Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_10
D. Cullen
With some persons predicting the soon-to-be demise of network media (radio and television), Transmitting the Past reminds readers that network broadcasting was, not too long ago, an innovative technology that influenced the direction of law, popular culture, and modern advertising. Consisting of an introduction and nine essays, Transmitting the Past provides cultural studies of specific events in the history of 20th-century broadcasting from the inventor of wireless technology to the cast of Cheers. The breadth of this anthology provides the editors—both professors of communications and journalism at Auburn University—an opportunity to explore important historical events of broadcasting through the intersection of traditional historical analysis and contemporary critical theory. Eight of the essays consist of profiles of events in radio and television (four for each media), whereas the remaining essay examines the emergence of women in both radio and television broadcasting. Three of the essays are notable for rescuing important transitional periods in the first 50 years of broadcasting. Michele Hilmes, “Femmes Boff Program Toppers: Women Break Into Prime Time, 1943–1948,” reminds readers of the path-breaking careers of such figures as Judy Canova, Martha Rountree, and Hattie McDaniel. Wartime scarcity and corporate program packaging explain why an avenue for women to become hosts of shows occurred during World War II. But Hilmes demonstrates that the beginnings of sophisticated audience research may have been the more important catalyst in the network search for talented women. Advertisers realized that women were the primary purchasers of consumer items, and thus increasing numbers of radio and television ads featured or were aimed at women. Businesswomen such as Canova, Rountree and, in the 1950s, Lucille Ball, used this philosophy to their advantage and became not merely the stars but the producers of their own shows. Most readers would agree that the arrival of the Beatles in 1964 changed AM radio, but Matthew Killmeier reminds us that fans listened to the group on their car radios. Killmeier’s “Space and Speed of Sound: Mobile Media, 1950s Broadcasting, and Suburbia” profiles an important change in listening habits. Before World War II, the radio “functioned as foreground,” as the centerpiece of the living room; however, in postwar America, “radio increasingly became background” (p. 164). Americans were on the move from city to suburbia, from home to office, or from one city to another. Listeners did not have the time for half-hour or hour-long dramas or comedies. Station managers adjusted their programming to reflect these new listening habits. Popular songs, short newsbreaks, and weather updates became the staples of radio broadcasting by the mid-1950s. In 1957, for example, 69.1% of all radio programming consisted of music and news. Journal of Radio Studies/November 2005
{"title":"Book Review—J. Emmett Winn and Susan L. Brinson, eds., Transmitting the Past: Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Broadcasting","authors":"D. Cullen","doi":"10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_10","url":null,"abstract":"With some persons predicting the soon-to-be demise of network media (radio and television), Transmitting the Past reminds readers that network broadcasting was, not too long ago, an innovative technology that influenced the direction of law, popular culture, and modern advertising. Consisting of an introduction and nine essays, Transmitting the Past provides cultural studies of specific events in the history of 20th-century broadcasting from the inventor of wireless technology to the cast of Cheers. The breadth of this anthology provides the editors—both professors of communications and journalism at Auburn University—an opportunity to explore important historical events of broadcasting through the intersection of traditional historical analysis and contemporary critical theory. Eight of the essays consist of profiles of events in radio and television (four for each media), whereas the remaining essay examines the emergence of women in both radio and television broadcasting. Three of the essays are notable for rescuing important transitional periods in the first 50 years of broadcasting. Michele Hilmes, “Femmes Boff Program Toppers: Women Break Into Prime Time, 1943–1948,” reminds readers of the path-breaking careers of such figures as Judy Canova, Martha Rountree, and Hattie McDaniel. Wartime scarcity and corporate program packaging explain why an avenue for women to become hosts of shows occurred during World War II. But Hilmes demonstrates that the beginnings of sophisticated audience research may have been the more important catalyst in the network search for talented women. Advertisers realized that women were the primary purchasers of consumer items, and thus increasing numbers of radio and television ads featured or were aimed at women. Businesswomen such as Canova, Rountree and, in the 1950s, Lucille Ball, used this philosophy to their advantage and became not merely the stars but the producers of their own shows. Most readers would agree that the arrival of the Beatles in 1964 changed AM radio, but Matthew Killmeier reminds us that fans listened to the group on their car radios. Killmeier’s “Space and Speed of Sound: Mobile Media, 1950s Broadcasting, and Suburbia” profiles an important change in listening habits. Before World War II, the radio “functioned as foreground,” as the centerpiece of the living room; however, in postwar America, “radio increasingly became background” (p. 164). Americans were on the move from city to suburbia, from home to office, or from one city to another. Listeners did not have the time for half-hour or hour-long dramas or comedies. Station managers adjusted their programming to reflect these new listening habits. Popular songs, short newsbreaks, and weather updates became the staples of radio broadcasting by the mid-1950s. In 1957, for example, 69.1% of all radio programming consisted of music and news. Journal of Radio Studies/November 2005","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114339862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_2
Jo Ann Oravec
Air America is a self-identified liberal radio talk show network initiated in the months before the 2004 U.S. presidential election. This article examines Air America's efforts to gain legitimacy in politically tense times as well as attract audience through its use of comic genres. The article explores how its grappling with fundamental questions of political truth versus lies shapes the form and content of its shows. The growing popularity of Web logs may also contribute to the continued existence of the shows: Air America illustrates the reciprocal influences of talk radio and blogs, as well as the roles of both in political interaction.
{"title":"How the Left Does Talk: A Fair and Balanced Examination of Air America Radio","authors":"Jo Ann Oravec","doi":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_2","url":null,"abstract":"Air America is a self-identified liberal radio talk show network initiated in the months before the 2004 U.S. presidential election. This article examines Air America's efforts to gain legitimacy in politically tense times as well as attract audience through its use of comic genres. The article explores how its grappling with fundamental questions of political truth versus lies shapes the form and content of its shows. The growing popularity of Web logs may also contribute to the continued existence of the shows: Air America illustrates the reciprocal influences of talk radio and blogs, as well as the roles of both in political interaction.","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126842292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_4
G. Sussman, J. R. Estes
Across the radio spectrum, there are relatively few stations in the United States that concentrate on community building and sustainability. One of the country's early community radio stations, KBOO-FM in Portland, Oregon, has been on the air since 1968 and has significantly expanded its signal reach and audience during that time. Preceding National Public Radio, KBOO is the outcome of a Portland grassroots activist movement that initially sought to restore classical music on the local airwaves and eventually concurred on a more radical mission to serve the underserved and to cater to communities at the margins in the metropolitan listening area and beyond. KBOO transmits a potpourri of musical and artistic styles, foreign language programs, and critical news, public affairs, and commentaries—all with a largely volunteer-based governance structure. It also devotes its attention to promoting community-based initiatives. This article focuses on four major community functions served by KBOO community radio: public transmission, radio training, political education and mobilization, and community building and outreach. We conclude with observations about the uses and potential of community radio in developing a rich democratic civil society.
{"title":"KBOO Community Radio: Organizing Portland's Disorderly Possibilities","authors":"G. Sussman, J. R. Estes","doi":"10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_4","url":null,"abstract":"Across the radio spectrum, there are relatively few stations in the United States that concentrate on community building and sustainability. One of the country's early community radio stations, KBOO-FM in Portland, Oregon, has been on the air since 1968 and has significantly expanded its signal reach and audience during that time. Preceding National Public Radio, KBOO is the outcome of a Portland grassroots activist movement that initially sought to restore classical music on the local airwaves and eventually concurred on a more radical mission to serve the underserved and to cater to communities at the margins in the metropolitan listening area and beyond. KBOO transmits a potpourri of musical and artistic styles, foreign language programs, and critical news, public affairs, and commentaries—all with a largely volunteer-based governance structure. It also devotes its attention to promoting community-based initiatives. This article focuses on four major community functions served by KBOO community radio: public transmission, radio training, political education and mobilization, and community building and outreach. We conclude with observations about the uses and potential of community radio in developing a rich democratic civil society.","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122851763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_3
E. Perse, J. S. Butler
This study focused on call-in talk radio because it provides a unique opportunity to test competing hypotheses drawn from two different perspectives about the appeal of media programming. A good deal of research on call-in talk radio grows from a deficiency perspective, which holds that people seek out media content to fill gaps in their lives. More recent research, however, suggests that, like the selection of other media content, the appeal of talk radio lies in enrichment, or its ability to provide content for specialized interests. A random telephone survey tested competing hypotheses that compared listeners to call-in talk radio with nonlisteners. For the most part, the results supported an enrichment explanation. Compared to nonlisteners, listeners to call-in talk radio listened to the programs for information, perceived themselves as more mobile, and valued arguments. Compared to nonlisteners, callers to the programs were also more civically engaged. Moreover, listening to various subformats of talk radio programs was also likely to signal enrichment.
{"title":"Call-In Talk Radio: Compensation or Enrichment","authors":"E. Perse, J. S. Butler","doi":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_3","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on call-in talk radio because it provides a unique opportunity to test competing hypotheses drawn from two different perspectives about the appeal of media programming. A good deal of research on call-in talk radio grows from a deficiency perspective, which holds that people seek out media content to fill gaps in their lives. More recent research, however, suggests that, like the selection of other media content, the appeal of talk radio lies in enrichment, or its ability to provide content for specialized interests. A random telephone survey tested competing hypotheses that compared listeners to call-in talk radio with nonlisteners. For the most part, the results supported an enrichment explanation. Compared to nonlisteners, listeners to call-in talk radio listened to the programs for information, perceived themselves as more mobile, and valued arguments. Compared to nonlisteners, callers to the programs were also more civically engaged. Moreover, listening to various subformats of talk radio programs was also likely to signal enrichment.","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122217848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_12
Douglas A. Ferguson
This bibliography is a compilation of recent dissertations and master’s theses in thearea of radio studies. All information was retrieved June 14, 2005, from DissertationsAbstracts International(DAI) via the online information service, FirstSearch. This ed-ited and reformatted list resumes where the most recent in a series of previous effortsended, using the same boldface format (see Vol. 10, No. 2, 2003, pp. 291–292).
{"title":"A Selected Bibliography of Dissertations and Master's Theses on Radio Studies","authors":"Douglas A. Ferguson","doi":"10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/S15506843JRS1202_12","url":null,"abstract":"This bibliography is a compilation of recent dissertations and master’s theses in thearea of radio studies. All information was retrieved June 14, 2005, from DissertationsAbstracts International(DAI) via the online information service, FirstSearch. This ed-ited and reformatted list resumes where the most recent in a series of previous effortsended, using the same boldface format (see Vol. 10, No. 2, 2003, pp. 291–292).","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122457810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_7
A. Clark, Thomas B. Christie
As some countries discontinue or cut back on the use of international broadcasting, the United States continues to develop and use its international radio broadcast resources such as Radio Sawa, taking advantage of new technology and programming formats. By applying systems theory to the framework of facilitative communication, this article illuminates the U.S. government's use of Radio Sawa and the overall nature of U.S. government broadcasting efforts to reach young Middle East audiences. The research shows that Radio Sawa does not operate in a vacuum but is affected by many systemic influences, including the U.S. government, intermediaries such as the Broadcasting Board of Governors and Middle East Television Network, a complex audience, and environmental forces such as technology, political events, and economics.
{"title":"Winning Hearts: A Framework for Understanding the Use of Facilitative Communication in U.S. International Radio Broadcasting in the Middle East","authors":"A. Clark, Thomas B. Christie","doi":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_7","url":null,"abstract":"As some countries discontinue or cut back on the use of international broadcasting, the United States continues to develop and use its international radio broadcast resources such as Radio Sawa, taking advantage of new technology and programming formats. By applying systems theory to the framework of facilitative communication, this article illuminates the U.S. government's use of Radio Sawa and the overall nature of U.S. government broadcasting efforts to reach young Middle East audiences. The research shows that Radio Sawa does not operate in a vacuum but is affected by many systemic influences, including the U.S. government, intermediaries such as the Broadcasting Board of Governors and Middle East Television Network, a complex audience, and environmental forces such as technology, political events, and economics.","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132788733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_1
Douglas A. Ferguson
{"title":"Editor's Comments","authors":"Douglas A. Ferguson","doi":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121182420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_9
Michael C. Robinson
Editor Susan Merrill Squier opens her own first essay of this collection of essays by different authors with a quotation from Marshall McLuhan: “Radio ... transforms the relation of everyone to everybody, regardless of programming” (p. 1). Rarely has meaningless been combined with portentous to less effect. It is not a promising opening to a work that has the potential to be engrossing. Thirteen essays, including two from Squier, attempt to cast light on radio’s place in culture and the previous century. It is a big job and a good try. Inevitably it will either be received enthusiastically, or condemned, according to the reader’s degree of agreement with the topics covered. Inevitably, in a work whose title alludes to such scope, the content is highly selective. The range is wide, from the shape of early use of the technology, to the strategic use of gendered address in the 1950s. The titles are grand, even pretentious: “Compromising Technologies: Government, the Radio Hobby, and the Discourse of Catastrophe in the Twentieth Century” (Bruce Campbell), although Martin Spinelli’s title “Not Hearing Poetry on Public Radio” admirably incorporates humor in its succinct brevity. I was intrigued by Laura Hillenbrand’s passage, mysteriously placed unremarked as an opening to the book, in which she concludes: “Enabling virtually all citizens to experience noteworthy events simultaneously and in entertaining form”—as if this were an admirable and necessary pairing—“radio created a vast common culture in America, arguably the first true mass culture the world has ever seen” (n.p.). There are so many meaningless clichés in this sentence alone that the edifice of the entire book teeters before it even reaches the first page. Suffice to say, from my point of view, radio’s greatest achievement was not “infotainment” as she seems to suggest. Neither was radio ever a homogeneous mass (although it is increasingly becoming more of one than it ever has been, certainly more than it was at the height of Seabiscuit’s racing career). Nor is radio a culture, fortunately. If radio really had created a “vast common culture,” we should have something to worry about. As to it being “the first true mass culture the world has ever seen.” Oh dear! Haven’t we heard of religion? The first part of Squier’s own first essay, “Communities of the Air: Introducing the Radio World,” starts out as what, in the context of a doctoral dissertation, would count as the review of the literature devoted to the subject. In a book, there seems little reason for such a summary of other writings. She then summarizes the content of the book and finally,on the23rdpage, reviewsanotherbook—E.BoydSmith’s, Fun in theRadioWorld (1923)—to which she devotes the remaining 6 pages of her chapter. There are 12 other essays here, to which I judged it impossible to do justice in the space of this review. Instead, I decided to focus my interest on one essay, about something I know little, since I am neither Black
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Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_5
D. Dunaway
The Pacifica Radio Network has served as a template for community broadcasting, introducing listener-sponsorship, the program guide, and key fund-raising techniques. This article offers a critical reading of the Pacifica Foundation's history, based on the social theory of Max Weber and Anthony Giddens. Over the last half-century, crises at the Pacifica Radio Network—a progenitor of community broadcasting—have been reported around the world. What are the root causes of these tensions: and what do they tell us about the production and distribution of radical, community-oriented media?
{"title":"Pacifica Radio and Community Broadcasting","authors":"D. Dunaway","doi":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_5","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacifica Radio Network has served as a template for community broadcasting, introducing listener-sponsorship, the program guide, and key fund-raising techniques. This article offers a critical reading of the Pacifica Foundation's history, based on the social theory of Max Weber and Anthony Giddens. Over the last half-century, crises at the Pacifica Radio Network—a progenitor of community broadcasting—have been reported around the world. What are the root causes of these tensions: and what do they tell us about the production and distribution of radical, community-oriented media?","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123425246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1207/s15506843jrs1201_3
R. Abelman
This investigation explores the interaction between radio listenership, station attributes, branding and promotional strategies, and their impact on total audience and target audience transference during frequency switching. A multistation, single market switch in frequencies serves as the focus of this case study analysis. Although the enhancement or deterioration of signal strength is a primary contributor, stations whose formats had the greatest competition within the market and who had highly accurate and accessible Web sites did the best job of product differentiation through station branding and were most effective in maintaining and, in some cases, increasing audience share.
{"title":"Tuning In to Radio: Promoting Audience Transference During Frequency Shifts","authors":"R. Abelman","doi":"10.1207/s15506843jrs1201_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506843jrs1201_3","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation explores the interaction between radio listenership, station attributes, branding and promotional strategies, and their impact on total audience and target audience transference during frequency switching. A multistation, single market switch in frequencies serves as the focus of this case study analysis. Although the enhancement or deterioration of signal strength is a primary contributor, stations whose formats had the greatest competition within the market and who had highly accurate and accessible Web sites did the best job of product differentiation through station branding and were most effective in maintaining and, in some cases, increasing audience share.","PeriodicalId":331997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radio Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130976117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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