Pub Date : 2019-12-30DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.08.05
Pavlo Katerynchuk
The usage of information as a weapon in the foreign and domestic policies of Russia is not a new phenomenon. Still, the sophistication and intensity of it grow with each passing year. Recently the EU and USA have realized the powerful latent influence of Russian media and propaganda, including on electoral processes and the activities of State administration. They have realized that Russian disinformation poses a serious threat to the United States and its European allies, first and foremost with regard to Poland, the Baltic States and Ukraine. Moreover, unlike Soviet propaganda, the modern methods of the Russian information war do not rudely promote the agenda of the Kremlin. Instead, they aim to confuse, daze and divert citizens from supporting the EU and Ukraine. Russia seeks to undermine the support for European values; producing disarray among European allies in order to increase its influence. Ethnic, linguistic, regional, social and historical contradictions and stereotypes are used for this purpose. As current experience shows, Russian advocacy efforts in Europe make up an important part of their hybrid approach to the projection of force. Despite the fact that the crisis in Ukraine for the first time drew the attention of the West to the importance and real meaning of the information campaign in Russia, the Kremlin’s use of disinformation was launched long before the crisis. Russia carefully and purposefully prepared an information war against Ukraine.
{"title":"Challenges for Ukraine’s cyber security: National dimensions","authors":"Pavlo Katerynchuk","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.08.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.08.05","url":null,"abstract":"The usage of information as a weapon in the foreign and domestic policies of Russia is not a new phenomenon. Still, the sophistication and intensity of it grow with each passing year. Recently the EU and USA have realized the powerful latent influence of Russian media and propaganda, including on electoral processes and the activities of State administration. They have realized that Russian disinformation poses a serious threat to the United States and its European allies, first and foremost with regard to Poland, the Baltic States and Ukraine. Moreover, unlike Soviet propaganda, the modern methods of the Russian information war do not rudely promote the agenda of the Kremlin. Instead, they aim to confuse, daze and divert citizens from supporting the EU and Ukraine. Russia seeks to undermine the support for European values; producing disarray among European allies in order to increase its influence. Ethnic, linguistic, regional, social and historical contradictions and stereotypes are used for this purpose. As current experience shows, Russian advocacy efforts in Europe make up an important part of their hybrid approach to the projection of force. Despite the fact that the crisis in Ukraine for the first time drew the attention of the West to the importance and real meaning of the information campaign in Russia, the Kremlin’s use of disinformation was launched long before the crisis. Russia carefully and purposefully prepared an information war against Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43809983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-30DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.08.03
O. Shevchenko
Addressing global climate change brings up a number of priority issues. The fundamental issue is the definition of the participants in this process and the scope of their competencies and areas of responsibility. Practice shows that modern global challenges, which include global climate change, cannot be solved individually and in a straightforward manner without the involvement of all stakeholders and the general public. The article discusses actions aimed at adapting and mitigating the consequences of global climate challenges carried out by states and their alliances (as traditional international actors) and corporations and media (as new international actors). It is shown that today state political decisions on the adaptation to and mitigation of the consequences of global climate change are associated, in particular, with the transition to a low-carbon economy. At the same time, specific and effective climate policies are also being implemented by international corporations. Global media implement their own climate initiatives from one side and shape international public opinion regarding the climate challenge from the other side. The author concludes that, despite the active presence of the theme of global climate change in international and national political discourse, as well as in media and in the social and economic projects of corporations, the general attempts to resolve the issue can’t be considered as a well coordinated, and the results are not efficient enough.
{"title":"The role of traditional and new international relations actors in addressing climate change","authors":"O. Shevchenko","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.08.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.08.03","url":null,"abstract":"Addressing global climate change brings up a number of priority issues. The fundamental issue is the definition of the participants in this process and the scope of their competencies and areas of responsibility. Practice shows that modern global challenges, which include global climate change, cannot be solved individually and in a straightforward manner without the involvement of all stakeholders and the general public. The article discusses actions aimed at adapting and mitigating the consequences of global climate challenges carried out by states and their alliances (as traditional international actors) and corporations and media (as new international actors). It is shown that today state political decisions on the adaptation to and mitigation of the consequences of global climate change are associated, in particular, with the transition to a low-carbon economy. At the same time, specific and effective climate policies are also being implemented by international corporations. Global media implement their own climate initiatives from one side and shape international public opinion regarding the climate challenge from the other side. The author concludes that, despite the active presence of the theme of global climate change in international and national political discourse, as well as in media and in the social and economic projects of corporations, the general attempts to resolve the issue can’t be considered as a well coordinated, and the results are not efficient enough.","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43340695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-30DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.08.04
Victor S. Laputsky
The article describes the experience of Belarus in the field of international academic mobility. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical and methodological aspects of the internationalization of higher education and academic mobility and describe the current situation on the integration of Belarus into the international context, from a sociological and statistical perspective. In view of the significant number of Belarusian students in Polish and Eastern European universities, the topic is relevant in the context of the study of academic mobility in Eastern Europe. As part of the first task, the theoretical aspects of studying the internationalization of higher education in the country are described – with justification for the development of both the external and internal internationalization, as well as a description of various types of students’ adaptation when studying abroad (academic, linguistic, socio-cultural). As part of the second task, the results of the author’s sociological study are presented, which includes two main components. Firstly, the results of a survey devoted to the study of the views of Belarusian students regarding academic mobility (including cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects) are presented. Secondly, the results of a series of in-depth interviews among participants in the processes of academic mobility aimed at studying the practices of Belarusian students staying abroad for educational purposes are considered. The studies showed the need to increase the awareness of Belarusian students about the possibilities of academic mobility (the vast majority of students have incomplete or fragmented ideas about the possibilities of academic mobility), as well as the problem of the incomplete involvement of the Belarusian higher education system in the international context (the activity of students participating in exchange programs is not counted at Belarusian universities). In accordance with the results, recommendations are given for the further integration of the Belarusian higher education system into the international context.
{"title":"The adaptation of students during academic mobility processes: The case of Belarus","authors":"Victor S. Laputsky","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.08.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.08.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the experience of Belarus in the field of international academic mobility. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical and methodological aspects of the internationalization of higher education and academic mobility and describe the current situation on the integration of Belarus into the international context, from a sociological and statistical perspective. In view of the significant number of Belarusian students in Polish and Eastern European universities, the topic is relevant in the context of the study of academic mobility in Eastern Europe. As part of the first task, the theoretical aspects of studying the internationalization of higher education in the country are described – with justification for the development of both the external and internal internationalization, as well as a description of various types of students’ adaptation when studying abroad (academic, linguistic, socio-cultural). As part of the second task, the results of the author’s sociological study are presented, which includes two main components. Firstly, the results of a survey devoted to the study of the views of Belarusian students regarding academic mobility (including cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects) are presented. Secondly, the results of a series of in-depth interviews among participants in the processes of academic mobility aimed at studying the practices of Belarusian students staying abroad for educational purposes are considered. The studies showed the need to increase the awareness of Belarusian students about the possibilities of academic mobility (the vast majority of students have incomplete or fragmented ideas about the possibilities of academic mobility), as well as the problem of the incomplete involvement of the Belarusian higher education system in the international context (the activity of students participating in exchange programs is not counted at Belarusian universities). In accordance with the results, recommendations are given for the further integration of the Belarusian higher education system into the international context.","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49582565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-30DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.07.02
J. Wojnicki
The article is devoted to the restoration of local and regional self-governments in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.The author shows the main directions of formation the local government administration in the post-communist countries.The main subject of the analysis is a group of five countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania.The article also presents some Polish aspects of creating self-government structures.
{"title":"Restytucja samorządu lokalnego i regionalnego w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej","authors":"J. Wojnicki","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.07.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.07.02","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the restoration of local and regional self-governments in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.The author shows the main directions of formation the local government administration in the post-communist countries.The main subject of the analysis is a group of five countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania.The article also presents some Polish aspects of creating self-government structures.","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47142440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-30DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.07.05
R. Cichocki
The starting point for the present research paper is the concept of civic competence, which was originally formulated by R. Dahl. In the adopted model civic competence is viewed as a four-dimensional construct consisting of: cognitive competence, evaluative competence, normative competence and causative competence. The article comprises a project of implementation of this concept for the purpose of conducting research on local and regional communities as well as well as showing the possible ways of operationalization of the concept of civic competence.
{"title":"Lokalne sfery publiczne a przemiany kompetencji obywatelskiej","authors":"R. Cichocki","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.07.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.07.05","url":null,"abstract":"The starting point for the present research paper is the concept of civic competence, which was originally formulated by R. Dahl. In the adopted model civic competence is viewed as a four-dimensional construct consisting of: cognitive competence, evaluative competence, normative competence and causative competence. The article comprises a project of implementation of this concept for the purpose of conducting research on local and regional communities as well as well as showing the possible ways of operationalization of the concept of civic competence.","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47375169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-30DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.07.01
Alicja Stępień-Kuczyńska, Agata Włodarska-Frykowska, M. Słowikowski
Zauważalny od lat wydawniczo-czytelniczy boom na „opowieści o zbrodni i karze” zaowocował przemianami na rynku książki, żywo reagującym na kolejne mody literackie1. Sekundowały im – mniej lub bardziej profesjonalne – świadectwa lektury w postaci recenzji publikowanych okazjonalnie na łamach specjalistycznych periodyków, przede wszystkim „Nowych Książek”. W miarę rozwoju społeczeństwa informacyjnego (oraz funkcjonującej w jego ramach tzw. kultury 2.0) życie literackie przeniosło się z drukowanych periodyków do sieci internetowej. W jej fantomatycznych przestrzeniach pojawiły się grupy zrzeszające miłośników literatury kryminalnej – nie tylko tej publikowanej współcześnie (to domena „Portalu Kryminalnego” oraz „Zbrodniczych Siostrzyczek” współtworzonych przez Martę
{"title":"Wstęp","authors":"Alicja Stępień-Kuczyńska, Agata Włodarska-Frykowska, M. Słowikowski","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.07.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.07.01","url":null,"abstract":"Zauważalny od lat wydawniczo-czytelniczy boom na „opowieści o zbrodni i karze” zaowocował przemianami na rynku książki, żywo reagującym na kolejne mody literackie1. Sekundowały im – mniej lub bardziej profesjonalne – świadectwa lektury w postaci recenzji publikowanych okazjonalnie na łamach specjalistycznych periodyków, przede wszystkim „Nowych Książek”. W miarę rozwoju społeczeństwa informacyjnego (oraz funkcjonującej w jego ramach tzw. kultury 2.0) życie literackie przeniosło się z drukowanych periodyków do sieci internetowej. W jej fantomatycznych przestrzeniach pojawiły się grupy zrzeszające miłośników literatury kryminalnej – nie tylko tej publikowanej współcześnie (to domena „Portalu Kryminalnego” oraz „Zbrodniczych Siostrzyczek” współtworzonych przez Martę","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44084683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-30DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.07.09
M. Tomala
This paper analyses the issue of convergence in the Baltic Sea Region countries and tries to assess the effect of economic transformation during the period of 90s in 20th century on the process of convergence. In other words it will consider whether the integration process in the European Union pulled the economies of the organization together or pushed them apart. It will analyse the most important macroeconomic data to establish the relationships between counties in the Baltic Sea Region.
{"title":"Procesy modernizacji w państwach regionu Morza Bałtyckiego","authors":"M. Tomala","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.07.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.07.09","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the issue of convergence in the Baltic Sea Region countries and tries to assess the effect of economic transformation during the period of 90s in 20th century on the process of convergence. In other words it will consider whether the integration process in the European Union pulled the economies of the organization together or pushed them apart. It will analyse the most important macroeconomic data to establish the relationships between counties in the Baltic Sea Region.","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46941115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-14DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.07.03
Krystyna Leszczyńska
Although elections and referenda are different in their character, the absence at the vote is promoted by many similar factors.Poles generally lack faith in democracy and the belief that their vote really counts. The turnout in only 35% of national elections held since 1989 till present day exceeded 50%. There are two types of absence ballot, “intentional” absences resulting from the voter’s inner conviction that this is what they want to do, and abstention forced by a random event (sudden illness, death of a loved one, an accident) or non-random event (disability, chronic illness).The main reasons for the planned non-participation in elections in principle do not change with each vote, but are accented with varying frequency.
{"title":"Udział obywateli w wyborach i referendach w Polsce po 1989 roku","authors":"Krystyna Leszczyńska","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.07.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.07.03","url":null,"abstract":"Although elections and referenda are different in their character, the absence at the vote is promoted by many similar factors.Poles generally lack faith in democracy and the belief that their vote really counts. The turnout in only 35% of national elections held since 1989 till present day exceeded 50%. There are two types of absence ballot, “intentional” absences resulting from the voter’s inner conviction that this is what they want to do, and abstention forced by a random event (sudden illness, death of a loved one, an accident) or non-random event (disability, chronic illness).The main reasons for the planned non-participation in elections in principle do not change with each vote, but are accented with varying frequency.","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41612608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-14DOI: 10.18778/1427-9657.07.11
Barbara Węglarz
Budżet obywatelski (partycypacyjny) uznaje się za narzędzie demokracji bezpośredniej. Jego istotą jest umożliwienie mieszkańcom decydowania w drodze głosowania o wydzielonej przez władze części budżetu jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Instrument, który zyskuje coraz większą popularność w Europie oraz Ameryce, po raz pierwszy został wykorzystany w brazylijskim mieście Porto Alegre w 1989 r .1 Doświadczenia ponad 20 lat jego stosowania dowodzą, że okazał się on sukcesem. O ile w 1990 r. o kształcie budżetu decydowało jedynie 976 mieszkańców, o tyle w 2004 r. liczba ta wzrosła do ponad 50 tys.2 Ponadto w ciągu 10 lat od zainicjowania tego mechanizmu dochody miasta zwiększyły się dwukrotnie; z 5,5 do 18% wzrósł udział podatków (stopniowo malała liczba uchylających się od jego płacenia); a dochody własne stanowiły 60% dochodów budżetowych (w przypadku większości jednostek samorządowych ok. 2/3 dochodów stanowiły wpływy z budżetu centralnego)3. Podkreśla się również, iż w spotkaniach i głosowaniach brały udział osoby o najniższych dochodach, które zazwyczaj nie uczestniczą w życiu publicznym4. Budżet realizowano na trzech poziomach, tj. mieszkańcy (akcja informacyjna, otwarte spotkania władz z mieszkańcami, wybór delegatów reprezentujących osiedla), delegaci (szkolenia z zakresu tworzenia budżetu i zarządzania miastem, prace na forum delegatów, rozmowy z mieszkańcami, przedstawianie władzom postulatów i potrzeb obywateli), władze (analiza postulatów i potrzeb mieszkańców oraz zestawienie ich z dostępnymi środkami, spotkanie z mieszkańcami w celu omówienia kształtu budżetu i przyjętych do finansowania zadań)5 .
{"title":"Budżet obywatelski województwa małopolskiego","authors":"Barbara Węglarz","doi":"10.18778/1427-9657.07.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.07.11","url":null,"abstract":"Budżet obywatelski (partycypacyjny) uznaje się za narzędzie demokracji bezpośredniej. Jego istotą jest umożliwienie mieszkańcom decydowania w drodze głosowania o wydzielonej przez władze części budżetu jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Instrument, który zyskuje coraz większą popularność w Europie oraz Ameryce, po raz pierwszy został wykorzystany w brazylijskim mieście Porto Alegre w 1989 r .1 Doświadczenia ponad 20 lat jego stosowania dowodzą, że okazał się on sukcesem. O ile w 1990 r. o kształcie budżetu decydowało jedynie 976 mieszkańców, o tyle w 2004 r. liczba ta wzrosła do ponad 50 tys.2 Ponadto w ciągu 10 lat od zainicjowania tego mechanizmu dochody miasta zwiększyły się dwukrotnie; z 5,5 do 18% wzrósł udział podatków (stopniowo malała liczba uchylających się od jego płacenia); a dochody własne stanowiły 60% dochodów budżetowych (w przypadku większości jednostek samorządowych ok. 2/3 dochodów stanowiły wpływy z budżetu centralnego)3. Podkreśla się również, iż w spotkaniach i głosowaniach brały udział osoby o najniższych dochodach, które zazwyczaj nie uczestniczą w życiu publicznym4. Budżet realizowano na trzech poziomach, tj. mieszkańcy (akcja informacyjna, otwarte spotkania władz z mieszkańcami, wybór delegatów reprezentujących osiedla), delegaci (szkolenia z zakresu tworzenia budżetu i zarządzania miastem, prace na forum delegatów, rozmowy z mieszkańcami, przedstawianie władzom postulatów i potrzeb obywateli), władze (analiza postulatów i potrzeb mieszkańców oraz zestawienie ich z dostępnymi środkami, spotkanie z mieszkańcami w celu omówienia kształtu budżetu i przyjętych do finansowania zadań)5 .","PeriodicalId":33400,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43709252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：