China and the United States are two major economic powers that are currently engaged in trade and are using different strategies to enhance their bilateral relations. The main objective of this research is to analyze the policies and activities that these nations are using to promote and advance their trade relations, which will likely result in financial and political benefits in the long run. This investigation is primarily based on secondary sources such as scientific and scholarly journals, research papers, books, and articles related to the topic at hand. The study comprehensively explores a variety of factors impacting trade relations between China and the United States. This includes examining bilateral treaties, one-phase agreements, the Belt and Road Initiative, the Australia, UK, and US Security Pact, policies aimed at achieving competitive advantage, as well as cooperation in addressing regional and global issues to promote trade relations between the two countries. The trade conflict between the two countries is very serious. According to the study, China and the US pursue many comprehensive and conventional barriers, such as a lack of registered goods in each nation, a rise in trade imbalance, tax disparities, a lack of business ties, the Quad, the conflict in the South China Sea, bilaterally sensitive issues, the Taiwan dispute, and environmental conditions and policies. If both countries could solve these problems then relations between the two countries would be improved in the 21st century.
{"title":"The China-US Economic Relationship in the Early 21st Century","authors":"Sayedur Rahman, Ummea Asma Sultana","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64575","url":null,"abstract":"China and the United States are two major economic powers that are currently engaged in trade and are using different strategies to enhance their bilateral relations. The main objective of this research is to analyze the policies and activities that these nations are using to promote and advance their trade relations, which will likely result in financial and political benefits in the long run. This investigation is primarily based on secondary sources such as scientific and scholarly journals, research papers, books, and articles related to the topic at hand. The study comprehensively explores a variety of factors impacting trade relations between China and the United States. This includes examining bilateral treaties, one-phase agreements, the Belt and Road Initiative, the Australia, UK, and US Security Pact, policies aimed at achieving competitive advantage, as well as cooperation in addressing regional and global issues to promote trade relations between the two countries. The trade conflict between the two countries is very serious. According to the study, China and the US pursue many comprehensive and conventional barriers, such as a lack of registered goods in each nation, a rise in trade imbalance, tax disparities, a lack of business ties, the Quad, the conflict in the South China Sea, bilaterally sensitive issues, the Taiwan dispute, and environmental conditions and policies. If both countries could solve these problems then relations between the two countries would be improved in the 21st century. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140722865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rudyard Kipling has been judged as an advocate of imperialism in his novels, particularly in Kim, where he implies the message that the Britishers are the finest race to rule the land they have colonized. He has set his novel in India from the colonial and oriental perspectives. This research article, in general, is a study and analysis on what oriental perspectives Kipling has represented in his description of the land and characterization of the Indian people and how he has shown English superiority on them in the novel. The research is based on primary and secondary data. Discussion and analysis of the data are carried out through inducting reasoning, applying the post-colonial perspective of Orientalism propounded by Edward Said in his book Orientalism. This paper particularly attempts to interpret the way Kipling has characterized the protagonist, and the way he has depicted socio-cultural and geopolitical contexts through which the colonial message of English superiority upon colonized land and peoples is conveyed. The finding shows that Kipling has shaped the protagonist, an Irish boy under fifteen, as an able English personality to influence, control, dominate and lead Indian natives in many occasions. He has been presented as decisive role player upon the natives he is associated with. The protagonist’s presence in the novel gives the colonial message that India and Indians are still unable to rule themselves well and save their land from their enemies. Therefore, they need English people to rule the country for their prosperity and protection.
{"title":"Rudyard Kipling’s Oriental Perspective and Representation in Kim","authors":"Yog Raj Paudel","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64563","url":null,"abstract":"Rudyard Kipling has been judged as an advocate of imperialism in his novels, particularly in Kim, where he implies the message that the Britishers are the finest race to rule the land they have colonized. He has set his novel in India from the colonial and oriental perspectives. This research article, in general, is a study and analysis on what oriental perspectives Kipling has represented in his description of the land and characterization of the Indian people and how he has shown English superiority on them in the novel. The research is based on primary and secondary data. Discussion and analysis of the data are carried out through inducting reasoning, applying the post-colonial perspective of Orientalism propounded by Edward Said in his book Orientalism. This paper particularly attempts to interpret the way Kipling has characterized the protagonist, and the way he has depicted socio-cultural and geopolitical contexts through which the colonial message of English superiority upon colonized land and peoples is conveyed. The finding shows that Kipling has shaped the protagonist, an Irish boy under fifteen, as an able English personality to influence, control, dominate and lead Indian natives in many occasions. He has been presented as decisive role player upon the natives he is associated with. The protagonist’s presence in the novel gives the colonial message that India and Indians are still unable to rule themselves well and save their land from their enemies. Therefore, they need English people to rule the country for their prosperity and protection. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"27 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140721898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines and analyzes the ideations of negative capability postulated by Keats in his “Ode to Autumn”. His negative capability embraces uncertainty, doubt, and ambiguity in poetry, without seeking to impose rational explanations or resolutions. He employs the third- person narration, depersonalized imagery, universal themes, and avoids using personal pronouns in writing the odes. These aspects expose his fundamental concept of negative capability because he desires to remain in doubt, uncertainty, and mysteries by the process of depersonalization of the authorship. He explicates the true nature of beauty in his “Ode to Autumn”. He embraces the mystery and complexity of the ripening of fruits like grapes, apples, gourd and hazelnuts. The bee-hives are filled with honey. The season embodies the contrasting qualities with their harmonious coexistence. Keats explores the occupations of autumn. The season performs various activities in the form of a reaper, a winnower, a gleaner and a cider –presser. Keats juxtaposes the activities of life as well as the passivity/ death in these occupations. He introduces the songs of autumn. The mournful sounds of the gnats, the bleating of the lambs, the singing of the crickets, the whistling of the redbreast and the twittering of the swallows offer the music of autumn. The ambiguities of the abundance and the decline in these songs reflect the cyclical nature of the autumn season. This paper applies the dynamics of the qualitative approach, with an interpretive research design to unveil the beauty of the autumn season.
{"title":"Negative Capability in Keats’s “Ode to Autumn”","authors":"Churamoni Kandel","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64550","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines and analyzes the ideations of negative capability postulated by Keats in his “Ode to Autumn”. His negative capability embraces uncertainty, doubt, and ambiguity in poetry, without seeking to impose rational explanations or resolutions. He employs the third- person narration, depersonalized imagery, universal themes, and avoids using personal pronouns in writing the odes. These aspects expose his fundamental concept of negative capability because he desires to remain in doubt, uncertainty, and mysteries by the process of depersonalization of the authorship. He explicates the true nature of beauty in his “Ode to Autumn”. He embraces the mystery and complexity of the ripening of fruits like grapes, apples, gourd and hazelnuts. The bee-hives are filled with honey. The season embodies the contrasting qualities with their harmonious coexistence. Keats explores the occupations of autumn. The season performs various activities in the form of a reaper, a winnower, a gleaner and a cider –presser. Keats juxtaposes the activities of life as well as the passivity/ death in these occupations. He introduces the songs of autumn. The mournful sounds of the gnats, the bleating of the lambs, the singing of the crickets, the whistling of the redbreast and the twittering of the swallows offer the music of autumn. The ambiguities of the abundance and the decline in these songs reflect the cyclical nature of the autumn season. This paper applies the dynamics of the qualitative approach, with an interpretive research design to unveil the beauty of the autumn season.","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"65 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140725017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traffic route guidance, destination optimization, and optimal route choice are some of the approaches to accelerate the evacuation process of transit-based evacuation problems. Their effectiveness depends upon the evacuee arrival patterns at the pickup locations and their assignment in an appropriate way to the resources in the network. The arrival patterns of the evacuees at different pickup locations might be a constant or random variable, deterministic or stochastic, time-dependent, or flow-dependent, or can be categorized either way. In this work, we are focused on the collections of evacuees at the pickup locations from the danger zone in the earliest arrival flow patterns, which can be further assigned to the transit vehicles in the integrated evacuation network by treating such pickup locations as the sources for the subsequent process to minimize the overall network clearance time from the danger zone to the safety.
{"title":"Role of Earliest Arrival Flow in an Evacuation Network","authors":"I. Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64568","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic route guidance, destination optimization, and optimal route choice are some of the approaches to accelerate the evacuation process of transit-based evacuation problems. Their effectiveness depends upon the evacuee arrival patterns at the pickup locations and their assignment in an appropriate way to the resources in the network. The arrival patterns of the evacuees at different pickup locations might be a constant or random variable, deterministic or stochastic, time-dependent, or flow-dependent, or can be categorized either way. In this work, we are focused on the collections of evacuees at the pickup locations from the danger zone in the earliest arrival flow patterns, which can be further assigned to the transit vehicles in the integrated evacuation network by treating such pickup locations as the sources for the subsequent process to minimize the overall network clearance time from the danger zone to the safety. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140720639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research article delves into the philosophical foundations of the novel, Echoes, which centers on the central character’s pursuit, as a teacher, of goodness over greatness and his existential quest for meaning. With the objective of examining the novel’s themes and narrative structure from eco-existential point of view, the study investigates the principles of ecological existentialism and the interplay between human existence and the natural world. Central to this exploration, as the research questions, are the concepts of solitude, freedom, and Karma, which the author employs to advocate for existentialism within an ecological framework. By employing ecocriticism and existentialism as theoretical lenses, the article elucidates how the novel portrays the co-existential relationship between humanity and ecology, emphasizing human responsibility and the freedom to imbue life with meaning. This analysis is significant in fostering environmental values and highlighting the interconnectedness of human existence and the natural environment. The study underscores the novel’s potential to illuminate paths towards ecological harmony and deepen understanding of existential philosophy, particularly as it pertains to questions of individuality, freedom, and the search for meaning in the context of environmental ethics. Ultimately, it advocates for a holistic approach to existence that acknowledges the profound influence of ecological factors on human life and underscores the importance of aligning existential values with environmental stewardship.
{"title":"Ecological Existentialism in Echoes: Existence of Human Life and Nature","authors":"Keshav Raj Chalise","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v4i1.64552","url":null,"abstract":"This research article delves into the philosophical foundations of the novel, Echoes, which centers on the central character’s pursuit, as a teacher, of goodness over greatness and his existential quest for meaning. With the objective of examining the novel’s themes and narrative structure from eco-existential point of view, the study investigates the principles of ecological existentialism and the interplay between human existence and the natural world. Central to this exploration, as the research questions, are the concepts of solitude, freedom, and Karma, which the author employs to advocate for existentialism within an ecological framework. By employing ecocriticism and existentialism as theoretical lenses, the article elucidates how the novel portrays the co-existential relationship between humanity and ecology, emphasizing human responsibility and the freedom to imbue life with meaning. This analysis is significant in fostering environmental values and highlighting the interconnectedness of human existence and the natural environment. The study underscores the novel’s potential to illuminate paths towards ecological harmony and deepen understanding of existential philosophy, particularly as it pertains to questions of individuality, freedom, and the search for meaning in the context of environmental ethics. Ultimately, it advocates for a holistic approach to existence that acknowledges the profound influence of ecological factors on human life and underscores the importance of aligning existential values with environmental stewardship.","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"137 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140725296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flow maximization, time minimization, and cost minimization are three main aspects of mathematical optimization problems. The evacuation planning problems are about flow maximization and/or time minimization problems in different dynamic evacuation networks. The quickest transshipment problem in such a network is to send exactly the right amount of flow out of each source and into each sink in the minimum overall time. In evacuation planning problems, the term flow stands for either the evacuees or the evacuees carrying vehicles. Here, we use the quickest transshipment strategy in a prioritized evacuation network. It consists of a collection and an assignment sub-network as the primary and secondary sub-networks, respectively. Pick-up locations are prioritized in the collection network. By treating such pick-up locations as sources, the available set of transit buses is assigned in the assignment sub-network to shift the evacuees to the sinks to achieve the quickest transshipment. Such an evacuation planning strategy is better suited for the simultaneous collection, assignment, and evacuation process in the prioritized evacuation network.
{"title":"Quickest Transshipment in the Prioritized Evacuation Network","authors":"I. Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52108","url":null,"abstract":"Flow maximization, time minimization, and cost minimization are three main aspects of mathematical optimization problems. The evacuation planning problems are about flow maximization and/or time minimization problems in different dynamic evacuation networks. The quickest transshipment problem in such a network is to send exactly the right amount of flow out of each source and into each sink in the minimum overall time. In evacuation planning problems, the term flow stands for either the evacuees or the evacuees carrying vehicles. Here, we use the quickest transshipment strategy in a prioritized evacuation network. It consists of a collection and an assignment sub-network as the primary and secondary sub-networks, respectively. Pick-up locations are prioritized in the collection network. By treating such pick-up locations as sources, the available set of transit buses is assigned in the assignment sub-network to shift the evacuees to the sinks to achieve the quickest transshipment. Such an evacuation planning strategy is better suited for the simultaneous collection, assignment, and evacuation process in the prioritized evacuation network.","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115494620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
प्रस्तुत ‘साल्गीको बलात्कृत आँसु’कथामा वर्गीय द्वन्द्व शीर्षकको आलेख माक्र्सवादी वर्गीय चिन्तनका कोणबाट कथालाई विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको हो । आलेख तयार पार्ने सन्दर्भमा मूलतः पुस्तकालय कार्यको उपयोग गरी संकलन गरिएका प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीहरूको अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त तथ्यलाई तर्क, प्रमाण÷साक्ष्य र उदाहरणका आधारमा पुष्टि गरिएको छ । कथामा प्रयुक्त ल्वाँगे घर्ती, सरदार्नी लगायतका पात्रहरूले शोषक र सामन्त वर्गको प्रतिनिधित्व गरेका छन् भने साल्गी, साल्गीकी आमा, आवा लगायतका पात्रहरूले शोषितपीडित वर्गको प्रतिनिधित्व गरेका छन् । खासगरी ल्वाँगे घर्तीजस्तो दलालले गाउँकी सोझी केटी साल्गीलाई आर्थिक प्रलोभनमा पारी जागिर लगाइदिने बहानामा कानपुरको वेश्यालयमा पु¥याई नारकीय जीवन बिताउन बाध्य बनाएको छ । साल्गीको देह व्यापारबाट वेश्यालयकी मालिक्नी सरदार्नी रातारात धनी बनेकी छ तर साल्गी जीर्ण शरीर र विदीर्ण हृदय लिएर गाउँ र घरपरिवारको सम्झनालाई केवल हृदयमा सजाएर बाँच्न विवश छ । वर्गीय चिन्तनका कोणबाट कथालाई दृष्टिगत गर्दा कथाका निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरू गरिबी÷अभाव र अशिक्षाको शिकार, यौन शोषण र प्रताडना, लैङ्गिक उत्पीडनबाट आक््रmान्त छन् । यति हुँदाहुँदै पनि निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरू सम्भ्रान्त वर्गको शोषणका विरुद्ध सशक्त रूपमा उत्रिएका छन् । सम्भ्रान्त वर्गका पात्रहरूको क्रुरतापूर्ण व्यवहारका विरुद्ध निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरूले सङ्घर्ष र विद्रोहको आगो ओकलेका छन् । कार्ल माक्र्सले भनेझैँ सम्भ्रान्त वर्गको शोषण र उत्पीडनबाट मुक्ति पाउनका लागि निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरूले गरेका प्रयत्नका कारण कथा वर्गीय द्वन्द्वका कोणबाट सफल देखिएको छ ।
{"title":"‘साल्गीको बलात्कृत आँसु’ कथामा वर्गीय द्वन्द्व {Class Struggles in Salgi's Raped Tears}","authors":"सुरज Suraj पौडेल Poudel","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52127","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत ‘साल्गीको बलात्कृत आँसु’कथामा वर्गीय द्वन्द्व शीर्षकको आलेख माक्र्सवादी वर्गीय चिन्तनका कोणबाट कथालाई विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको हो । आलेख तयार पार्ने सन्दर्भमा मूलतः पुस्तकालय कार्यको उपयोग गरी संकलन गरिएका प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीहरूको अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त तथ्यलाई तर्क, प्रमाण÷साक्ष्य र उदाहरणका आधारमा पुष्टि गरिएको छ । कथामा प्रयुक्त ल्वाँगे घर्ती, सरदार्नी लगायतका पात्रहरूले शोषक र सामन्त वर्गको प्रतिनिधित्व गरेका छन् भने साल्गी, साल्गीकी आमा, आवा लगायतका पात्रहरूले शोषितपीडित वर्गको प्रतिनिधित्व गरेका छन् । खासगरी ल्वाँगे घर्तीजस्तो दलालले गाउँकी सोझी केटी साल्गीलाई आर्थिक प्रलोभनमा पारी जागिर लगाइदिने बहानामा कानपुरको वेश्यालयमा पु¥याई नारकीय जीवन बिताउन बाध्य बनाएको छ । साल्गीको देह व्यापारबाट वेश्यालयकी मालिक्नी सरदार्नी रातारात धनी बनेकी छ तर साल्गी जीर्ण शरीर र विदीर्ण हृदय लिएर गाउँ र घरपरिवारको सम्झनालाई केवल हृदयमा सजाएर बाँच्न विवश छ । वर्गीय चिन्तनका कोणबाट कथालाई दृष्टिगत गर्दा कथाका निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरू गरिबी÷अभाव र अशिक्षाको शिकार, यौन शोषण र प्रताडना, लैङ्गिक उत्पीडनबाट आक््रmान्त छन् । यति हुँदाहुँदै पनि निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरू सम्भ्रान्त वर्गको शोषणका विरुद्ध सशक्त रूपमा उत्रिएका छन् । सम्भ्रान्त वर्गका पात्रहरूको क्रुरतापूर्ण व्यवहारका विरुद्ध निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरूले सङ्घर्ष र विद्रोहको आगो ओकलेका छन् । कार्ल माक्र्सले भनेझैँ सम्भ्रान्त वर्गको शोषण र उत्पीडनबाट मुक्ति पाउनका लागि निम्नवर्गीय पात्रहरूले गरेका प्रयत्नका कारण कथा वर्गीय द्वन्द्वका कोणबाट सफल देखिएको छ । \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114289200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘नेपाली उखानमा यौनको प्रयोग’ शीर्षकको यो आलेख भाषिक कोणबाट अघि बढाउँदै समाजमा उखानले पार्ने प्रभावमा केन्द्रित गरिएको छ । पुरुष र स्त्रीको मैथुन क्रियाकलापसँग सम्बन्धित कुरालाई यौन भनिन्छ । नेपाली समाजमा यौनिक विषयका मौलिक उखानहरू प्रचलनमा रहेको पाइन्छ । लोकसाहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक पृष्ठभूमिमा यौनसँग जोडिएका उखानलाई चिनाउँदै नेपाली समाजमा प्रचलित प्रतिनिधिमूलक उखानलाई अध्ययनको विषयक्षेत्र बनाइएको छ । पुस्तकालयबाट आवश्यक सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी निगमनात्मक तथा वर्णनात्मक विधिको उपयोग गर्दै आलेखलाई पूर्णता दिइएको हो । नेपाली जनजिभ्रामा भिजेका यौन विषयसँग जोडिएका मनोवैज्ञानिक उखानलाई सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषण गर्ने कार्य व्यवस्थित नभएकाले उक्त समस्या समाधान गर्ने उद्देश्यले यो अध्ययन अगाडि बढाइएको हो । पुरानो पुस्ताका व्यक्ति तथा अग्रज विद्वान्का कृतिबाट यौन मनोविज्ञानमा आधारित यौन आकर्षण, यौन अवचेतन, यौन कुण्ठा, यौन अभिव्यक्ति, यौन व्यवहार, यौन विकार आदि विषयहरू समेटिएका नेपाली उखानलाई सङ्कलनमा प्राथमिकता दिइएको छ । यौनको प्रयोग भएका उखानको विश्लेषण गर्नु यस आलेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । बोलीचालीमा सीमित यौन विषयक नेपाली उखानलाई सङ्कलन गरी पाठकसामु पस्कनु र त्यस्ता उखानको खास प्रयोगक्षेत्र देखाउँदै विश्लेषण गर्ने कार्यमा नै यो आलेख केन्द्रित गरिएको छ । पितृसत्ताको मात, कामेच्छाको चाहना, यौनतृप्तिको प्रयास, कमजोरलाई हेप्ने प्रवृत्तिबाट यौन विषयक नेपाली उखानहरूको उद्भव भएको र नेपाली समाजमा मौलाएको प्रसङ्ग उल्लेख गर्दै मानव जीवनमा यौन महŒवपूर्ण कुरा हो भन्ने अध्ययनको निष्कर्ष छ ।
‘नेपाली उखानमा यौनको प्रयोग’ शीर्षकको यो आलेख भाषिक कोणबाट अघि बढाउँदै समाजमा उखानले पार्ने प्रभावमा केन्द्रित गरिएको छ । पुरुष र स्त्रीको मैथुन क्रियाकलापसँग सम्बन्धित कुरालाई यौन भनिन्छ । नेपालीसमाजमा यौनिक विषयका मौलिक उखानहरू प्रचलनमा रहेको पाइन्छ । लोकसाहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक पृष्ठभूमिमा यौनसँग जोडिएका उखानलाई चिनाउँदै नेपाली समाजमा प्रचलित प्रतिनिधिमूलक उखानलाई अध्ययनको विषयक्षेत्रबनाइएको छ । पुस्तकालयबाट आवश्यक सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी निगमनात्मक तथा वर्णनात्मक विधिको उपयोग गर्दै आलेखलाई पूर्णता दिइएको हो । नेपाली जनजिभ्रामा भिजेका यौन विषयसँग जोडिएका मनोवैज्ञानिक उखानलाई सङ्कलनगरी विश्लेषण गर्ने कार्य व्यवस्थित नभएकाले उक्त समस्या समाधान गर्ने उद्देश्यले यो अध्ययन अगाडि बढाइएको हो । पुरानो पुस्ताका व्यक्ति तथा अग्रज विद्वान्का कृतिबाट यौन मनोविज्ञानमा आधारित यौन आकर्षण,यौन अवचेतन, यौन कुण्ठा, यौन अभिव्यक्ति, यौन व्यवहार、यौन विकार आदि विषहरू समेटिएका नेपाली उखानलाई सङ्कलनमा प्राथमिकता दिइएको छ । यौनको प्रयोग भएका उखानको विश्लेषण गर्नु यसल आेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । बोलीचालीमा सी04ितयौन विषयक नेपाली उखानलाई सङ्कलन गरी पाठकसामु पस्कनु र त्यस्ता उखानको खास प्रयोगक्षेत्र देखाउँदै विश्लेषण गर्ने कार्यमा नै यो आलेख केन्द्रित गरिएको छ । पितृसत्ताको मात,कामेच्छाको चाहना, यौनतृप्तिको प्रयास、कमजोरलाई हेप्ने प्रवृत्तिबाट यौन विषयक नेपाली उखानहरूको उद्भव भएको र नेपाली समाजमा मौलाएको प्रसङ्ग उल्लेख गर्दै मानव जीवनमा यौन महŒवपूर्ण कुरा हो भन्ने अध्ययनको निष्कर्ष छ ।
{"title":"नेपाली उखानमा यौनको प्रयोग {The Use of Sex in Nepali Proverbs}","authors":"यामनाथ Yemnath तिमिल्सिना Timilsina","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52120","url":null,"abstract":"‘नेपाली उखानमा यौनको प्रयोग’ शीर्षकको यो आलेख भाषिक कोणबाट अघि बढाउँदै समाजमा उखानले पार्ने प्रभावमा केन्द्रित गरिएको छ । पुरुष र स्त्रीको मैथुन क्रियाकलापसँग सम्बन्धित कुरालाई यौन भनिन्छ । नेपाली समाजमा यौनिक विषयका मौलिक उखानहरू प्रचलनमा रहेको पाइन्छ । लोकसाहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक पृष्ठभूमिमा यौनसँग जोडिएका उखानलाई चिनाउँदै नेपाली समाजमा प्रचलित प्रतिनिधिमूलक उखानलाई अध्ययनको विषयक्षेत्र बनाइएको छ । पुस्तकालयबाट आवश्यक सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी निगमनात्मक तथा वर्णनात्मक विधिको उपयोग गर्दै आलेखलाई पूर्णता दिइएको हो । नेपाली जनजिभ्रामा भिजेका यौन विषयसँग जोडिएका मनोवैज्ञानिक उखानलाई सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषण गर्ने कार्य व्यवस्थित नभएकाले उक्त समस्या समाधान गर्ने उद्देश्यले यो अध्ययन अगाडि बढाइएको हो । पुरानो पुस्ताका व्यक्ति तथा अग्रज विद्वान्का कृतिबाट यौन मनोविज्ञानमा आधारित यौन आकर्षण, यौन अवचेतन, यौन कुण्ठा, यौन अभिव्यक्ति, यौन व्यवहार, यौन विकार आदि विषयहरू समेटिएका नेपाली उखानलाई सङ्कलनमा प्राथमिकता दिइएको छ । यौनको प्रयोग भएका उखानको विश्लेषण गर्नु यस आलेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । बोलीचालीमा सीमित यौन विषयक नेपाली उखानलाई सङ्कलन गरी पाठकसामु पस्कनु र त्यस्ता उखानको खास प्रयोगक्षेत्र देखाउँदै विश्लेषण गर्ने कार्यमा नै यो आलेख केन्द्रित गरिएको छ । पितृसत्ताको मात, कामेच्छाको चाहना, यौनतृप्तिको प्रयास, कमजोरलाई हेप्ने प्रवृत्तिबाट यौन विषयक नेपाली उखानहरूको उद्भव भएको र नेपाली समाजमा मौलाएको प्रसङ्ग उल्लेख गर्दै मानव जीवनमा यौन महŒवपूर्ण कुरा हो भन्ने अध्ययनको निष्कर्ष छ । \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133216173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
प्रस्तुत लेख सिकाइ सहजीकरणका क्षेत्रमा केन्द्रित छ । यस लेखको उद्देश्य त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालयअन्तर्गत स्नातक तहको नेपाली भाषा कक्षामा सिकाइ सहजीकरणको उपयोगको अवस्थाका बारेमा शिक्षकहरूको धारणा पहिल्याउनु रहेको छ । यो अनुसन्धान गुणात्मक ढाँचा, व्याख्यावादी दर्शन, घटना अनुभव पद्धति र रचनावादी (निर्माणवादी) सिद्धान्तमा आधारित छ । यसका लागि पोखरा महानगरपालिकाका स्नातक तहमा अध्यापन गर्ने शिक्षकलाई सूचकका रूपमा लिई अन्तर्वार्ता उपकरणका माध्यमबाट उनीहरूका सिकाइ सहजीकरणसँग सम्बन्धित जीवन्त अनुभव सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कलाई अभिलेखन गर्ने, सङ्केतन गर्ने र आशय (थिम) बनाई प्रस्तुतीकरणका साथ छलफल गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । अनुसन्धानको प्राप्तितर्फ दृष्टि दिँदा उक्त तहका नेपाली भाषा विषयका विद्यार्थीहरू सिकाइमा नियमित, सक्रिय र सहभागी भएको पाइन्छ । सिकाइ सहजीकरणमा स्तरअनुसारका विधि, सामग्री, सूचना र प्रविधि तथा कक्षा व्यवस्थापन भएको पाइन्छ । सिकारुलाई सिद्धान्त र व्यवहारबिच समन्वय गराई आत्मप्रतिविम्बन र बहुबौद्धिकताको उपयोगका साथ ज्ञान हस्तान्तरण गर्ने नभई उनीहरूमा ज्ञानको निर्माण गर्ने अवसर दिनुपर्छ भन्ने शिक्षकको अभिमत देखिन्छ । सहयोगात्मक सिकाइ, सिर्जनात्मक र परियोजना कार्य तथा विद्यार्थीलाई नै समस्याको समाधान गर्न उत्प्रेरित गर्ने र आवश्यक पृष्ठपोषण दिने गर्नाले सिकारुमा अपनत्वको भावनाको विकास भई सिकाइमा स्थायी परिवर्तन आउने धारणा सम्बन्धित शिक्षकहरूको छ । अतः स्नातक तहको नेपाली भाषा कक्षामा सिकाइ सहजीकरणको उपयोग गर्दा यस्ता पक्षहरूमा ध्यान दिनु आवश्यक देखिन्छ । सिकाइ सहजीकरणको उपयोगका विषयमा रुचि राख्ने अध्येताका लागि प्रस्तुत लेखले सहयोग पु¥याउने अपेक्षा राखिएको छ।
{"title":"स्नातक तहको नेपाली भाषा कक्षामा सिकाइ सहजीकरणको उपयोग {The Use of Learning Naturalization in the Nepali Education Class of Bachelor}","authors":"विष्णुप्रसाद Bishnuprasad शर्मा Sharma","doi":"10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/kdk.v3i1.52126","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत लेख सिकाइ सहजीकरणका क्षेत्रमा केन्द्रित छ । यस लेखको उद्देश्य त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालयअन्तर्गत स्नातक तहको नेपाली भाषा कक्षामा सिकाइ सहजीकरणको उपयोगको अवस्थाका बारेमा शिक्षकहरूको धारणा पहिल्याउनु रहेको छ । यो अनुसन्धान गुणात्मक ढाँचा, व्याख्यावादी दर्शन, घटना अनुभव पद्धति र रचनावादी (निर्माणवादी) सिद्धान्तमा आधारित छ । यसका लागि पोखरा महानगरपालिकाका स्नातक तहमा अध्यापन गर्ने शिक्षकलाई सूचकका रूपमा लिई अन्तर्वार्ता उपकरणका माध्यमबाट उनीहरूका सिकाइ सहजीकरणसँग सम्बन्धित जीवन्त अनुभव सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कलाई अभिलेखन गर्ने, सङ्केतन गर्ने र आशय (थिम) बनाई प्रस्तुतीकरणका साथ छलफल गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । अनुसन्धानको प्राप्तितर्फ दृष्टि दिँदा उक्त तहका नेपाली भाषा विषयका विद्यार्थीहरू सिकाइमा नियमित, सक्रिय र सहभागी भएको पाइन्छ । सिकाइ सहजीकरणमा स्तरअनुसारका विधि, सामग्री, सूचना र प्रविधि तथा कक्षा व्यवस्थापन भएको पाइन्छ । सिकारुलाई सिद्धान्त र व्यवहारबिच समन्वय गराई आत्मप्रतिविम्बन र बहुबौद्धिकताको उपयोगका साथ ज्ञान हस्तान्तरण गर्ने नभई उनीहरूमा ज्ञानको निर्माण गर्ने अवसर दिनुपर्छ भन्ने शिक्षकको अभिमत देखिन्छ । सहयोगात्मक सिकाइ, सिर्जनात्मक र परियोजना कार्य तथा विद्यार्थीलाई नै समस्याको समाधान गर्न उत्प्रेरित गर्ने र आवश्यक पृष्ठपोषण दिने गर्नाले सिकारुमा अपनत्वको भावनाको विकास भई सिकाइमा स्थायी परिवर्तन आउने धारणा सम्बन्धित शिक्षकहरूको छ । अतः स्नातक तहको नेपाली भाषा कक्षामा सिकाइ सहजीकरणको उपयोग गर्दा यस्ता पक्षहरूमा ध्यान दिनु आवश्यक देखिन्छ । सिकाइ सहजीकरणको उपयोगका विषयमा रुचि राख्ने अध्येताका लागि प्रस्तुत लेखले सहयोग पु¥याउने अपेक्षा राखिएको छ।","PeriodicalId":332111,"journal":{"name":"Kaumodaki: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121818123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：