Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522604
Michael Martineau, E. L. Cole, Westinghouse
Design issues surrounding the weather detection capability of a solid state airport surveillance radar (ASR) are discussed. Weather detection and mapping requirements are presented, along with implementation alternatives. Use of a solid state transmitter dictates that a chirp waveform be employed. The effect of compressed pulse range sidelobes on weather detection is therefore explored. Ground clutter suppression as it relates to false weather reporting and weather estimate biases is also discussed. Finally, sensitivity needs are detailed and the weather detection performance of a solid state alternative is compared to that of the ASR-9.
{"title":"Weather detection design issues for a solid state ASR","authors":"Michael Martineau, E. L. Cole, Westinghouse","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522604","url":null,"abstract":"Design issues surrounding the weather detection capability of a solid state airport surveillance radar (ASR) are discussed. Weather detection and mapping requirements are presented, along with implementation alternatives. Use of a solid state transmitter dictates that a chirp waveform be employed. The effect of compressed pulse range sidelobes on weather detection is therefore explored. Ground clutter suppression as it relates to false weather reporting and weather estimate biases is also discussed. Finally, sensitivity needs are detailed and the weather detection performance of a solid state alternative is compared to that of the ASR-9.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122590928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522546
Y. Hara, T. Kaneko, Y. Obata, A. Shimoda, H. Yamaguchi, T. Sugimoto, J. Saito, N. Iijima, Y. Uera, T. Fujisaka, M. Kondo, M. Mizuno
The paper describes an overview of a novel signal processor for multi-beam radars. The processor has been developed for a digital beam forming radar system, which has a capability of generating 6 beams at the same time. The processor consists of a digital phase sensitive detector, a digital beam former, and a multi-beam signal processor, and processes the multi-channel data from the antenna. The architecture and the features of the processors are first presented, and the evaluation results of an experimental model of the processors are shown.
{"title":"A new multi-beam radar signal processor","authors":"Y. Hara, T. Kaneko, Y. Obata, A. Shimoda, H. Yamaguchi, T. Sugimoto, J. Saito, N. Iijima, Y. Uera, T. Fujisaka, M. Kondo, M. Mizuno","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522546","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes an overview of a novel signal processor for multi-beam radars. The processor has been developed for a digital beam forming radar system, which has a capability of generating 6 beams at the same time. The processor consists of a digital phase sensitive detector, a digital beam former, and a multi-beam signal processor, and processes the multi-channel data from the antenna. The architecture and the features of the processors are first presented, and the evaluation results of an experimental model of the processors are shown.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129154770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522640
R. Kozick, F. Elmer, V. Nalbandian
Traditional narrowband phased arrays consist of fixed antenna elements with adjustable complex weights for scanning the beam and controlling the beam shape. This paper investigates the improvements that can be obtained by steering the individual antenna patterns in addition to adjusting the array weights. Such steering of the antenna element patterns can be achieved by mechanical rotation or by an electronic mechanism. The fundamental issues in the design of this novel phased array are identified, and numerical simulations of beampatterns are included to illustrate the results.
{"title":"Phased arrays composed of antennas with steerable patterns","authors":"R. Kozick, F. Elmer, V. Nalbandian","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522640","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional narrowband phased arrays consist of fixed antenna elements with adjustable complex weights for scanning the beam and controlling the beam shape. This paper investigates the improvements that can be obtained by steering the individual antenna patterns in addition to adjusting the array weights. Such steering of the antenna element patterns can be achieved by mechanical rotation or by an electronic mechanism. The fundamental issues in the design of this novel phased array are identified, and numerical simulations of beampatterns are included to illustrate the results.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127664710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522538
B. Binder, M. Toups, S. Ayasli, E.M. Adams
This paper presents synthetic aperture radar (SAR) foliage penetration phenomenology measurements of a tropical rain forest and a northern US forest. In May 1993, the Swedish National Defense Research Establishment (FOA) CARABAS sensor and the SRI International Ultra-Wideband SAR collected horizontal-transmit/horizontal-receive (HH) polarization VHF and UHF data, respectively, over the tropical rain forest at Fort Sherman, Panama. In mid-September 1993, both the FOA and SRI sensors collected HH-polarization VHF and UHF band data, respectively, over the forest in northern Maine. The collected data were processed into calibrated SAR imagery. HH foliage backscatter statistics were calculated for all frequency bands. HH foliage-induced attenuation for all frequency bands was calculated by comparing returns from test reflectors hidden by foliage with returns from open-field reflectors. Both backscatter and attenuation results are reported and compared with July 1990 UHF-, L-, and C-band measurements of the Maine site.
{"title":"SAR foliage penetration phenomenology of tropical rain forest and northern US forest","authors":"B. Binder, M. Toups, S. Ayasli, E.M. Adams","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522538","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents synthetic aperture radar (SAR) foliage penetration phenomenology measurements of a tropical rain forest and a northern US forest. In May 1993, the Swedish National Defense Research Establishment (FOA) CARABAS sensor and the SRI International Ultra-Wideband SAR collected horizontal-transmit/horizontal-receive (HH) polarization VHF and UHF data, respectively, over the tropical rain forest at Fort Sherman, Panama. In mid-September 1993, both the FOA and SRI sensors collected HH-polarization VHF and UHF band data, respectively, over the forest in northern Maine. The collected data were processed into calibrated SAR imagery. HH foliage backscatter statistics were calculated for all frequency bands. HH foliage-induced attenuation for all frequency bands was calculated by comparing returns from test reflectors hidden by foliage with returns from open-field reflectors. Both backscatter and attenuation results are reported and compared with July 1990 UHF-, L-, and C-band measurements of the Maine site.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"63 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114101629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522562
M. Yu, M. Meyer, M. Byrne, H. Winston
Techniques for automatically tracking a wide class of slow targets, using both MTI and non-MTI surface search radars, are described. These algorithms, which include correlation, expert systems contact classification, and multiple hypothesis tracking, must operate under a variety of environmental conditions, and be capable of detecting targets with cross-sections as small as several square meters. In order to achieve acceptable response times and low false track disclosure rates, the algorithms have been designed to work adaptively. In performance tests, this new closed-loop system has reduced reaction time by up to 50%, compared to previous commercial and military surface tracking systems.
{"title":"Advanced techniques for automatic surface search radar correlation and tracking","authors":"M. Yu, M. Meyer, M. Byrne, H. Winston","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522562","url":null,"abstract":"Techniques for automatically tracking a wide class of slow targets, using both MTI and non-MTI surface search radars, are described. These algorithms, which include correlation, expert systems contact classification, and multiple hypothesis tracking, must operate under a variety of environmental conditions, and be capable of detecting targets with cross-sections as small as several square meters. In order to achieve acceptable response times and low false track disclosure rates, the algorithms have been designed to work adaptively. In performance tests, this new closed-loop system has reduced reaction time by up to 50%, compared to previous commercial and military surface tracking systems.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"2017 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127573000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522609
S.O. Piper
This paper presents analysis and simulation results describing the effects on the range resolution of linear frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) homodyne radar due to sinusoidal nonlinearities in the frequency sweep. Short range applications such as collision avoidance and missile seekers use homodyne FMCW radar. Good range resolution is important to target-to-clutter contrast and to support target discrimination. In FMCW radar systems, range resolution depends on the transmitted bandwidth, the processed overlap between the transmitted and received frequency sweeps, the receiver frequency resolution, and the frequency sweep linearity. Frequency sweep nonlinearity is often the limiting factor in FMCW radar range resolution. This paper specifically addresses the effect of both the amplitude and the frequency of the sinusoidal frequency sweep nonlinearity on the target return spectrum and consequently the range resolution. These results are applicable to the design of modem closed-loop linearizers such as those used for varactor tuned Gunn diode oscillators in millimeter wave (MMW) FMCW radars, because after piecewise linear compensation the residual errors are approximately sinusoidal.
{"title":"Homodyne FMCW radar range resolution effects with sinusoidal nonlinearities in the frequency sweep","authors":"S.O. Piper","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522609","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents analysis and simulation results describing the effects on the range resolution of linear frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) homodyne radar due to sinusoidal nonlinearities in the frequency sweep. Short range applications such as collision avoidance and missile seekers use homodyne FMCW radar. Good range resolution is important to target-to-clutter contrast and to support target discrimination. In FMCW radar systems, range resolution depends on the transmitted bandwidth, the processed overlap between the transmitted and received frequency sweeps, the receiver frequency resolution, and the frequency sweep linearity. Frequency sweep nonlinearity is often the limiting factor in FMCW radar range resolution. This paper specifically addresses the effect of both the amplitude and the frequency of the sinusoidal frequency sweep nonlinearity on the target return spectrum and consequently the range resolution. These results are applicable to the design of modem closed-loop linearizers such as those used for varactor tuned Gunn diode oscillators in millimeter wave (MMW) FMCW radars, because after piecewise linear compensation the residual errors are approximately sinusoidal.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131335160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522520
N. Corron, J. Brooks
A novel signal processing technique for increasing range resolution in a class of radars is presented and applied. This technique, linear frequency modulation envelope processing (LFMEP), allows range resolution for LFM waveforms that is not limited in the usual way by the bandwidth. The technique can resolve targets separated by just a few wavelengths of the carrier without requiring pulse-to-pulse coherency. This capability is achieved by estimating envelope magnitude and slope characteristics of several received LFM waveforms. By exploiting the noncoherence of these returns, target separation can be derived from the eccentricity of the envelope characteristics. X-band radar measurements are presented to demonstrate the method. The paper concludes with questions of practicality and applicability to be addressed by future research.
{"title":"Resolving closely spaced targets using linear FM envelope processing","authors":"N. Corron, J. Brooks","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522520","url":null,"abstract":"A novel signal processing technique for increasing range resolution in a class of radars is presented and applied. This technique, linear frequency modulation envelope processing (LFMEP), allows range resolution for LFM waveforms that is not limited in the usual way by the bandwidth. The technique can resolve targets separated by just a few wavelengths of the carrier without requiring pulse-to-pulse coherency. This capability is achieved by estimating envelope magnitude and slope characteristics of several received LFM waveforms. By exploiting the noncoherence of these returns, target separation can be derived from the eccentricity of the envelope characteristics. X-band radar measurements are presented to demonstrate the method. The paper concludes with questions of practicality and applicability to be addressed by future research.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132818271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522575
H. Rohling, E. Lissel
This paper describes the development of a radar sensor system in the 77 GHz domain and the current status of experimental trials. The radar concept and the signal processing has been developed by Technical University Braunschweig and the trials are being performed by Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg. The application background for a car radar sensor is outlined and a requirement profile is derived therefrom. A standard hardware platform for a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system is described. A coded step-form of frequency modulation in the transmission signal will be used to confirm real objects and to eliminate ghost targets in the signal processing unit. The application of a residual-class code with its special correlation properties ensures a high level detection probability of all objects inside the observation area with unambiguous target parameters. Additionally, a new digital calibration procedure will be used for correction of typical analog receiver errors.
{"title":"77 GHz radar sensor for car application","authors":"H. Rohling, E. Lissel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522575","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the development of a radar sensor system in the 77 GHz domain and the current status of experimental trials. The radar concept and the signal processing has been developed by Technical University Braunschweig and the trials are being performed by Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg. The application background for a car radar sensor is outlined and a requirement profile is derived therefrom. A standard hardware platform for a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system is described. A coded step-form of frequency modulation in the transmission signal will be used to confirm real objects and to eliminate ghost targets in the signal processing unit. The application of a residual-class code with its special correlation properties ensures a high level detection probability of all objects inside the observation area with unambiguous target parameters. Additionally, a new digital calibration procedure will be used for correction of typical analog receiver errors.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133262620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522579
L. Jingwen, He Junxiang, Zhou Yinqing, Feng Shizhang
Based on the space-time two dimensional signal processing, this paper proposes a new method for the imaging of moving targets with SAR by using the equivalent space-time echoes of an array antenna. This method, which is much more effective for detecting and imaging targets whose radial velocity is very much smaller than a single antenna, has no blind area of velocity and can provide a high-resolution image of the slowly moving targets. The computer simulation results illustrate its availability.
{"title":"Imaging of moving targets with SAR based on space-time two dimensional signal processing","authors":"L. Jingwen, He Junxiang, Zhou Yinqing, Feng Shizhang","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522579","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the space-time two dimensional signal processing, this paper proposes a new method for the imaging of moving targets with SAR by using the equivalent space-time echoes of an array antenna. This method, which is much more effective for detecting and imaging targets whose radial velocity is very much smaller than a single antenna, has no blind area of velocity and can provide a high-resolution image of the slowly moving targets. The computer simulation results illustrate its availability.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114539354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-05-08DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1995.522565
P. Sarunic
A tracking algorithm is proposed which adaptively varies the target-track update rate to maintain constant tracker validation region size during target non-manoeuvre and manoeuvre phases; the validation region size being closely linked to tracker performance in clutter. Computer simulations are performed for a target performing various manoeuvres, demonstrating the ability of the algorithm to maintain constant validation region size.
{"title":"Adaptive variable update rate target tracking for a phased array radar","authors":"P. Sarunic","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1995.522565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1995.522565","url":null,"abstract":"A tracking algorithm is proposed which adaptively varies the target-track update rate to maintain constant tracker validation region size during target non-manoeuvre and manoeuvre phases; the validation region size being closely linked to tracker performance in clutter. Computer simulations are performed for a target performing various manoeuvres, demonstrating the ability of the algorithm to maintain constant validation region size.","PeriodicalId":326587,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings International Radar Conference","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114851024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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