicate that resource-constrained schools in the GTM are facing challenges of lack of access to electronic educational information and services, as the result teaching and learning becomes difficult.
{"title":"Barriers to electronic access and delivery of educational information in resource constrained public schools: A case of Greater Tubatse Municipality","authors":"T. Pholotho, J. Mtsweni","doi":"10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530626","url":null,"abstract":"Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are capable of expanding access to quality education, educational resources and provide teachers with new skills. Nevertheless, a majority of rural public schools have limited ICTs, mainly due to geographical landscape, lack of service delivery and poverty. As a result, they currently seem not to be adequately benefiting from current advancements in ICTs. The main objective of the research presented in this paper was to understand the challenges faced by resource constrained schools under the Greater Tubatse Municipality (GTM) in the Limpopo Province of South Africa regarding lack of access to electronic educational information. An exploratory case study approach was adopted to identify and understand the challenges faced by rural schools, including educational services and content considered by schools as relevant and useful. The results indicate that resource-constrained schools in the GTM are facing challenges of lack of access to electronic educational information and services, as the result teaching and learning becomes difficult.","PeriodicalId":326074,"journal":{"name":"2016 IST-Africa Week Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124049684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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