Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968274
J. Rife, S. Rock
A visual tracking system installed on MBARI ROV Ventana has demonstrated fully autonomous tracking of a gelatinous animal in the waters of Monterey Bay, California. The device, intended as an aid for human ROV pilots, will increase the feasible duration of observational experiments in the field of marine biology. This work describes the automation system and the challenges encountered during its development. These challenges have been addressed during ocean dives, throughout which the system has demonstrated robustness to the ROV operational environment and to the difficulties of imaging in the deep ocean.
{"title":"A pilot-aid for ROV based tracking of gelatinous animals in the midwater","authors":"J. Rife, S. Rock","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968274","url":null,"abstract":"A visual tracking system installed on MBARI ROV Ventana has demonstrated fully autonomous tracking of a gelatinous animal in the waters of Monterey Bay, California. The device, intended as an aid for human ROV pilots, will increase the feasible duration of observational experiments in the field of marine biology. This work describes the automation system and the challenges encountered during its development. These challenges have been addressed during ocean dives, throughout which the system has demonstrated robustness to the ROV operational environment and to the difficulties of imaging in the deep ocean.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127415818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968379
M. Gade, P. A. Lange
The authors have carried out wind-wave tank measurements of wave slopes, radar backscattering, and video image intensity, while the water surface was covered with small patches of surface-active material. Their results show that, at low wind speed, the slick patches consist of regions of different damping behavior caused by the freshly spread slick. By analyzing the radar Doppler shifts they could show that the distribution of bound and freely propagating waves along a slick patch strongly varies. Since the video camera is less sensitive to the observed small-scale features they support the use of such devices for automated slick detection.
{"title":"On the distribution of small-scale roughness at the edges of monomolecular surface films","authors":"M. Gade, P. A. Lange","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968379","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have carried out wind-wave tank measurements of wave slopes, radar backscattering, and video image intensity, while the water surface was covered with small patches of surface-active material. Their results show that, at low wind speed, the slick patches consist of regions of different damping behavior caused by the freshly spread slick. By analyzing the radar Doppler shifts they could show that the distribution of bound and freely propagating waves along a slick patch strongly varies. Since the video camera is less sensitive to the observed small-scale features they support the use of such devices for automated slick detection.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115469673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968325
S. Perry, L. Guan
This paper presents a neural network based system to detect small man-made objects in sequences of sector scan sonar images. The detection of such objects is considered out to ranges of 150 metres using a forward-looking sonar system mounted on a vessel. After an initial cleaning operation performed by compensating for the motion of the vessel, the imagery was segmented to extract objects for analysis. A set of 31 features extracted from each object was examined. These features consisted of basic object size and contrast features, shape moment-based features, moment invariants, and features extracted from the second-order histogram of each object. The best set of 15 features was then selected using sequential forward selection and sequential backward selection. These features were then used to train a neural network to detect man-made objects in the image sequences. The detector achieved a 97% accuracy at a mean false positive rate of 9 per frame.
{"title":"Detection of small man-made objects in sector scan imagery using neural networks","authors":"S. Perry, L. Guan","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968325","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a neural network based system to detect small man-made objects in sequences of sector scan sonar images. The detection of such objects is considered out to ranges of 150 metres using a forward-looking sonar system mounted on a vessel. After an initial cleaning operation performed by compensating for the motion of the vessel, the imagery was segmented to extract objects for analysis. A set of 31 features extracted from each object was examined. These features consisted of basic object size and contrast features, shape moment-based features, moment invariants, and features extracted from the second-order histogram of each object. The best set of 15 features was then selected using sequential forward selection and sequential backward selection. These features were then used to train a neural network to detect man-made objects in the image sequences. The detector achieved a 97% accuracy at a mean false positive rate of 9 per frame.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115564190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968406
A. Khamene, H. Madjdi, S. Negahdaripour
We investigate the recovery of 3D motion and structure from the stereo images of a stationary environment. A Kalman filter-based framework is proposed for the reconstruction of 3D structure from multiple visual cues, through the integration of image motion and stereo disparity with the shading flow that is induced by the rotational motion of the source. This allows the exploitation of available visual cues in the common scenario involving the coupled motion of artificial source(s) and stereo cameras that are installed on mobile submersible vehicles. Utilizing shading flow with the image motion leads to devising a more robust 3D motion estimation algorithm, in addition to the critical role in depth recovery/refinement by constraining the local surface gradients. Collectively, use of multiple cues enhances robustness with respect to perturbation in any of the cues. Results of experiments with real imagery are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
{"title":"3-D mapping of sea floor scenes by stereo imaging","authors":"A. Khamene, H. Madjdi, S. Negahdaripour","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968406","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the recovery of 3D motion and structure from the stereo images of a stationary environment. A Kalman filter-based framework is proposed for the reconstruction of 3D structure from multiple visual cues, through the integration of image motion and stereo disparity with the shading flow that is induced by the rotational motion of the source. This allows the exploitation of available visual cues in the common scenario involving the coupled motion of artificial source(s) and stereo cameras that are installed on mobile submersible vehicles. Utilizing shading flow with the image motion leads to devising a more robust 3D motion estimation algorithm, in addition to the critical role in depth recovery/refinement by constraining the local surface gradients. Collectively, use of multiple cues enhances robustness with respect to perturbation in any of the cues. Results of experiments with real imagery are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124244479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968365
R. Mann
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is responsible for the maintenance, efficiency, and safe navigation of more than 25,000 miles of commercially navigable channels in the U.S. Historically, the Corps has produced paper charts for this purpose with the result being 22 chart books covering 9 waterway systems. These chart books are at varying scales, accuracies, and layouts with little consistency among the districts. With the advent of powerful computing hardware and robust GIS software, as well as digital data structures and dictionaries for electronic charts, USACE is developing river electronic navigational charts for the nation's waterway users. The purpose is to provide consistent, accurate and current navigational information in an electronic chart format to ensure the efficiency and safety of the nation's waterways. Estimated funds required for this are approximately $42M over 5 years. In cooperation with several agencies (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and organizations (Inland Waterway User Board and American Waterway Operators), we are conducting several pilot projects in 2001 along the rivers to gain experience and knowledge in developing electronic charts. Initially, an industry standard file format was identified and implemented. The exchange of navigational data is achieved through the S-57 transfer standard using the S-52 data dictionary. Most countries recognize these object-based standards from the International Hydrographic Office (IHO). Reasons for using the S-57 standard are that NOAA is implementing this standard for its coastal charts, it provides a common standard for all Corps offices, it is used by most electronic chart vendors, is well suited to chart updates and fits well with other Corps spatial data users.
{"title":"Inland electronic navigational charts in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","authors":"R. Mann","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968365","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is responsible for the maintenance, efficiency, and safe navigation of more than 25,000 miles of commercially navigable channels in the U.S. Historically, the Corps has produced paper charts for this purpose with the result being 22 chart books covering 9 waterway systems. These chart books are at varying scales, accuracies, and layouts with little consistency among the districts. With the advent of powerful computing hardware and robust GIS software, as well as digital data structures and dictionaries for electronic charts, USACE is developing river electronic navigational charts for the nation's waterway users. The purpose is to provide consistent, accurate and current navigational information in an electronic chart format to ensure the efficiency and safety of the nation's waterways. Estimated funds required for this are approximately $42M over 5 years. In cooperation with several agencies (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and organizations (Inland Waterway User Board and American Waterway Operators), we are conducting several pilot projects in 2001 along the rivers to gain experience and knowledge in developing electronic charts. Initially, an industry standard file format was identified and implemented. The exchange of navigational data is achieved through the S-57 transfer standard using the S-52 data dictionary. Most countries recognize these object-based standards from the International Hydrographic Office (IHO). Reasons for using the S-57 standard are that NOAA is implementing this standard for its coastal charts, it provides a common standard for all Corps offices, it is used by most electronic chart vendors, is well suited to chart updates and fits well with other Corps spatial data users.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114839912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968127
C. Roman, H. Singh
Creating geometrically accurate photomosaics of underwater sites using images collected from an AUV or ROV is a difficult task due to dimensional errors which grow as a function of 3D image distortion and the mosaicking process. Although photomosiacs are accurate locally their utility for accurately representing a large survey area is jeopardized by this error growth. Evaluating the error in a mosaic is the first step in creating globally accurate photomosaics of an unstructured environment with bounded error. Using vehicle navigation data and sensor offsets it is possible to estimate the error present in large area photomosaics independent of the mosaic construction method. This paper presents a study of the error sources and an estimation of the error growth across an underwater photomosaic. World coordinate locations of the individual image centers are projected into the image coordinate space of the mosaic. The spatial error is then shown as the divergence between the position of the corresponding image centers in the mosaic and the positions determined by the navigation projection. Accurate world coordinate system position estimates of the image centers are obtained from the on board navigation sensors and the EXACT acoustic navigation system. Several large area mosaics using imagery collected by the JASON ROV are shown as examples.
{"title":"Estimation of error in large area underwater photomosaics using vehicle navigation data","authors":"C. Roman, H. Singh","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968127","url":null,"abstract":"Creating geometrically accurate photomosaics of underwater sites using images collected from an AUV or ROV is a difficult task due to dimensional errors which grow as a function of 3D image distortion and the mosaicking process. Although photomosiacs are accurate locally their utility for accurately representing a large survey area is jeopardized by this error growth. Evaluating the error in a mosaic is the first step in creating globally accurate photomosaics of an unstructured environment with bounded error. Using vehicle navigation data and sensor offsets it is possible to estimate the error present in large area photomosaics independent of the mosaic construction method. This paper presents a study of the error sources and an estimation of the error growth across an underwater photomosaic. World coordinate locations of the individual image centers are projected into the image coordinate space of the mosaic. The spatial error is then shown as the divergence between the position of the corresponding image centers in the mosaic and the positions determined by the navigation projection. Accurate world coordinate system position estimates of the image centers are obtained from the on board navigation sensors and the EXACT acoustic navigation system. Several large area mosaics using imagery collected by the JASON ROV are shown as examples.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123216525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968101
I. Nygren
The purpose of the paper is to describe a method for accurately determining the position of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in shallow waters. The method is conceptually simple. It involves measuring the seabed topography with a few sonar pings over a limited area by an ordinary bathymetric multibeam sonar. These measurements are then correlated with existing underwater maps. The paper deals with the positioning problem by an elementary theoretical discussion and then presents some results from a simulation study conducted with the Reson SeaBat 9001 multibeam bathymetric sonar. It also presents the results of a verification sea trial in a flat-bottom area using the same sonar.
{"title":"A method for terrain navigation of an AUV","authors":"I. Nygren","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968101","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the paper is to describe a method for accurately determining the position of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in shallow waters. The method is conceptually simple. It involves measuring the seabed topography with a few sonar pings over a limited area by an ordinary bathymetric multibeam sonar. These measurements are then correlated with existing underwater maps. The paper deals with the positioning problem by an elementary theoretical discussion and then presents some results from a simulation study conducted with the Reson SeaBat 9001 multibeam bathymetric sonar. It also presents the results of a verification sea trial in a flat-bottom area using the same sonar.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122012293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968690
G. Dobeck
The fusion of multiple detection/classification algorithms is proving a very powerful approach for dramatically reducing false alarm rate, while still maintaining a high probability of detection and classification. This has been demonstrated in several Navy sea tests. The high-resolution sonar is one of the principal sensors used by the Navy to detect and classify sea mines in mine hunting operations. For such sonar systems, substantial effort has been devoted to the development of automated detection and classification (D/C) algorithms. These have been spurred by several factors including (1) aids for operators to reduce work overload, (2) more optimal use of all available data, and (3) the introduction of unmanned mine hunting systems. The environments where sea mines are typically laid (harbor areas, shipping lanes, and the littorals) give rise to many false alarms caused by natural, biologic, and man-made clutter. The objective of the automated D/C algorithms is to eliminate most of these false alarms while still maintaining a very high probability of mine detection and classification (PdPc). The benefits of fusing the outputs of multiple D/C algorithms have been studied. We refer to this as algorithm fusion. The results have been remarkable, including reliable robustness to new environments. Even though our experience has been gained in the area of sea mine detection and classification, the principles described herein are general and can be applied to fusion of any D/C problem (e.g., automated medical diagnosis or automatic target recognition for ballistic missile defense).
{"title":"Algorithm fusion for automated sea mine detection and classification","authors":"G. Dobeck","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968690","url":null,"abstract":"The fusion of multiple detection/classification algorithms is proving a very powerful approach for dramatically reducing false alarm rate, while still maintaining a high probability of detection and classification. This has been demonstrated in several Navy sea tests. The high-resolution sonar is one of the principal sensors used by the Navy to detect and classify sea mines in mine hunting operations. For such sonar systems, substantial effort has been devoted to the development of automated detection and classification (D/C) algorithms. These have been spurred by several factors including (1) aids for operators to reduce work overload, (2) more optimal use of all available data, and (3) the introduction of unmanned mine hunting systems. The environments where sea mines are typically laid (harbor areas, shipping lanes, and the littorals) give rise to many false alarms caused by natural, biologic, and man-made clutter. The objective of the automated D/C algorithms is to eliminate most of these false alarms while still maintaining a very high probability of mine detection and classification (PdPc). The benefits of fusing the outputs of multiple D/C algorithms have been studied. We refer to this as algorithm fusion. The results have been remarkable, including reliable robustness to new environments. Even though our experience has been gained in the area of sea mine detection and classification, the principles described herein are general and can be applied to fusion of any D/C problem (e.g., automated medical diagnosis or automatic target recognition for ballistic missile defense).","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123934080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968352
E. Will, G. Edelson, D. Nagle
Communications with submerged platforms and instruments continues to pose a limitation on undersea activities. Advancements in underwater acoustic data communications have eased these limitations. Even though significant advancements have been made in the development of underwater acoustic data telemetry with respect to range and data throughput in the past few years, telemetry at useful data rates with submerged assets over very long ranges is unlikely to be achieved directly with a single acoustic link due to the complexity of the acoustic channel and limited propagation ranges. One solution is to employ a hybrid acoustic-RF communications approach, using buoys to convert acoustic signals to and from RF signals. This solution provides real-time two-way communications to distant surface ships, aircraft and/or satellites that can act as relays to integrate undersea communications into RF and terrestrial communications networks.
{"title":"Hybrid acoustic and RF data telemetry systems concepts with experimental results","authors":"E. Will, G. Edelson, D. Nagle","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968352","url":null,"abstract":"Communications with submerged platforms and instruments continues to pose a limitation on undersea activities. Advancements in underwater acoustic data communications have eased these limitations. Even though significant advancements have been made in the development of underwater acoustic data telemetry with respect to range and data throughput in the past few years, telemetry at useful data rates with submerged assets over very long ranges is unlikely to be achieved directly with a single acoustic link due to the complexity of the acoustic channel and limited propagation ranges. One solution is to employ a hybrid acoustic-RF communications approach, using buoys to convert acoustic signals to and from RF signals. This solution provides real-time two-way communications to distant surface ships, aircraft and/or satellites that can act as relays to integrate undersea communications into RF and terrestrial communications networks.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124738404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-11-05DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968150
B. Jones, A. Barnett, G. Robertson
The dispersion of effluent from coastal ocean sewage outfalls has continued to be a difficult problem to study in situ. The spatial extent of the detectable effluent field is an important question for understanding the range of potential impacts from the effluent plume. Sampling around large southern California sewage outfalls is done using automated water column profilers (i.e., CTDs) at designated stations, typically centered on the outfall. Discrete water samples, if taken, are collected at predefined depths. While this method of sampling allows for analysis of the environmental impacts to the receiving water from these outfalls, the data have shown that the studies are inadequate for determining the vertical and horizontal spatial extents of these subsurface wastewater fields. To address this issue, the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD), California supplemented its normal receiving water sampling by using a Guildline Minibat towed underwater vehicle, equipped with a CTD and in situ pumping system, to map the distribution of physical, bio-optical, chemical, and bacterial variables in the vicinity of its outfall. The mapping demonstrates that the plume is clearly present for distances of at least 12.5 km in either direction from the outfall, depending on the current direction. The mapping results allow comparison with results from traditional receiving water monitoring and plume models of initial height, dilution, and thickness.
{"title":"Towed mapping of the effluent plume from a coastal ocean outfall","authors":"B. Jones, A. Barnett, G. Robertson","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968150","url":null,"abstract":"The dispersion of effluent from coastal ocean sewage outfalls has continued to be a difficult problem to study in situ. The spatial extent of the detectable effluent field is an important question for understanding the range of potential impacts from the effluent plume. Sampling around large southern California sewage outfalls is done using automated water column profilers (i.e., CTDs) at designated stations, typically centered on the outfall. Discrete water samples, if taken, are collected at predefined depths. While this method of sampling allows for analysis of the environmental impacts to the receiving water from these outfalls, the data have shown that the studies are inadequate for determining the vertical and horizontal spatial extents of these subsurface wastewater fields. To address this issue, the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD), California supplemented its normal receiving water sampling by using a Guildline Minibat towed underwater vehicle, equipped with a CTD and in situ pumping system, to map the distribution of physical, bio-optical, chemical, and bacterial variables in the vicinity of its outfall. The mapping demonstrates that the plume is clearly present for distances of at least 12.5 km in either direction from the outfall, depending on the current direction. The mapping results allow comparison with results from traditional receiving water monitoring and plume models of initial height, dilution, and thickness.","PeriodicalId":326183,"journal":{"name":"MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124856133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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