Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4288/KISORON.44.1-2_15
Ikuro Suzuki
Four-dimensionalism and three-dimensionalism are two rival theories of persistence. They give contrasting pictures of persistence of material objects, but it is still under dispute what is the proper formulation of their difference. In this paper, I aim to propose a new formulation of it, in light of which each theory can be properly understood. To this end, first I set three theoretical desiderata for a desirable formulation of the difference between two theories. Next, I consider three representative formulations, which I call respectively, ‘the temporal part formulation,’ ‘the temporal instantiation formulation,’ and ‘the spatiotemporal location formulation.’ I argue that they fail to meet the desiderata in some way or other. The temporal part formulation fails to meet all of three. The temporal instantiation formulation, properly understood, captures important aspects of the distinction, but fails to meet at least one desideratum. The spatiotemporal location formulation fares the best among the three formulations, but still has some deficiencies. Third, I argue that an appropriate combination of the temporal instantiation formulation and the spatiotemporal location formulation is even better and meets all the desiderata. Finally, I draw some implications from the previous discussion for the incompatibility of four-dimensionalism and
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This paper aims to elucidate how the meaning of words would change by the experience in using figurative expressions on the basis of later Wittgenstein’s considerations. The various figurative expressions he investigated can be divided into three categories, metaphors in thinking, metaphors in perception, and “the secondary meaning”. I insist that all of these are brought about by the notice or forefeel of resemblances which is also needed in aspect-switching and conclude that the experiences of meaning could be the driving forces for changes of language games.
{"title":"What Sort of Experiences Bring About Changes of the Meaning of Words?:: On Wittgenstein's Considerations of Figurative Expressions","authors":"Keiichi Yamada","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.46.1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.46.1_1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to elucidate how the meaning of words would change by the experience in using figurative expressions on the basis of later Wittgenstein’s considerations. The various figurative expressions he investigated can be divided into three categories, metaphors in thinking, metaphors in perception, and “the secondary meaning”. I insist that all of these are brought about by the notice or forefeel of resemblances which is also needed in aspect-switching and conclude that the experiences of meaning could be the driving forces for changes of language games.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131028078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4288/KISORON.44.1-2_1
Shohei Fujita
This paper discusses a philosophical answer about the question “in relativistic cosmology, is space really expanding?” In general cosmology which is called a big-bang theory, cosmological space is said to have been expanding like a balloon gradually pumped up since a big-bang, which is shown by a co-moving coordinate of which the scale gets bigger as a proper time of observers in the earth passes. In this paper, I would like to interpret this phenomenon from a structural spacetime realism’s viewpoint in which spacetime is real as different whole structures for different coordinates you arbitrarily choose depending only on a metric/gravitational field. Through my remark, I get a new conclusion of what spacetime really means,thus the role of specetime in contemporary physics.
{"title":"An Interpretation on Structural Realism to Spacetime Used in Big-Bang Cosmology: Is Space Really Expanding?@@@空間は膨張しているのか？","authors":"Shohei Fujita","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.44.1-2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.44.1-2_1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a philosophical answer about the question “in relativistic cosmology, is space really expanding?” In general cosmology which is called a big-bang theory, cosmological space is said to have been expanding like a balloon gradually pumped up since a big-bang, which is shown by a co-moving coordinate of which the scale gets bigger as a proper time of observers in the earth passes. In this paper, I would like to interpret this phenomenon from a structural spacetime realism’s viewpoint in which spacetime is real as different whole structures for different coordinates you arbitrarily choose depending only on a metric/gravitational field. Through my remark, I get a new conclusion of what spacetime really means,thus the role of specetime in contemporary physics.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133419529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By applying the extended system of modal logic developed in [32], we present a logical analysis of the Gettier problem. Based on the result, in particular, we clarify the following point. In the literature on the Gettier problem, most authors seem to share the opinion that in general ‘belief’ precedes ‘knowledge’: we believe a proposition while we do not necessarily believe ourselves to have known it to be true. Interestingly, our analysis suggests that the story is the other way round in a sense: in general, for some proposition p, we believe that we have known that p, then we believe that p. Accordingly, even if given some reason for wanting to believe that p, we usually do not have the bare belief that p. Instead, in such a situation, more deliberately we think that it might be that p, or it can be hypothesized that p. Then, we can say, what we have at the start is not the bare belief that p, but “might possibility” or “hypothetical possibility” that p, which presumably involves abductive reasoning.
{"title":"Belief, Knowledge and Possibility","authors":"Yuichiro Hosokawa","doi":"10.4288/kisoron.47.1_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/kisoron.47.1_15","url":null,"abstract":"By applying the extended system of modal logic developed in [32], we present a logical analysis of the Gettier problem. Based on the result, in particular, we clarify the following point. In the literature on the Gettier problem, most authors seem to share the opinion that in general ‘belief’ precedes ‘knowledge’: we believe a proposition while we do not necessarily believe ourselves to have known it to be true. Interestingly, our analysis suggests that the story is the other way round in a sense: in general, for some proposition p, we believe that we have known that p, then we believe that p. Accordingly, even if given some reason for wanting to believe that p, we usually do not have the bare belief that p. Instead, in such a situation, more deliberately we think that it might be that p, or it can be hypothesized that p. Then, we can say, what we have at the start is not the bare belief that p, but “might possibility” or “hypothetical possibility” that p, which presumably involves abductive reasoning.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"124 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133677835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perception of The Absence of Sounds","authors":"Tohru Genka","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.41.2_81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.41.2_81","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124510815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"荒畑靖宏・山田圭一・古田徹也編著 『これからのウィトゲンシュタイン—刷新と応用のための14 篇』 リベルタス出版、2016 年","authors":"Shigeki Noya","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.46.2_79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.46.2_79","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114963307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems were published in 1931, not a few mathematicians have been trying to do mathematics in a framework as weak as possible to remain in a “safe” terrain. While the Incompleteness Theorems do not offer any direct motivations for exploring the terrae incognitae of the alarmingly general and consistency-wise strong settings like the full ZFC or even ZFC with large large cardinals etc., Gödel’s Speedup Theorem, a sort of a variant of the Incompleteness Theorems, in contrast, seems to provide positive reasons for studying mathematics in these powerful extended frameworks in spite of the peril called the (in)consistency strength. In this article of purely expository character, we will examine a version of the Speedup Theorem with a detailed proof and discuss the impact of the Speedup Theorem on the whole mathematics.
{"title":"Mathematics and Set Theory:: A Perspective from Gödel's Speedup Theorem","authors":"Sakaé Fuchino","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.46.1_33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.46.1_33","url":null,"abstract":"Since Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems were published in 1931, not a few mathematicians have been trying to do mathematics in a framework as weak as possible to remain in a “safe” terrain. While the Incompleteness Theorems do not offer any direct motivations for exploring the terrae incognitae of the alarmingly general and consistency-wise strong settings like the full ZFC or even ZFC with large large cardinals etc., Gödel’s Speedup Theorem, a sort of a variant of the Incompleteness Theorems, in contrast, seems to provide positive reasons for studying mathematics in these powerful extended frameworks in spite of the peril called the (in)consistency strength. In this article of purely expository character, we will examine a version of the Speedup Theorem with a detailed proof and discuss the impact of the Speedup Theorem on the whole mathematics.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128586466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4288/KISORON1954.6.172
K. Boulding
{"title":"General Systems Research","authors":"K. Boulding","doi":"10.4288/KISORON1954.6.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON1954.6.172","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130161316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Physical Principles of Quantum Mechanics","authors":"G. Kimura","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.40.2_79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.40.2_79","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125296757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4288/KISORON1954.34.91
T. Arai
D. Hilbert raised the problem to prove consistency of formalized mathematics. In this paper I will expound its background and the status quo of the consistency proofs. First let me explain the intended significance of proving consistency, and a background idea to divide mathematical objects in two, i. e., transfinite/finitary objects. Next I will discuss impacts of the incompleteness theorems to the problem and their interpretation. Finally let me give sketches of the practice of the consistency proofs due to G. Gentzen et al. and their significance, and the present state of the consistency proofs.
{"title":"On the consistency proofs","authors":"T. Arai","doi":"10.4288/KISORON1954.34.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON1954.34.91","url":null,"abstract":"D. Hilbert raised the problem to prove consistency of formalized mathematics. In this paper I will expound its background and the status quo of the consistency proofs. First let me explain the intended significance of proving consistency, and a background idea to divide mathematical objects in two, i. e., transfinite/finitary objects. Next I will discuss impacts of the incompleteness theorems to the problem and their interpretation. Finally let me give sketches of the practice of the consistency proofs due to G. Gentzen et al. and their significance, and the present state of the consistency proofs.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115960040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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