Journal of Radio Studies最新文献

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Revisiting Schramm's Radiotown: Media Displacement and Saturation 重新审视Schramm的《Radiotown: Media Displacement and Saturation》

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2007-05-25 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701301722

Jay Newell

In 1959 Wilbur Schramm collected data on the media use behavior of children in what he believed was the last remaining town in North America to have radio as its only electronic mass media, and he concluded the primary impact of new media was the displacement of incumbent media. This research returns to Schramm's “Radiotown” for two follow-up studies to assess the validity of displacement as a mechanism for understanding long-term changes in media use. The first study is a qualitative data collection among a convenience sample (n = 28) of the now-adult participants of the 1959 study. The second study quantitatively tests the conclusions of the first study among the youth of Radiotown (n = 263). Among both adults and youth, radio remains a primary mass media device, with adults using more radio now than in 1959. Three principles of media use are proposed: the ubiquity of mass media devices in the household, the proximity of media devices, and the constancy of media use. Implications for the displacement hypothesis are discussed.

1959年，威尔伯·施拉姆(Wilbur Schramm)收集了关于儿童媒体使用行为的数据，他认为这是北美最后一个将广播作为唯一电子大众媒体的城镇，他得出结论，新媒体的主要影响是取代了现有媒体。本研究回到了Schramm的“Radiotown”，进行了两项后续研究，以评估位移作为理解媒体使用长期变化的机制的有效性。第一项研究是对1959年研究中现已成年的参与者的方便样本(n = 28)进行定性数据收集。第二项研究从数量上检验了第一项研究在Radiotown青年(n = 263)中得出的结论。在成年人和年轻人中，收音机仍然是主要的大众媒体设备，成年人现在使用收音机的次数比1959年多。提出了媒体使用的三个原则:大众媒体设备在家庭中的无处不在，媒体设备的接近性，以及媒体使用的连续性。讨论了位移假设的含义。

引用次数: 15

Alfred Balk, The Rise of Radio, From Marconi Through the Golden Age 阿尔弗雷德·巴尔克，《无线电的兴起，从马可尼到黄金时代》

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313503

James A. Freeman

Some cultural historians claim that eras of creativity lead to periods of commentary. Innovators like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes in Athens were followed by critics in Alexandria. Geniuses in the Italian Renaissance gave was to 17th-century annotators, theorists, and academicians. The century from Shakespeare to Milton inspired an 18th-century symbolized by Dr. Johnson’s biographies and dictionary. Whatever the truth of this generate–contemplate pattern, it seems to describe the evolution of radio programs and radio studies. The heady early days of novel shows like Amos ’n’ Andy devolved into today’s all music or talk shows; the desultory thoughts of Golden Age reviewers have expanded into voluminous modern essays on communication laws, networks, sound effects, technologies, performers, and individual series. Thus, Alfred Balk’s The Rise of Radio comfortably belongs in our age of recapitulation. His rationale for yet another study makes sense to those dedicated fans who have dutifully perused specialized volumes on radio tubes, premiums, and soap operas. Feeling the lack of “a readable one-volume narrative that portrayed in journalistic form the sweeping drama of radio history,” (p. 13), the author provides one. His admirably clear prose sums up a dizzying array of previous histories. Balk proceeds chronologically as he retells how pioneers combined with visionaries to create “a belle epoque in American culture” (p. 12). Marconi, Fessenden, de Forest, and Armstrong supplied Hugo Gernsback, “Doc” Herrold, and David Sarnoff with the mechanisms to simultaneously reach listeners almost everywhere with the world’s most comprehensive mix of entertainment and information. When the book continues with the westward migration of talent to Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit, a reader both follows and appreciates how the phenomenon grew. The last two sections recount the entrance of advertising agencies and the antagonism of newspapers. Next, the author reviews the individual histories of radio’s myriad genres: comedy, sitcoms, adventure, kids’, women’s, drama, music, news, quiz, and historic shows. The final section becomes elegiac. Switching his method from annalistic to analytical, the author finds much to disturb him in post-World War II developments: network splits, the emergence of television, and, finally, the disappearance of local scheduling. He backs up his claim of “a legacy lost” (p. 282) by spotlighting the negative results of deregulation and current pandering to segmented audiences: infantile or sensational news, lack of hometown or minority ownership, a flood of advertising, loss of any public responsibility, threats to free elections. His emotion inspires rather than weakens his prose. While lamenting the prevalence of current mean-spirited talk/call-in offerings, Balk writes, “Drumfires of demagoguery and demonizing debase the public discourse and, by ignoring or politically deni-

一些文化历史学家声称，创造的时代会导致评论的时代。雅典的埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯和阿里斯托芬等革新者紧随其后的是亚历山大的评论家。意大利文艺复兴时期的天才给了17世纪的注释家、理论家和学者。从莎士比亚到弥尔顿的这个世纪激发了以约翰逊博士的传记和词典为象征的18世纪。不管这种生成-思考模式的真实性如何，它似乎描述了无线电节目和无线电研究的演变。像《阿莫斯和安迪》(Amos ' n ' Andy)这样令人兴奋的早期小说类节目演变成了今天的音乐或谈话类节目;黄金时代评论家散漫的思想已经扩展成大量关于传播规律、网络、声音效果、技术、表演者和个人系列的现代论文。因此，阿尔弗雷德·巴尔克的《广播的兴起》恰如其分地属于我们这个重述的时代。他的另一项研究的基本原理对那些忠实的粉丝来说是有意义的，他们忠实地阅读了有关无线电波、溢价和肥皂剧的专门书籍。由于缺乏“一种可读的单卷叙事，以新闻的形式描绘广播史上的大戏剧”(第13页)，作者提供了一种。他那令人钦佩的清晰的散文总结了一系列令人眼花缭乱的历史。巴尔克继续按时间顺序叙述先驱者如何与梦想家结合，创造了“美国文化的美好时代”(第12页)。马可尼、费森登、德·福里斯特和阿姆斯特朗为雨果·根斯巴克、“医生”赫罗德和大卫·萨尔诺夫提供了一种机制，可以同时向几乎所有地方的听众提供世界上最全面的娱乐和信息组合。当这本书继续讲述人才向西迁移到芝加哥、辛辛那提和底特律时，读者既关注又欣赏这种现象是如何发展的。最后两节叙述了广告公司的进入和报纸的对抗。接下来，作者回顾了广播的无数类型的个人历史:喜剧、情景喜剧、冒险、儿童、妇女、戏剧、音乐、新闻、测验和历史节目。最后一部分变成了哀歌。作者将他的方法从年鉴转向分析，在二战后的发展中发现了许多困扰他的事情:网络分裂，电视的出现，最后，地方调度的消失。他通过强调放松管制和目前迎合细分受众的负面结果来支持他的“遗产丢失”(第282页)的主张:幼稚或耸人听闻的新闻，缺乏家乡或少数股权，大量广告，失去任何公共责任，对自由选举的威胁。他的情感不但没有削弱他的散文，反而鼓舞了他。巴尔克哀叹当前普遍存在的意气风发的谈话/电话服务，他写道:“煽动和妖魔化的鼓声贬低了公共话语，通过忽视或政治否认

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引用次数: 1

Out of Eden: The Legion of Decency, the FCC, and Mae West's 1937 Appearance on The Chase & Sanborn Hour 走出伊甸园:体面军团，联邦通信委员会，以及梅·韦斯特1937年在《追逐与桑伯恩小时》上的亮相

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313388

Steve Craig

During a 1937 appearance on NBC's top-rated Chase & Sanborn Hour, Hollywood icon Mae West starred in a comedy skit based on the Garden of Eden that drew complaints of indecency from offended listeners. Much of the reaction came from Catholic reformers seeking to expand the Legion of Decency's influence to radio. The sponsor and network apologized, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a letter of reprimand to NBC and its affiliates. This action spurred a backlash among critics, who charged the FCC with censorship. The incident was an important landmark in the prewar debate over government's role in regulating radio.

1937年，好莱坞偶像梅·韦斯特(Mae West)在NBC收视率最高的《蔡斯与桑伯恩时刻》(Chase & Sanborn Hour)中出演了一部以伊甸园为原型的喜剧小品，引起了听众的不满，他们抱怨这部小品不雅。大部分的反应来自天主教改革者，他们试图将体面军团的影响力扩大到广播领域。赞助商和电视台为此道歉，美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)向NBC及其附属公司发出了一封谴责信。这一举动激起了批评人士的强烈反对，他们指责联邦通信委员会进行审查。这一事件是战前关于政府在管制无线电方面的角色的辩论中的一个重要里程碑。

引用次数: 2

Robert L. Hilliard and Michael C. Keith, The Quieted Voice: The Rise and Demise of Localism in American Radio 罗伯特·l·希利亚德和迈克尔·c·基思，《安静的声音:美国广播中地方主义的兴起与消亡》

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313552

Keith Brand

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Linear Versus Nonlinear Listening to Radio News on Recall and Comprehension 线性与非线性收听广播新闻对记忆和理解的影响

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313222

Hesham Mesbah

This study examines the effect of mode of listening to radio news on cognitive processes. An experimental design using 82 undergraduates from Kuwait University was employed to test the research hypotheses. The stimulus is a real newscast that was recorded and manipulated into four versions in line with the research problem: Traditional radio newscast, online newscast played with one click, linear interactive netcast with a click for each news item, and a support activity condition in which additional links for details were added to each link. The study showed that nonlinear news listening yields better levels of news recall and comprehension. Moderate levels of interactivity on sites of radio news caused better memory performance compared to lower and higher levels of interactivity.

本研究探讨了收听广播新闻的方式对认知过程的影响。采用科威特大学82名本科生的实验设计对研究假设进行检验。刺激是一个真实的新闻广播，并根据研究问题被录制和操纵成四个版本:传统的广播新闻广播，一键播放的在线新闻广播，点击每条新闻的线性交互式网络广播，以及一个支持活动条件，其中每个链接都添加了额外的细节链接。研究表明，非线性新闻听力产生了更好的新闻回忆和理解水平。与较低和较高的互动水平相比，在广播新闻网站上适度的互动水平会产生更好的记忆表现。

引用次数: 9

Public Radio Talk Show Hosts and Social Conflict: An Analysis of Self-Reported Roles During Debates and Discussion 公共广播谈话节目主持人与社会冲突:辩论和讨论中自我报告角色的分析

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313446

Johannes Botes, Jennifer E. Langdon

By interviewing and thus gathering data from 10 prominent public radio talk show hosts as to how they perceive their tasks and actions during conflict-related debates and discussions, the authors were able to categorize these self-reflections in terms of the hosts' overall communicative, directive, and procedural strategies. This article reflects on the degree to which these activities define the overall roles of public radio talk show hosts and especially on whether these social actors perceive their moderating roles as a form of third party intervention similar to the work of facilitators or mediators of social conflict.

通过采访并收集10位著名的公共广播脱口秀主持人的数据，了解他们在与冲突有关的辩论和讨论中如何看待自己的任务和行动，作者能够根据主持人的整体沟通、指导和程序策略对这些自我反思进行分类。本文反映了这些活动在多大程度上定义了公共广播脱口秀主持人的整体角色，特别是这些社会演员是否将他们的调节角色视为一种类似于社会冲突促进者或调解者的第三方干预形式。

引用次数: 7

Radio as an Instrument of Protest: The History of Bush Radio 广播作为抗议的工具:布什广播的历史

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313420

T. Bosch

This article provides a historical account of Bush Radio, the oldest community radio station in Africa, based in Cape Town, South Africa. The creation of Bush Radio's precursor, the Cassette Education Trust (CASET) was a pivotal moment for the emergence of community radio on the continent. This people's history of Bush Radio tells the full story through the voices of the founders and staff, together with other sources of historical data. The article argues that although the apartheid state constructed essentialist racial and ethnic categories, CASET and later Bush Radio constantly positioned themselves in a space of liminality to interrogate and redefine these categories. Privileging an instrumentalist approach, this article shows the connections between ideology, politics, and economics as they converge to form the industrial structure, the political environment, and the cultural product of broadcasting.

这篇文章提供了一个历史帐户的布什电台，在非洲最古老的社区广播电台，总部设在开普敦，南非。布什广播的前身卡带教育信托基金(CASET)的创立是非洲大陆社区广播出现的关键时刻。这是布什电台的人民历史，通过创始人和员工的声音，以及其他历史数据来源，讲述了完整的故事。本文认为，尽管种族隔离国家构建了本质主义的种族和民族类别，CASET和后来的布什电台不断地将自己定位在一个阈限的空间中，以质疑和重新定义这些类别。本文利用工具主义的方法，展示了意识形态、政治和经济三者之间的联系，因为它们汇聚在一起，形成了广播的产业结构、政治环境和文化产品。

引用次数: 25

It's Just Your Imagination: The Effect of Imagery on Recognition of Product- Versus Non-Product-Related Information in Radio Advertisements 这只是你的想象:图像对广播广告中产品与非产品相关信息识别的影响

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313263

P. Bolls

This experiment tested the effects of imagery on recognition of product- versus non-product-related information in radio ads. Participants listened to four high-imagery and four low-imagery, 60-second spots. After a distracter task, participants were given a four alternative, forced choice, recognition test. The recognition test consisted of three product-related and three non-product-related questions for each ad. Recognition of product-related information was significantly lower than recognition of non-product information in high-imagery ads. There was no significant difference between recognition of productversus non-product information in low-imagery spots. Theoretical and practical implications of the results for understanding information processing of radio and producing effective high-imagery radio spots are discussed.

这个实验测试了电台广告中图像对产品和非产品相关信息识别的影响。参与者听了四个高图像和四个低图像，60秒的广告。在完成一项干扰任务后，参与者进行了四种选择、强迫选择和识别测试。识别测试包括三个与产品相关的问题和三个与产品无关的问题。在高图像广告中，产品相关信息的识别率明显低于非产品信息的识别率。在低图像广告中，产品信息与非产品信息的识别率没有显著差异。讨论了该结果对理解无线电信息处理和产生有效的高像点的理论和实际意义。

引用次数: 8

Robert S. Fortner, Radio Morality and Culture: Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1919�1945 罗伯特·s·福特纳:《无线电道德与文化:英国、加拿大和美国，1919 - 1945》

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313495

D. Cullen

The catalyst for the success of talk radio since 1992 has been the decision by programmers to debate societal values over the airwaves: the cultural wars. Seventy years earlier, during the first decades of broadcast radio, a similar debate occurred within the industry. The rapid modernization of society created, for many, a sense of losing control of one’s life, especially one’s moral life. In the 1920s, various groups fought a rearguard action against this loss of control. The Victorian upper class in England, the rural farming communities in the United States, and the new nationalists in Canada all sought to protect their identities from being subsumed by the industrial, urban, corporate society developing within their countries. For each group, the church became their standard bearer. In his book Radio Morality and Culture, Robert Fortner (Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences at Calvin College) examines the relationship between the church and radio in the debate over the cultural role of broadcasting in modern society. Fortner’s study, therefore, provides readers with a cultural analysis of the first quarter century of radio’s existence. Ignoring an economic, biographical, or legislative history of broadcasting’s first decades, Fortner’s narrow focus achieves a more comprehensive profile of the development of radio as a byproduct of its birthplace, modern market capitalism. In eight chapters, he examines the emergence of radio in three distinct societies who only share one common characteristic: All three must adapt to a “quickening” of the pace of life. Each country reacted differently to this challenge. Britain fought to preserve Victorian morality. The United States attempted to create a new morality to reflect the modernization of its society. Canada struggled to create and maintain its new nationalism by fusing morality with identity. In all three cases, the radio broadcasters offered the established church of each country an opportunity to participate in shaping the societal role of radio. Fortner explains why the church failed to make the most of this opportunity. Formed in 1922, the British Broadcasting Company aired the first of its regular weekly religious programming two years later. The BBC consulted with the newly created Religious Advisory Committee about such programming throughout the 1920s. However, by that decade’s end, religious programming as a method to reenforce Victorian values all but disappeared. The Committee focused its attention more on Sunday programming as a threat to church attendance than as a means to communicate church teachings. And because the board of the BBC early on decided on public service as the purpose for British radio, programming rarely challenged the values of the established church. Shaken by the loss of life during World War I, both the Committee and the board of the BBC were not eager to embrace the values expressed by

自1992年以来，脱口秀节目成功的催化剂是节目主持人决定通过广播讨论社会价值观:文化战争。70年前，在广播电台的头几十年里，业内也发生过类似的争论。对许多人来说，社会的快速现代化造成了一种对自己生活，尤其是道德生活失去控制的感觉。在20世纪20年代，不同的组织对这种失控进行了反击。英国维多利亚时代的上层阶级、美国的农村农业社区和加拿大的新民族主义者都试图保护自己的身份，不被本国发展起来的工业、城市和企业社会所同化。对每个群体来说，教会都是他们的旗手。卡尔文学院传播艺术与科学教授罗伯特·福特纳(Robert Fortner)在其著作《广播道德与文化》(Radio Morality and Culture)中，就广播在现代社会中的文化角色展开辩论，探讨了教会与广播之间的关系。因此，福特纳的研究为读者提供了无线电存在的前25年的文化分析。福特纳忽略了广播业最初几十年的经济、传记或立法历史，他的狭隘视角更全面地描绘了广播业作为其发源地——现代市场资本主义——副产品的发展历程。在八章中，他考察了无线电在三个截然不同的社会中的出现，它们只有一个共同的特征:这三个社会都必须适应“加快”的生活节奏。每个国家对这一挑战的反应不同。英国为维护维多利亚时代的道德而战。美国试图创造一种新的道德来反映其社会的现代化。加拿大努力通过将道德与身份融合来创造和维持其新的民族主义。在这三种情况下，广播电台为每个国家的国教提供了参与塑造广播的社会作用的机会。福特纳解释了为什么教会没有充分利用这个机会。英国广播公司成立于1922年，两年后播出了第一期定期的每周宗教节目。20世纪20年代，英国广播公司与新成立的宗教咨询委员会就此类节目进行了磋商。然而，到那个年代末，宗教节目作为一种强化维多利亚价值观的方法几乎消失了。委员会的注意力更多地集中在星期天节目编排对教会出席率的威胁，而不是作为传播教会教义的手段。由于BBC董事会很早就决定将公共服务作为英国广播的宗旨，因此节目很少挑战教会的价值观。第一次世界大战期间的生命损失动摇了委员会和英国广播公司董事会，他们都不急于接受他所表达的价值观

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引用次数: 0

Back to the Future: Allegheny Mountain Radio and Localism in West Virginia Community Radio 回到未来:阿勒格尼山电台和西弗吉尼亚州社区电台的地方主义

Journal of Radio Studies

Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10955040701313297

M. Reed, Ralph E. Hanson

Community radio is a form of noncommercial broadcasting designed to serve audiences in a specific geographic area. In recent years, community radio has become a viable alternative to both commercial and public radio, which produce nationally oriented programming designed to attract mass audiences. The value and impact of community radio can be seen through the work of Allegheny Mountain Radio, a three-station network serving a rural and geographically isolated region of southern West Virginia and Virginia.

社区广播是一种非商业广播形式，旨在为特定地理区域的听众提供服务。近年来，社区广播电台已成为商业和公共广播电台的可行替代方案，后者制作面向全国的节目，旨在吸引广大听众。社区电台的价值和影响可以通过阿勒格尼山电台的工作看到，阿勒格尼山电台是一个三站网络，服务于西弗吉尼亚州南部偏远的农村地区。

引用次数: 14

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