The study explores the moderating role of financial sector development in the remittances-income inequality nexus in the six highest remittances-recipient “South-Asian economies”, “namely “Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan”” for the period 2006 to 2019. The direct channel of remittances-income inequality and the financial sector development & income-inequality have been greatly explored in the literature, but the indirect channel, i.e. the moderating role of the financial sector in the remittances- income inequality nexus, is still lacking; this study tries to fill this literature gap. The study explores the indirect link of the financial sector based on financial access, financial stability, financial depth, and financial efficiency in remittances-income inequality nexus in highest remittances-recipient South-Asian economies. The study applied Fixed effects and Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) econometric techniques in order to examine the role of financial sector development in the relationship between international remittances and income inequality. The empirical findings of the study show that the financial sector development mitigates the income-inequality effects in the selected remittance-recipient South-Asian economies. The interaction term of financial sector development and remittances mitigate the negative influence of income inequality in the selected economies. Remittances abridge income inequality in the presence of a well-functioning and sound financial sector in the selected South-Asian remittance-recipient economies.
{"title":"An Empirical Study on the Relationship of Financial Sector Development, Remittances Inflows, and Income Inequality in South Asian Countries","authors":"N. Karim, Muhammad Tariq, M. Khan","doi":"10.47067/reads.v8i1.435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v8i1.435","url":null,"abstract":"The study explores the moderating role of financial sector development in the remittances-income inequality nexus in the six highest remittances-recipient “South-Asian economies”, “namely “Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan”” for the period 2006 to 2019. The direct channel of remittances-income inequality and the financial sector development & income-inequality have been greatly explored in the literature, but the indirect channel, i.e. the moderating role of the financial sector in the remittances- income inequality nexus, is still lacking; this study tries to fill this literature gap. The study explores the indirect link of the financial sector based on financial access, financial stability, financial depth, and financial efficiency in remittances-income inequality nexus in highest remittances-recipient South-Asian economies. The study applied Fixed effects and Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) econometric techniques in order to examine the role of financial sector development in the relationship between international remittances and income inequality. The empirical findings of the study show that the financial sector development mitigates the income-inequality effects in the selected remittance-recipient South-Asian economies. The interaction term of financial sector development and remittances mitigate the negative influence of income inequality in the selected economies. Remittances abridge income inequality in the presence of a well-functioning and sound financial sector in the selected South-Asian remittance-recipient economies.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45528864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study interviewed 100 households in the Sargodha District of Pakistan's Punjab Province, which is the largest and most populated province. The study used a multistage sample process for sampling and interviewed male and female residents of the Sargodha district. The WEAI was calculated using Alkire and Foster's (2011) technique. The women empowerment agricultural index is used to assess women's empowerment. These five factors 5DE identifies the important areas where empowerment must be strengthened, whereas gender parity depicts the relative discrepancy between male and female members of the same family. For the Sargodha district, the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index value is 0.61. It is calculated by taking 90% of the 5DE sub index value of 0.66 and adding 10% of the GPI value of 0. 68.
{"title":"The Women Empowerment in Agriculture Sector of Pakistan","authors":"Rakia Nasir","doi":"10.47067/reads.v8i1.433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v8i1.433","url":null,"abstract":"The study interviewed 100 households in the Sargodha District of Pakistan's Punjab Province, which is the largest and most populated province. The study used a multistage sample process for sampling and interviewed male and female residents of the Sargodha district. The WEAI was calculated using Alkire and Foster's (2011) technique. The women empowerment agricultural index is used to assess women's empowerment. These five factors 5DE identifies the important areas where empowerment must be strengthened, whereas gender parity depicts the relative discrepancy between male and female members of the same family. For the Sargodha district, the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index value is 0.61. It is calculated by taking 90% of the 5DE sub index value of 0.66 and adding 10% of the GPI value of 0. 68.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47165167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family Planning is the most effective tool to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Contraceptive usage is the widely accepted method for birth spacing among married women in reproductive age span. In Pakistan, contraceptive prevalence is low in rural areas as compared to urban milieus. For exploring the present research phenomenon, the ethnographic research design was used to determine the subjective meaning-making of participants about the study phenomenon. Informal Discussions (IDs), N=20 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs), and N=6 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in two adjacent villages X and Y of Multan, Pakistan. Interview guide and discussion guide were used to explore the responses of the participants through thematic analysis. The present research results illustrated that the causes behind disinclination for contraceptive usage prevailed at two major levels, i.e. individual and interpersonal. The individual-level obstructive factors comprised of age of the married women, education level of husband, the economic cost of contraceptive usage, and adverse effects of contraceptives on the health of married females. Furthermore, the inter-personal level factors comprehended of husband opposition towards contraception usage, and discussion about contraception usage with husband as an anti-normative act. In conclusion, the orthodox, misogynistic, and gender-biased normative structure snatched the reproductive autonomy of married women. Resultantly, the women changed their fertility preferences and avoided birth spacing through contraceptive usage. Government intervention through social media awareness campaigns, provision of monthly incentives, and facilitation of “health card” could be used to ensure high prevalence of contraceptive usage among married women in the study locale.
{"title":"Exploring the Individual and Interpersonal Obstructive Factors Affecting Contraceptive Usage among Married Fertile Women in Rural Vicinities of Multan District, Pakistan","authors":"Uzma Ishfaq, Tehmina Sattar, G. Ara","doi":"10.47067/reads.v8i1.421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v8i1.421","url":null,"abstract":"Family Planning is the most effective tool to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Contraceptive usage is the widely accepted method for birth spacing among married women in reproductive age span. In Pakistan, contraceptive prevalence is low in rural areas as compared to urban milieus. For exploring the present research phenomenon, the ethnographic research design was used to determine the subjective meaning-making of participants about the study phenomenon. Informal Discussions (IDs), N=20 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs), and N=6 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in two adjacent villages X and Y of Multan, Pakistan. Interview guide and discussion guide were used to explore the responses of the participants through thematic analysis. The present research results illustrated that the causes behind disinclination for contraceptive usage prevailed at two major levels, i.e. individual and interpersonal. The individual-level obstructive factors comprised of age of the married women, education level of husband, the economic cost of contraceptive usage, and adverse effects of contraceptives on the health of married females. Furthermore, the inter-personal level factors comprehended of husband opposition towards contraception usage, and discussion about contraception usage with husband as an anti-normative act. In conclusion, the orthodox, misogynistic, and gender-biased normative structure snatched the reproductive autonomy of married women. Resultantly, the women changed their fertility preferences and avoided birth spacing through contraceptive usage. Government intervention through social media awareness campaigns, provision of monthly incentives, and facilitation of “health card” could be used to ensure high prevalence of contraceptive usage among married women in the study locale.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44740004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is designed to estimate impact of green banking disclosure, corporate governance mechanism on performance of listed banks in selected SAARC countries including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. With the help of STATA 14.2 this study used PCA (Principal Component Analysis) in addition to content analysis to create green banking disclosure index .For this purpose, central bank’s green banking guidelines are summarized into7 categories and 38 items. Dynamic panel data set (2010-2019) is analyzed by applying system GMM step-one method. The relationships among board independence, board size, female director, institutional ownership, green banking and Tobin’s Q (market value) as performance measure is tested. Institutional ownership and board independence has significant negative impact on market value, green banking does not have any significant impact on market value. On average disclosure practices are different in different categories. Effectiveness of central bank guidelines can be identified at regional level. Results are suggestive that corporate governance mechanism restructuring is needed to increase market value of banks in SAARC countries. To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the very first study which methodologically contributes in the field of green banking disclosure as application of PCA and System GMM step-one. Contextually, one of the most affected area facing higher climate change risk as SAARC region of the world is discussed. Theoretically, study contributes in the theory of change, financial intermediation and agency theory.
{"title":"Green Banking, Corporate Governance and Performance of Selected SAARC Countries","authors":"Umara Ikram, S. Akhtar","doi":"10.47067/reads.v7i4.415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.415","url":null,"abstract":"This study is designed to estimate impact of green banking disclosure, corporate governance mechanism on performance of listed banks in selected SAARC countries including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. With the help of STATA 14.2 this study used PCA (Principal Component Analysis) in addition to content analysis to create green banking disclosure index .For this purpose, central bank’s green banking guidelines are summarized into7 categories and 38 items. Dynamic panel data set (2010-2019) is analyzed by applying system GMM step-one method. The relationships among board independence, board size, female director, institutional ownership, green banking and Tobin’s Q (market value) as performance measure is tested. Institutional ownership and board independence has significant negative impact on market value, green banking does not have any significant impact on market value. On average disclosure practices are different in different categories. Effectiveness of central bank guidelines can be identified at regional level. Results are suggestive that corporate governance mechanism restructuring is needed to increase market value of banks in SAARC countries. To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the very first study which methodologically contributes in the field of green banking disclosure as application of PCA and System GMM step-one. Contextually, one of the most affected area facing higher climate change risk as SAARC region of the world is discussed. Theoretically, study contributes in the theory of change, financial intermediation and agency theory.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41425506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the significant progress that has been observed towards the Millennium goals, more than one billion people still live on less than 1.25 US dollars per day. A large body of the literature has focused on the growth effects of globalization and generally documents favourable effects of globalizing on economic growth. Does globalization reduce poverty? This question has received relatively less attention and the available evidence is not conclusive. This study investigates the impact of globalization on poverty in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1975 to 2018. The empirical analysis for the effect of globalization on poverty is based on the ARDL approach to cointegration. The empirical findings show that globalization exerts a significant adverse influence on the annual poverty of Pakistan. It implies that the ongoing process of globalization is leaving the poor of Pakistan behind. Globalization accentuates not ameliorates poverty and thus marginalizes the poor of Pakistan.
{"title":"An Empirical Analysis of Globalization-Poverty Nexus: Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Tariq Majeed, Sohail Farooq","doi":"10.47067/reads.v7i4.413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.413","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the significant progress that has been observed towards the Millennium goals, more than one billion people still live on less than 1.25 US dollars per day. A large body of the literature has focused on the growth effects of globalization and generally documents favourable effects of globalizing on economic growth. Does globalization reduce poverty? This question has received relatively less attention and the available evidence is not conclusive. This study investigates the impact of globalization on poverty in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1975 to 2018. The empirical analysis for the effect of globalization on poverty is based on the ARDL approach to cointegration. The empirical findings show that globalization exerts a significant adverse influence on the annual poverty of Pakistan. It implies that the ongoing process of globalization is leaving the poor of Pakistan behind. Globalization accentuates not ameliorates poverty and thus marginalizes the poor of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46271335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered as principal strategic component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Both countries have signed deals to the tune of $46 billion in 2015. Now these investments and loans call for repatriation of profits and interests which are causing a burden on Pakistan’s, already fragile, Balance of Payments (BoP). This study investigates the impact of China – Pakistan bilateral currency swap agreement (BSA) on Pakistan’s BoP by exploring three similar cases of BSA’s of China with: New Zealand, Mongolia, and Ukraine. Our analysis shows that bilateral trade in all the three cases has felt a strong and positive outcome but China as the foremost winner. Our recommendations suggest how Pakistan could gain the full advantage of the BSA in short, medium, and long-term.
{"title":"CPEC Dynamics; Bilateral Currency Swap Agreement And Balance of Payment of Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Nadeem Javaid, Sikander Bizenjo","doi":"10.47067/reads.v7i4.417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.417","url":null,"abstract":"The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered as principal strategic component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Both countries have signed deals to the tune of $46 billion in 2015. Now these investments and loans call for repatriation of profits and interests which are causing a burden on Pakistan’s, already fragile, Balance of Payments (BoP). This study investigates the impact of China – Pakistan bilateral currency swap agreement (BSA) on Pakistan’s BoP by exploring three similar cases of BSA’s of China with: New Zealand, Mongolia, and Ukraine. Our analysis shows that bilateral trade in all the three cases has felt a strong and positive outcome but China as the foremost winner. Our recommendations suggest how Pakistan could gain the full advantage of the BSA in short, medium, and long-term.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49624670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Akbar Ali Ansari, Nadia Hanif, Muhammad S. Tahir, A. Khan
The basic purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting non-performing loans of microfinance banks in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The research used secondary data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and SBP websites regarding the banking industry in FY 2020–2021, and the data was subjected to a multi-regression analysis. The analysis included a number of variables, including GDP growth rate, management efficiency, bank size and return on assets. According to the study's results, all three variables had a statistically significant affect on the outcome except business size. Non-performing loans have been found to have a important positive association with the country's economy.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Non-performing Loans in Pakistan during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case of Micro Finance Banks","authors":"Muhammad Akbar Ali Ansari, Nadia Hanif, Muhammad S. Tahir, A. Khan","doi":"10.47067/reads.v7i4.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.409","url":null,"abstract":"The basic purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting non-performing loans of microfinance banks in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The research used secondary data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and SBP websites regarding the banking industry in FY 2020–2021, and the data was subjected to a multi-regression analysis. The analysis included a number of variables, including GDP growth rate, management efficiency, bank size and return on assets. According to the study's results, all three variables had a statistically significant affect on the outcome except business size. Non-performing loans have been found to have a important positive association with the country's economy.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43579590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq, Sana Batool, Rukhsana Rasheed
This research study investigates the natural rate of unemployment and the Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve for Chinese economy by analyzing the data ranging from 1980 to 2020. The empirical methodology of this study test the relationship between inflation rate and rate of unemployment which proved to be negatively significant (it proves the existence of classical Phillips Curve around 1960) in China. The study also analyzed the Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve allowing the effects of price expectations on money wages increases. Finally, the study also analyzed the natural rate of unemployment for China that was around 4.86 per cent that can be compared with the natural rate of unemployment (as prescribed by economists 4 to 5 per cent). The study suggests certain tools that will be helpful for policymakers in maintaining the conditions of stable inflation in China.
{"title":"An Empirical Test for Natural Rate of Unemployment and Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve Hypothesis in Perspective of Chinese Economy","authors":"Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq, Sana Batool, Rukhsana Rasheed","doi":"10.47067/reads.v7i4.412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.412","url":null,"abstract":"This research study investigates the natural rate of unemployment and the Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve for Chinese economy by analyzing the data ranging from 1980 to 2020. The empirical methodology of this study test the relationship between inflation rate and rate of unemployment which proved to be negatively significant (it proves the existence of classical Phillips Curve around 1960) in China. The study also analyzed the Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve allowing the effects of price expectations on money wages increases. Finally, the study also analyzed the natural rate of unemployment for China that was around 4.86 per cent that can be compared with the natural rate of unemployment (as prescribed by economists 4 to 5 per cent). The study suggests certain tools that will be helpful for policymakers in maintaining the conditions of stable inflation in China.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43588631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most countries in the world have adopted English Medium instruction in universities. The increasing global trend of the English language as the medium of instruction has made researchers focus on students' adjustment and performance in English medium instructional contexts. One key issue highlighted in English medium instruction is English speaking anxiety. The literature has pointed out that English language speaking anxiety among students has a dependency on their personal and interpersonal worries and the context of learning. Pakistan is also a country that has adopted English medium instruction at different levels of education. Therefore, the current study probed the dependencies of English language speaking anxiety on students' academic programs and how these anxieties impact students' academic performance in Pakistan. The survey study design consisted of convenience or accidental sampling. The structural equation modeling helped researchers infer the significance of academic programs' impact on academic performance, the effect of language anxiety dimensions on academic performance, and the impact of academic programs on academic performance via English-speaking anxieties. The academic departments significantly impact students' academic performance directly and indirectly through language-speaking anxieties.
{"title":"Dependence of Academic Performance on English Speaking Anxiety in Academic Programs of English Medium Instructional Context","authors":"R. Ali, Bushra Shoukat, Ali Ahmad Kharal","doi":"10.47067/reads.v7i4.410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.410","url":null,"abstract":"Most countries in the world have adopted English Medium instruction in universities. The increasing global trend of the English language as the medium of instruction has made researchers focus on students' adjustment and performance in English medium instructional contexts. One key issue highlighted in English medium instruction is English speaking anxiety. The literature has pointed out that English language speaking anxiety among students has a dependency on their personal and interpersonal worries and the context of learning. Pakistan is also a country that has adopted English medium instruction at different levels of education. Therefore, the current study probed the dependencies of English language speaking anxiety on students' academic programs and how these anxieties impact students' academic performance in Pakistan. The survey study design consisted of convenience or accidental sampling. The structural equation modeling helped researchers infer the significance of academic programs' impact on academic performance, the effect of language anxiety dimensions on academic performance, and the impact of academic programs on academic performance via English-speaking anxieties. The academic departments significantly impact students' academic performance directly and indirectly through language-speaking anxieties.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47784944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Faheem, I. Chaudhry, Fatima Farooq, Muhammad Arshad Anwer
The current study explores the association of human capital, foreign direct investment, economic growth and population with the environment in Pakistan. Our study adopted the time series econometric estimation methodology autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) over 1980-2019. Interestingly our study results show that increase in human capital will clean the environment in both the short and long run. The study also validates the pollution haven hypothesis by proving the positive link of foreign direct investment with the ecological footprint. The findings also corroborate the existence of the long-run linkage of economic growth with the environment. The study suggests that policymakers and government officials should develop and promote the education sector that eventually mitigates environmental degradation.
{"title":"Visiting Human Capital-Foreign Direct Investment-Environment Association for Attaining Environmental Sustainability: Fresh Insight from Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Faheem, I. Chaudhry, Fatima Farooq, Muhammad Arshad Anwer","doi":"10.47067/reads.v7i4.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i4.411","url":null,"abstract":"The current study explores the association of human capital, foreign direct investment, economic growth and population with the environment in Pakistan. Our study adopted the time series econometric estimation methodology autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) over 1980-2019. Interestingly our study results show that increase in human capital will clean the environment in both the short and long run. The study also validates the pollution haven hypothesis by proving the positive link of foreign direct investment with the ecological footprint. The findings also corroborate the existence of the long-run linkage of economic growth with the environment. The study suggests that policymakers and government officials should develop and promote the education sector that eventually mitigates environmental degradation.","PeriodicalId":32725,"journal":{"name":"Review of Economics and Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43465998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：