Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522541
M. M. Williams, A. Beex
This paper investigates the use of autoregressive (AR) spectral estimation techniques as a method of encoding high range resolution (HRR) radar data. These techniques produce a reduction in disk storage space while preserving an estimate the spectrum of the data. After subsequent encoding of the AR parameters the data reduction is two orders of magnitude with good fidelity of the resulting estimate. An overview the research is provided in which AR spectral estimation is applied to frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar data.
{"title":"Radar cross-section data encoding based on AR spectral estimation techniques","authors":"M. M. Williams, A. Beex","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522541","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the use of autoregressive (AR) spectral estimation techniques as a method of encoding high range resolution (HRR) radar data. These techniques produce a reduction in disk storage space while preserving an estimate the spectrum of the data. After subsequent encoding of the AR parameters the data reduction is two orders of magnitude with good fidelity of the resulting estimate. An overview the research is provided in which AR spectral estimation is applied to frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar data.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116969908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522512
Merrill Skohk, Grealie Andrews, J., P. Hansen
The paper outlines the special considerations that characterize the design of an UWB radar for the detection of low altitude missiles over the sea. It discusses the factors which enter into the choice of frequency, and the selection of the transmitter, antenna, and receiver. Reviewed are signal processing issues concerning detection of UWB signals in noise and clutter, non-Doppler MTI based on the pulse-to-pulse change in range due to target motion, measurement of target height based on multipath time delay, and target recognition. The chief limitation of UWB radar that must be overcome before applications are viable is its poor electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
{"title":"An ultrawideband microwave-radar conceptual design","authors":"Merrill Skohk, Grealie Andrews, J., P. Hansen","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522512","url":null,"abstract":"The paper outlines the special considerations that characterize the design of an UWB radar for the detection of low altitude missiles over the sea. It discusses the factors which enter into the choice of frequency, and the selection of the transmitter, antenna, and receiver. Reviewed are signal processing issues concerning detection of UWB signals in noise and clutter, non-Doppler MTI based on the pulse-to-pulse change in range due to target motion, measurement of target height based on multipath time delay, and target recognition. The chief limitation of UWB radar that must be overcome before applications are viable is its poor electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125423887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522509
R. J. Lay
Forty-three L-band radars will be deployed on the periphery of the United States for joint use by the United States Air Force and the Federal Aviation Administration. The unattended radar system is designed to scan a range of 250 nautical miles up to an altitude of 100,000 feet, with lookdown capability from high sites. The radar must detect fast, small radar cross-section aircraft in a realistic man-made and natural interference environment (including thousands of flocks of birds), while minimizing false alarms. The radar must also generate weather intensity contours. The paper describes trade-offs that were made in the process of selecting and designing a system architecture that needed to serve two different users with different mission requirements. It also gives guidelines for off-the-shelf purchases and planning for future growth in mission requirements.
{"title":"Mission determines equality between radars","authors":"R. J. Lay","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522509","url":null,"abstract":"Forty-three L-band radars will be deployed on the periphery of the United States for joint use by the United States Air Force and the Federal Aviation Administration. The unattended radar system is designed to scan a range of 250 nautical miles up to an altitude of 100,000 feet, with lookdown capability from high sites. The radar must detect fast, small radar cross-section aircraft in a realistic man-made and natural interference environment (including thousands of flocks of birds), while minimizing false alarms. The radar must also generate weather intensity contours. The paper describes trade-offs that were made in the process of selecting and designing a system architecture that needed to serve two different users with different mission requirements. It also gives guidelines for off-the-shelf purchases and planning for future growth in mission requirements.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115087475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522550
B. Kruger
A multiple-GaAs module approach to both a radar centralized transmitter and an active aperture radar (AAR) is discussed. Design issues which affect both approaches are summarized, in particular the 4 chip GaAs MMIC high power amplifier (HPA) common to both. Also reviewed is the unique, high power, high-efficiency performance achievable with the ITT MSAG GaAs MMIC process.
{"title":"Efficient wideband high power generation for X- and K/sub u/-band radars","authors":"B. Kruger","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522550","url":null,"abstract":"A multiple-GaAs module approach to both a radar centralized transmitter and an active aperture radar (AAR) is discussed. Design issues which affect both approaches are summarized, in particular the 4 chip GaAs MMIC high power amplifier (HPA) common to both. Also reviewed is the unique, high power, high-efficiency performance achievable with the ITT MSAG GaAs MMIC process.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124110228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522624
G. Owirka, S.D. Halversen, M. Hiett, L. Novak
In support of the ARPA-sponsored Critical Mobile Targets program, Lincoln Laboratory has developed a complete, end-to-end, automatic target recognition (ATR) system using very high resolution (1 ft/spl times/1 ft), fully polarimetric, Ka-band SAR data. Lincoln Laboratory has also developed ATR systems for reduced resolution (1 m/spl times/1 m) and single polarization data; performance comparisons (1 ft/spl times/1 ft versus 1 m/spl times/1 m and fully polarimetric versus single polarization) have been performed. There has been interest in the use of automatic target cueing (ATC) followed by ATR. In military operations, targets are often deployed in well-defined groups, such as tank companies. It is possible to exploit this information by developing algorithms to detect such groups of targets. Cueing algorithms identify potential target groups; then these areas can be revisited with a higher resolution sensor or these areas can be processed with more sophisticated algorithms (or both). This paper presents results from a joint ATC/ATR system that uses single polarization (HH) 1 m/spl times/1 m resolution data for both ATC and ATR; descriptions of the algorithms in the system are given and the performance is compared to the (1 ft/spl times/1 ft) very accurate resolution system run on the identical data set. The data used in this study consisted of 231 km/sup 2/ of 20 degree depression angle stripmap clutter from several areas in the northern United States; these data had varying amounts of cultural content from benign to severe.
{"title":"An algorithm for detecting groups of targets","authors":"G. Owirka, S.D. Halversen, M. Hiett, L. Novak","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522624","url":null,"abstract":"In support of the ARPA-sponsored Critical Mobile Targets program, Lincoln Laboratory has developed a complete, end-to-end, automatic target recognition (ATR) system using very high resolution (1 ft/spl times/1 ft), fully polarimetric, Ka-band SAR data. Lincoln Laboratory has also developed ATR systems for reduced resolution (1 m/spl times/1 m) and single polarization data; performance comparisons (1 ft/spl times/1 ft versus 1 m/spl times/1 m and fully polarimetric versus single polarization) have been performed. There has been interest in the use of automatic target cueing (ATC) followed by ATR. In military operations, targets are often deployed in well-defined groups, such as tank companies. It is possible to exploit this information by developing algorithms to detect such groups of targets. Cueing algorithms identify potential target groups; then these areas can be revisited with a higher resolution sensor or these areas can be processed with more sophisticated algorithms (or both). This paper presents results from a joint ATC/ATR system that uses single polarization (HH) 1 m/spl times/1 m resolution data for both ATC and ATR; descriptions of the algorithms in the system are given and the performance is compared to the (1 ft/spl times/1 ft) very accurate resolution system run on the identical data set. The data used in this study consisted of 231 km/sup 2/ of 20 degree depression angle stripmap clutter from several areas in the northern United States; these data had varying amounts of cultural content from benign to severe.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116251050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522543
B. Werle
Analysis of low grazing angle sea backscatter data has resulted in new information on the characteristics of backscatter, spikes and wave group processes. The data were collected at Joint US/UK experiments by coherent, polarimetric shore-based X-band radars at coastal loch and ocean channel locations with grazing angles at the sea surface in the vicinity of 6 degrees. At low grazing angles HH backscatter produces spiky amplitude characteristics and higher observed Doppler, compared to VV. The VV backscatter, which is dominated by lower Doppler Bragg backscatter, also contains some spike returns which usually display significantly different time profile and lower intensity than the corresponding HH return. The fixed antenna mode used for data collection provides for direct observation of wave group processes and parameters from which the characteristics of the dominant surface wave can be derived. The fixed antenna data sets can be directly processed via two-dimensional FFTs to provide k-/spl omega/ plots displaying the gravity, wind waves and wave group processes observed by the radar.
{"title":"Sea backscatter, spikes and wave group observations at low grazing angles","authors":"B. Werle","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522543","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of low grazing angle sea backscatter data has resulted in new information on the characteristics of backscatter, spikes and wave group processes. The data were collected at Joint US/UK experiments by coherent, polarimetric shore-based X-band radars at coastal loch and ocean channel locations with grazing angles at the sea surface in the vicinity of 6 degrees. At low grazing angles HH backscatter produces spiky amplitude characteristics and higher observed Doppler, compared to VV. The VV backscatter, which is dominated by lower Doppler Bragg backscatter, also contains some spike returns which usually display significantly different time profile and lower intensity than the corresponding HH return. The fixed antenna mode used for data collection provides for direct observation of wave group processes and parameters from which the characteristics of the dominant surface wave can be derived. The fixed antenna data sets can be directly processed via two-dimensional FFTs to provide k-/spl omega/ plots displaying the gravity, wind waves and wave group processes observed by the radar.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134338885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522617
Wu Renbiao, B. Zheng
The effects of array errors on the clutter spectra are discussed. It is pointed out that, just like that in pattern recognition problems, the training method has significant effects on the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques. A reasonable training method is given, which exhibits strong generalizing ability. Simulation results based on both the steady-state clutter covariance matrix and the high fidelity radar clutter data confirm the above conclusions.
{"title":"Training method in space-time adaptive processing with strong generalizing ability","authors":"Wu Renbiao, B. Zheng","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522617","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of array errors on the clutter spectra are discussed. It is pointed out that, just like that in pattern recognition problems, the training method has significant effects on the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques. A reasonable training method is given, which exhibits strong generalizing ability. Simulation results based on both the steady-state clutter covariance matrix and the high fidelity radar clutter data confirm the above conclusions.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133570185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522521
B. J. Skinner, J. P. Donohoe, F. Ingels
A technique is described that can be used to iteratively design high range resolution radar signals that are optimum from the standpoint of the mean square processed signal voltage reflection. This technique is required since optimum signal design requires a priori knowledge of the target's range profile. Since the range profile in not typically known a priori, an iterative or learning solution is required. This iterative technique can be implemented in such a way as to result in an adaptive signaling radar. The particular adaptation referred to in this paper is that of adaptive signaling and not adaptive antenna sidelobe cancellation, etc. The technique can be readily applied to the pulse compression signaling scheme known as matched FSK/PSK to result in an adaptive spread spectrum radar system.
{"title":"Gradient descent method for designing optimum radar signals","authors":"B. J. Skinner, J. P. Donohoe, F. Ingels","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522521","url":null,"abstract":"A technique is described that can be used to iteratively design high range resolution radar signals that are optimum from the standpoint of the mean square processed signal voltage reflection. This technique is required since optimum signal design requires a priori knowledge of the target's range profile. Since the range profile in not typically known a priori, an iterative or learning solution is required. This iterative technique can be implemented in such a way as to result in an adaptive signaling radar. The particular adaptation referred to in this paper is that of adaptive signaling and not adaptive antenna sidelobe cancellation, etc. The technique can be readily applied to the pulse compression signaling scheme known as matched FSK/PSK to result in an adaptive spread spectrum radar system.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132184637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522517
R. Khan, D. Power
Northern Radar Systems Limited has built a high frequency ground wave radar at Cape Race, Newfoundland, for over-the-horizon (OTH) detection of targets. Operational experience with the radar has demonstrated that this technology has significant potential for all weather, cost-effective surveillance of large coastal areas. The radar uses a frequency modulated interrupted continuous wave (FMICW) signal, specifically developed for long range target detection. For the detection of fast targets, conventional processing is constrained by the limited time that a target is present in a range cell. This problem can be eliminated by using velocity matched filters to process the FMICW signals. For the case of manoeuvring targets, the signal processing must also take the target acceleration into account. Results of OTH detection and tracking of low-flying aircraft, including flight segments with manoeuvres, using the HF-GWR system are presented.
{"title":"Aircraft detection and tracking with high frequency radar","authors":"R. Khan, D. Power","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522517","url":null,"abstract":"Northern Radar Systems Limited has built a high frequency ground wave radar at Cape Race, Newfoundland, for over-the-horizon (OTH) detection of targets. Operational experience with the radar has demonstrated that this technology has significant potential for all weather, cost-effective surveillance of large coastal areas. The radar uses a frequency modulated interrupted continuous wave (FMICW) signal, specifically developed for long range target detection. For the detection of fast targets, conventional processing is constrained by the limited time that a target is present in a range cell. This problem can be eliminated by using velocity matched filters to process the FMICW signals. For the case of manoeuvring targets, the signal processing must also take the target acceleration into account. Results of OTH detection and tracking of low-flying aircraft, including flight segments with manoeuvres, using the HF-GWR system are presented.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133819750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522606
W. Gordon
We describe numerical techniques that might be used as alternatives to heterodyning for the processing of ultra wideband radar data. Also discussed are techniques for the measurement of the central or "carrier" frequency of an ultra wideband signal waveform.
{"title":"A comparison of three direct sampling techniques","authors":"W. Gordon","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522606","url":null,"abstract":"We describe numerical techniques that might be used as alternatives to heterodyning for the processing of ultra wideband radar data. Also discussed are techniques for the measurement of the central or \"carrier\" frequency of an ultra wideband signal waveform.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115872034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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