Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware最新文献

Enhancing SS-OCT 3D image reconstruction: A real-time system with stripe artifact suppression and GPU parallel acceleration 增强SS-OCT三维图像重建：条带伪影抑制和GPU并行加速的实时系统

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.003

Dandan LIU

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), particularly Swept-Source OCT, is widely employed in medical diagnostics and industrial inspections owing to its high-resolution imaging capabilities. However, Swept-Source OCT 3D imaging often suffers from stripe artifacts caused by unstable light sources, system noise, and environmental interference, posing challenges to real-time processing of large-scale datasets. To address this issue, this study introduces a real-time reconstruction system that integrates stripe-artifact suppression and parallel computing using a graphics processing unit. This approach employs a frequency-domain filtering algorithm with adaptive anti-suppression parameters, dynamically adjusted through an image quality evaluation function and optimized using a convolutional neural network for complex frequency-domain feature learning. Additionally, a graphics processing unit integrated 3D reconstruction framework is developed, enhancing data processing throughput and real-time performance via a dual-queue decoupling mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in structural similarity (0.92), peak signal-to-noise ratio (31.62 dB), and stripe suppression ratio (15.73 dB) compared with existing methods. On the RTX 4090 platform, the proposed system achieved an end-to-end delay of 94.36 milliseconds, a frame rate of 10.3 frames per second, and a throughput of 121.5 million voxels per second, effectively suppressing artifacts while preserving image details and enhancing real-time 3D reconstruction performance.

光学相干断层扫描（OCT），特别是扫描源OCT，由于其高分辨率成像能力而广泛应用于医学诊断和工业检查。然而，扫描源OCT 3D成像经常受到不稳定光源、系统噪声和环境干扰引起的条纹伪影的影响，这给大规模数据集的实时处理带来了挑战。为了解决这个问题，本研究引入了一个实时重建系统，该系统使用图形处理单元集成了条纹伪影抑制和并行计算。该方法采用具有自适应抗抑制参数的频域滤波算法，通过图像质量评估函数动态调整，并使用卷积神经网络进行优化，用于复杂频域特征学习。此外，开发了集成三维重构框架的图形处理单元，通过双队列解耦机制提高了数据处理吞吐量和实时性。实验结果表明，与现有方法相比，该方法在结构相似度（0.92）、峰值信噪比（31.62 dB）和条纹抑制比（15.73 dB）方面均有显著提高。在RTX 4090平台上，该系统实现了94.36毫秒的端到端延迟，10.3帧/秒的帧率，1.315亿体素/秒的吞吐量，有效地抑制了伪影，同时保留了图像细节，增强了实时3D重建性能。

{"title":"Enhancing SS-OCT 3D image reconstruction: A real-time system with stripe artifact suppression and GPU parallel acceleration","authors":"Dandan LIU","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical coherence tomography (OCT), particularly Swept-Source OCT, is widely employed in medical diagnostics and industrial inspections owing to its high-resolution imaging capabilities. However, Swept-Source OCT 3D imaging often suffers from stripe artifacts caused by unstable light sources, system noise, and environmental interference, posing challenges to real-time processing of large-scale datasets. To address this issue, this study introduces a real-time reconstruction system that integrates stripe-artifact suppression and parallel computing using a graphics processing unit. This approach employs a frequency-domain filtering algorithm with adaptive anti-suppression parameters, dynamically adjusted through an image quality evaluation function and optimized using a convolutional neural network for complex frequency-domain feature learning. Additionally, a graphics processing unit integrated 3D reconstruction framework is developed, enhancing data processing throughput and real-time performance via a dual-queue decoupling mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in structural similarity (0.92), peak signal-to-noise ratio (31.62 dB), and stripe suppression ratio (15.73 dB) compared with existing methods. On the RTX 4090 platform, the proposed system achieved an end-to-end delay of 94.36 milliseconds, a frame rate of 10.3 frames per second, and a throughput of 121.5 million voxels per second, effectively suppressing artifacts while preserving image details and enhancing real-time 3D reconstruction performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 115-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Augmented reality surgical navigation: Clinical applications, key technologies, and future directions 增强现实手术导航：临床应用、关键技术及未来发展方向

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.002

Yuanyuan WANG , Dawei LU , Jingfan FAN , Deqiang XIAO , Danni AI , Tianyu FU , Yucong LIN , Long SHAO , Tao CHEN , Hong SONG , Yongtian WANG , Jian YANG

Surgical navigation has evolved significantly through advances in augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality, improving precision and safety across many clinical applications, including neurosurgery, maxillofacial, spinal, and arthroplasty procedures. By integrating preoperative imaging with real-time intraoperative data, these systems provide dynamic guidance, reduce radiation exposure, and minimize tissue damage. Key challenges persist, including intraoperative registration accuracy, flexible tissue deformation, respiratory compensation, and real-time imaging quality. Emerging solutions include artificial intelligence-driven segmentation, deformation-field modeling, and hybrid registration techniques. Future developments will include lightweight, portable systems, improved non-rigid registration algorithms, and greater clinical adoption. Despite advances in rigid-tissue applications, soft-tissue navigation requires additional innovation to address motion variability and registration reliability, ultimately advancing minimally invasive surgery and precision medicine.

通过增强现实、虚拟现实和混合现实的进步，外科手术导航已经有了显著的发展，提高了许多临床应用的精度和安全性，包括神经外科、颌面外科、脊柱和关节成形术。通过将术前成像与术中实时数据相结合，这些系统提供动态引导，减少辐射暴露，并最大限度地减少组织损伤。关键的挑战仍然存在，包括术中定位准确性、柔性组织变形、呼吸代偿和实时成像质量。新兴的解决方案包括人工智能驱动的分割、变形场建模和混合配准技术。未来的发展将包括轻量级、便携式系统、改进的非刚性注册算法以及更多的临床应用。尽管在硬组织应用方面取得了进展，但软组织导航需要额外的创新来解决运动变异性和注册可靠性，最终推进微创手术和精准医学。

{"title":"Augmented reality surgical navigation: Clinical applications, key technologies, and future directions","authors":"Yuanyuan WANG , Dawei LU , Jingfan FAN , Deqiang XIAO , Danni AI , Tianyu FU , Yucong LIN , Long SHAO , Tao CHEN , Hong SONG , Yongtian WANG , Jian YANG","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surgical navigation has evolved significantly through advances in augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality, improving precision and safety across many clinical applications, including neurosurgery, maxillofacial, spinal, and arthroplasty procedures. By integrating preoperative imaging with real-time intraoperative data, these systems provide dynamic guidance, reduce radiation exposure, and minimize tissue damage. Key challenges persist, including intraoperative registration accuracy, flexible tissue deformation, respiratory compensation, and real-time imaging quality. Emerging solutions include artificial intelligence-driven segmentation, deformation-field modeling, and hybrid registration techniques. Future developments will include lightweight, portable systems, improved non-rigid registration algorithms, and greater clinical adoption. Despite advances in rigid-tissue applications, soft-tissue navigation requires additional innovation to address motion variability and registration reliability, ultimately advancing minimally invasive surgery and precision medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhanced CT-CBCT image registration for orthopedic surgery: Integrating rigid-elastic motion models 用于骨科手术的增强CT-CBCT图像配准：整合刚弹性运动模型

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2026.01.001

Zhiqi HUANG , Deqiang XIAO , Hongxun LIU , Long SHAO , Danni AI , Jingfan FAN , Tianyu FU , Yucong LIN , Hong SONG , Jian YANG

Background

Computed tomography (CT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image registration play pivotal roles in computer-assisted navigation for orthopedic surgery. Traditional methods often apply uniform deformation models, neglecting the biomechanical differences between rigid structures and soft tissues, which compromises registration accuracy, especially during significant bone displacements.

Method

To address this issue, we introduce RE-Reg, a rigid-elastic CT-CBCT image registration framework that jointly learns rigid bone motion and soft tissue deformation. RE-Reg incorporates a rigid alignment (RA) module to estimate global bone motion and an elastic deformation (ED) module to model soft tissue deformation, preserving bony structures through bone shape preservation (BSP) loss.

Result

Our comprehensive evaluation on publicly available datasets demonstrates that RE-Reg significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of registration accuracy and rigid bone structure preservation, achieving a 1.3% improvement in Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and a 23% reduction in rigid bone deformation (

% Δ vol

) compared with the best baseline.

Conclusion

This framework not only enhances anatomical fidelity but also ensures biomechanical plausibility and provides a valuable tool for image-guided orthopedic surgery. This code is available at https://github.com/Zq-Huang/RE-Reg.

背景：计算机断层扫描（CT）和锥形束计算机断层扫描（CBCT）图像配准在计算机辅助骨科手术导航中起着关键作用。传统方法通常采用均匀变形模型，忽略了刚性结构和软组织之间的生物力学差异，从而影响了配准精度，特别是在重大骨移位时。方法为了解决这一问题，我们引入了RE-Reg，这是一种刚性-弹性CT-CBCT图像配准框架，它可以共同学习刚性骨骼运动和软组织变形。RE-Reg结合了一个刚性对齐（RA）模块来估计整体骨运动，一个弹性变形（ED）模块来模拟软组织变形，通过骨形状保存（BSP）损失来保存骨结构。结果对公开数据集的综合评估表明，RE-Reg在配准精度和刚性骨结构保存方面明显优于现有方法，与最佳基线相比，Dice相似系数（DSC）提高1.3%，刚性骨变形（%Δvol）减少23%。结论该框架既提高了解剖保真度，又保证了生物力学的合理性，为图像引导骨科手术提供了有价值的工具。此代码可从https://github.com/Zq-Huang/RE-Reg获得。

{"title":"Enhanced CT-CBCT image registration for orthopedic surgery: Integrating rigid-elastic motion models","authors":"Zhiqi HUANG , Deqiang XIAO , Hongxun LIU , Long SHAO , Danni AI , Jingfan FAN , Tianyu FU , Yucong LIN , Hong SONG , Jian YANG","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Computed tomography (CT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image registration play pivotal roles in computer-assisted navigation for orthopedic surgery. Traditional methods often apply uniform deformation models, neglecting the biomechanical differences between rigid structures and soft tissues, which compromises registration accuracy, especially during significant bone displacements.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>To address this issue, we introduce RE-Reg, a rigid-elastic CT-CBCT image registration framework that jointly learns rigid bone motion and soft tissue deformation. RE-Reg incorporates a rigid alignment (RA) module to estimate global bone motion and an elastic deformation (ED) module to model soft tissue deformation, preserving bony structures through bone shape preservation (BSP) loss.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Our comprehensive evaluation on publicly available datasets demonstrates that RE-Reg significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of registration accuracy and rigid bone structure preservation, achieving a 1.3% improvement in Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and a 23% reduction in rigid bone deformation (<span><math><mrow><mo>%</mo><mo>Δ</mo><mtext>vol</mtext></mrow></math></span>) compared with the best baseline.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This framework not only enhances anatomical fidelity but also ensures biomechanical plausibility and provides a valuable tool for image-guided orthopedic surgery. This code is available at https://github.com/Zq-Huang/RE-Reg.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 87-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of digital twin technology in physiotherapy and rehabilitation practice 数字孪生技术在物理治疗和康复实践中的作用

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2026.01.002

David Bamidele OLAWADE , Ezenwa Robinson MODUM , Olabanke Florence OLAWUYI , Omobolaji Rosemary OLASILOLA , Babajide David MAKANJUOLA , John Oluwatosin ALABI

Digital twin technology, that creates virtual replicas of physical entities using real-time data and simulation models, has emerged as a transformative innovation across multiple healthcare domains. Its application in physiotherapy and rehabilitation represents a paradigm shift from traditional therapeutic approaches to personalized data-driven interventions that optimize patient outcomes. This narrative review examines the current applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects of digital twin technology in physiotherapy and rehabilitation, providing a comprehensive analysis of the manner in which this technology is reshaping clinical practice and patient care. A narrative review approach was employed, systematically searching PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies describing digital twin applications, development methodologies, clinical implementations, and theoretical frameworks in physiotherapy and rehabilitation contexts were included. Digital twin technology demonstrates significant potential in personalizing rehabilitation programs, enabling real-time monitoring of patient progress, predicting treatment outcomes, and facilitating remote therapeutic interventions. Current applications span musculoskeletal rehabilitation, neurological recovery, post-surgical care, and sports injury management. Key benefits include enhanced treatment precision, improved patient engagement, reduced healthcare costs, and accelerated recovery times. However, implementation faces challenges including technological complexity, data privacy concerns, interoperability issues, and the need for substantial infrastructure investment. Digital twin technology represents a promising frontier in physiotherapy and rehabilitation, offering unprecedented opportunities for personalized, efficient, and effective patient care. Successful integration requires addressing the current limitations while fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, engineers, and data scientists.

数字孪生技术使用实时数据和仿真模型创建物理实体的虚拟副本，已成为跨多个医疗保健领域的变革性创新。它在物理治疗和康复中的应用代表了从传统治疗方法到个性化数据驱动干预的范式转变，从而优化患者的结果。本文综述了数字孪生技术在物理治疗和康复中的应用、益处、挑战和未来前景，并对该技术重塑临床实践和患者护理的方式进行了全面分析。采用叙述性综述方法，系统地检索PubMed、IEEE explore、Scopus和Web of Science数据库。研究描述了数字双胞胎在物理治疗和康复环境中的应用、开发方法、临床实施和理论框架。数字孪生技术在个性化康复计划、实时监测患者进展、预测治疗结果和促进远程治疗干预方面显示出巨大的潜力。目前的应用范围包括肌肉骨骼康复、神经恢复、术后护理和运动损伤管理。主要优点包括提高治疗精度、提高患者参与度、降低医疗成本和加快恢复时间。然而，实施面临着包括技术复杂性、数据隐私问题、互操作性问题和大量基础设施投资需求在内的挑战。数字孪生技术代表了物理治疗和康复的一个有前途的前沿，为个性化，高效和有效的患者护理提供了前所未有的机会。成功的整合需要解决当前的局限性，同时促进临床医生、工程师和数据科学家之间的跨学科合作。

{"title":"The role of digital twin technology in physiotherapy and rehabilitation practice","authors":"David Bamidele OLAWADE , Ezenwa Robinson MODUM , Olabanke Florence OLAWUYI , Omobolaji Rosemary OLASILOLA , Babajide David MAKANJUOLA , John Oluwatosin ALABI","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital twin technology, that creates virtual replicas of physical entities using real-time data and simulation models, has emerged as a transformative innovation across multiple healthcare domains. Its application in physiotherapy and rehabilitation represents a paradigm shift from traditional therapeutic approaches to personalized data-driven interventions that optimize patient outcomes. This narrative review examines the current applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects of digital twin technology in physiotherapy and rehabilitation, providing a comprehensive analysis of the manner in which this technology is reshaping clinical practice and patient care. A narrative review approach was employed, systematically searching PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies describing digital twin applications, development methodologies, clinical implementations, and theoretical frameworks in physiotherapy and rehabilitation contexts were included. Digital twin technology demonstrates significant potential in personalizing rehabilitation programs, enabling real-time monitoring of patient progress, predicting treatment outcomes, and facilitating remote therapeutic interventions. Current applications span musculoskeletal rehabilitation, neurological recovery, post-surgical care, and sports injury management. Key benefits include enhanced treatment precision, improved patient engagement, reduced healthcare costs, and accelerated recovery times. However, implementation faces challenges including technological complexity, data privacy concerns, interoperability issues, and the need for substantial infrastructure investment. Digital twin technology represents a promising frontier in physiotherapy and rehabilitation, offering unprecedented opportunities for personalized, efficient, and effective patient care. Successful integration requires addressing the current limitations while fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, engineers, and data scientists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 71-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Botanical tree reconstruction from a single image via 3D GAN-based skeletonization 通过基于三维氮化镓的骨架化从单个图像重建植物树

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2023.08.009

Chi Weng MA , Ruien SHEN , Deli DONG , Shuangjiu XIAO

Background

3D botanical tree reconstruction from a single image plays a vital role in the field of computer graphics. However, accurately capturing the intricate branching patterns and detailed morphologies of trees remains a challenge.

Methods

In this study, we proposed a novel approach for single-image tree reconstruction using a conditional generative adversarial network to infer the 3D skeleton of a tree in the form of a 2D skeleton depth map. Based on the 2D skeleton depth map, a corresponding branching structure (3D skeleton) that inherits the tree shape in the input image and leaves can be generated using a procedural modeling technique.

Result

Experimental results show that the proposed method accurately reconstructs diverse tree structures across species. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate improved skeleton completeness, branching accuracy, and visual realism over baseline methods, while requiring no user input.

Conclusions

Our proposed approach for generating lifelike 3D tree models from a single image with no user input shows its proficiency in achieving efficient and reliable reconstruction. These results showcase the capability of the proposed model to recreate complex tree architectures while capturing their visual authenticity.

从单幅图像重建三维植物树在计算机图形学领域起着至关重要的作用。然而，准确地捕捉复杂的分支模式和树木的详细形态仍然是一个挑战。方法在本研究中，我们提出了一种新的单图像树重建方法，使用条件生成对抗网络以2D骨架深度图的形式推断树的3D骨架。基于二维骨架深度图，可以使用程序建模技术生成继承输入图像中树木形状和树叶的相应分支结构（3D骨架）。结果实验结果表明，该方法可以准确地重建不同物种的树结构。在不需要用户输入的情况下，定量和定性评估都证明了比基线方法更好的骨架完整性、分支准确性和视觉真实感。结论本文提出的方法可以在不需要用户输入的情况下，从单幅图像生成逼真的三维树木模型，能够实现高效、可靠的重建。这些结果展示了所提出的模型在捕获其视觉真实性的同时重建复杂树架构的能力。

{"title":"Botanical tree reconstruction from a single image via 3D GAN-based skeletonization","authors":"Chi Weng MA , Ruien SHEN , Deli DONG , Shuangjiu XIAO","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2023.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2023.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>3D botanical tree reconstruction from a single image plays a vital role in the field of computer graphics. However, accurately capturing the intricate branching patterns and detailed morphologies of trees remains a challenge.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, we proposed a novel approach for single-image tree reconstruction using a conditional generative adversarial network to infer the 3D skeleton of a tree in the form of a 2D skeleton depth map. Based on the 2D skeleton depth map, a corresponding branching structure (3D skeleton) that inherits the tree shape in the input image and leaves can be generated using a procedural modeling technique.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Experimental results show that the proposed method accurately reconstructs diverse tree structures across species. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate improved skeleton completeness, branching accuracy, and visual realism over baseline methods, while requiring no user input.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our proposed approach for generating lifelike 3D tree models from a single image with no user input shows its proficiency in achieving efficient and reliable reconstruction. These results showcase the capability of the proposed model to recreate complex tree architectures while capturing their visual authenticity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 101-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Review of extrinsic parameter calibration of LiDAR and camera 激光雷达和相机外部参数标定技术综述

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.004

Shuo WANG , Pengju ZHANG , Yihong WU

LiDAR and camera are two of the most common sensors used in the fields of robot perception, autonomous driving, augmented reality, and virtual reality, where these sensors are widely used to perform various tasks such as odometry estimation and 3D reconstruction. Fusing the information from these two sensors can significantly increase the robustness and accuracy of these perception tasks. The extrinsic calibration between cameras and LiDAR is a fundamental prerequisite for multimodal systems. Recently, extensive studies have been conducted on the calibration of extrinsic parameters. Although several calibration methods facilitate sensor fusion, a comprehensive summary for researchers and, especially, non-expert users is lacking. Thus, we present an overview of extrinsic calibration and discuss diverse calibration methods from the perspective of calibration system design. Based on the calibration information sources, this study classifies these methods as target-based or targetless. For each type of calibration method, further classification was performed according to the diverse types of features or constraints used in the calibration process, and their detailed implementations and key characteristics were introduced. Thereafter, calibration-accuracy evaluation methods are presented. Finally, we comprehensively compare the advantages and disadvantages of each calibration method and suggest directions for practical applications and future research.

激光雷达和摄像头是机器人感知、自动驾驶、增强现实和虚拟现实领域最常用的两种传感器，这些传感器被广泛用于执行各种任务，如里程估计和3D重建。融合这两个传感器的信息可以显著提高感知任务的鲁棒性和准确性。相机和激光雷达之间的外部校准是多模态系统的基本前提。近年来，外界参数的标定得到了广泛的研究。虽然有几种校准方法可以促进传感器融合，但缺乏对研究人员，特别是非专业用户的全面总结。因此，我们概述了外部校准，并从校准系统设计的角度讨论了各种校准方法。根据标定信息源的不同，本文将标定方法分为基于目标和无目标两类。针对每种校准方法，根据校准过程中使用的不同类型的特征或约束进行了进一步分类，并介绍了每种校准方法的详细实现和关键特征。在此基础上，提出了标定精度评价方法。最后，综合比较了各种校准方法的优缺点，并提出了实际应用和未来研究的方向。

{"title":"Review of extrinsic parameter calibration of LiDAR and camera","authors":"Shuo WANG , Pengju ZHANG , Yihong WU","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>LiDAR and camera are two of the most common sensors used in the fields of robot perception, autonomous driving, augmented reality, and virtual reality, where these sensors are widely used to perform various tasks such as odometry estimation and 3D reconstruction. Fusing the information from these two sensors can significantly increase the robustness and accuracy of these perception tasks. The extrinsic calibration between cameras and LiDAR is a fundamental prerequisite for multimodal systems. Recently, extensive studies have been conducted on the calibration of extrinsic parameters. Although several calibration methods facilitate sensor fusion, a comprehensive summary for researchers and, especially, non-expert users is lacking. Thus, we present an overview of extrinsic calibration and discuss diverse calibration methods from the perspective of calibration system design. Based on the calibration information sources, this study classifies these methods as target-based or targetless. For each type of calibration method, further classification was performed according to the diverse types of features or constraints used in the calibration process, and their detailed implementations and key characteristics were introduced. Thereafter, calibration-accuracy evaluation methods are presented. Finally, we comprehensively compare the advantages and disadvantages of each calibration method and suggest directions for practical applications and future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 28-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficient VR rendering: Survey on foveated, stereo, cloud, and low-power rendering techniques 高效的VR渲染：焦点，立体，云和低功耗渲染技术的调查

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.003

Xiao HU , Xiaolong WU , Mingcong MA , Xiang XU , Yiping GU , Gaoyuan WANG , Yanning XU , Xiangxu MENG , Lu WANG

With technological advancements, virtual reality (VR), once limited to high-end professional applications, is rapidly expanding into entertainment and broader consumer domains. However, the inherent contradiction between mobile hardware computing power and the demand for high-resolution, high-refresh-rate rendering has intensified, leading to critical bottlenecks, including frame latency and power overload, which constrain large-scale applications of VR systems. This study systematically analyzes four key technologies for efficient VR rendering: (1) foveated rendering, which dynamically reduces rendering precision in peripheral regions based on the physiological characteristics of the human visual system (HVS), thereby significantly decreasing graphics computation load; (2) stereo rendering, optimized through consistent stereo rendering acceleration algorithms; (3) cloud rendering, utilizing object-based decomposition and illumination-based decomposition for distributed resource scheduling; and (4) low-power rendering, integrating parameter-optimized rendering, super-resolution technology, and frame-generation technology to enhance mobile energy efficiency. Through a systematic review of the core principles and optimization approaches of these technologies, this study establishes research benchmarks for developing efficient VR systems that achieve high fidelity and low latency while providing further theoretical support for the engineering implementation and industrial advancement of VR rendering technologies.

随着技术的进步，曾经局限于高端专业应用的虚拟现实（VR）正在迅速扩展到娱乐和更广泛的消费领域。然而，移动硬件计算能力与高分辨率、高刷新率渲染需求之间的内在矛盾日益加剧，导致帧延迟和功率过载等关键瓶颈，制约了VR系统的大规模应用。本研究系统分析了实现高效VR渲染的四项关键技术：(1)注视点渲染，根据人类视觉系统（HVS）的生理特性动态降低周边区域的渲染精度，从而显著降低图形计算负荷；(2)立体渲染，通过一致的立体渲染加速算法优化；(3)云绘制，利用基于对象的分解和基于光照的分解进行分布式资源调度；(4)低功耗渲染，集成参数优化渲染、超分辨率技术和帧生成技术，提高移动能源效率。本研究通过对这些技术的核心原理和优化方法的系统综述，为开发高保真、低延迟的高效VR系统建立了研究基准，同时为VR渲染技术的工程实现和产业推进提供了进一步的理论支持。

{"title":"Efficient VR rendering: Survey on foveated, stereo, cloud, and low-power rendering techniques","authors":"Xiao HU , Xiaolong WU , Mingcong MA , Xiang XU , Yiping GU , Gaoyuan WANG , Yanning XU , Xiangxu MENG , Lu WANG","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With technological advancements, virtual reality (VR), once limited to high-end professional applications, is rapidly expanding into entertainment and broader consumer domains. However, the inherent contradiction between mobile hardware computing power and the demand for high-resolution, high-refresh-rate rendering has intensified, leading to critical bottlenecks, including frame latency and power overload, which constrain large-scale applications of VR systems. This study systematically analyzes four key technologies for efficient VR rendering: (1) foveated rendering, which dynamically reduces rendering precision in peripheral regions based on the physiological characteristics of the human visual system (HVS), thereby significantly decreasing graphics computation load; (2) stereo rendering, optimized through consistent stereo rendering acceleration algorithms; (3) cloud rendering, utilizing object-based decomposition and illumination-based decomposition for distributed resource scheduling; and (4) low-power rendering, integrating parameter-optimized rendering, super-resolution technology, and frame-generation technology to enhance mobile energy efficiency. Through a systematic review of the core principles and optimization approaches of these technologies, this study establishes research benchmarks for developing efficient VR systems that achieve high fidelity and low latency while providing further theoretical support for the engineering implementation and industrial advancement of VR rendering technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 421-452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Urgent needs, opportunities and challenges of virtual reality in healthcare and medicine in the era of large language models 大语言模型时代虚拟现实在医疗保健领域的迫切需求、机遇与挑战

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.001

Xinming XU , Haoxuan LI , Zhouyu GUAN , Dian ZENG , Qingqing ZHENG , Yiming QIN , Yang WEN , Huating LI , Chwee Teck LIM , Tien Yin WONG , Enhua WU , Weiping JIA , Bin SHENG

The convergence of large language models (LLMs) and virtual reality (VR) technologies has led to significant breakthroughs across multiple domains, particularly in healthcare and medicine. Owing to its immersive and interactive capabilities, VR technology has demonstrated exceptional utility in surgical simulation, rehabilitation, physical therapy, mental health, and psychological treatment. By creating highly realistic and precisely controlled environments, VR not only enhances the efficiency of medical training but also enables personalized therapeutic approaches for patients. The convergence of LLMs and VR extends the potential of both technologies. LLM-empowered VR can transform medical education through interactive learning platforms and address complex healthcare challenges using comprehensive solutions. This convergence enhances the quality of training, decision-making, and patient engagement, paving the way for innovative healthcare delivery. This study aims to comprehensively review the current applications, research advancements, and challenges associated with these two technologies in healthcare and medicine. The rapid evolution of these technologies is driving the healthcare industry toward greater intelligence and precision, establishing them as critical forces in the transformation of modern medicine.

大型语言模型（llm）和虚拟现实（VR）技术的融合导致了多个领域的重大突破，特别是在医疗保健和医学领域。由于其身临其境和互动的能力，虚拟现实技术在手术模拟、康复、物理治疗、心理健康和心理治疗方面表现出了卓越的实用性。通过创造高度逼真和精确控制的环境，VR不仅提高了医疗培训的效率，而且为患者提供了个性化的治疗方法。法学硕士和虚拟现实的融合扩展了这两种技术的潜力。法学硕士授权的VR可以通过互动学习平台改变医学教育，并使用综合解决方案解决复杂的医疗保健挑战。这种融合提高了培训、决策和患者参与的质量，为创新的医疗保健服务铺平了道路。本研究旨在全面回顾这两种技术在医疗保健和医学领域的应用现状、研究进展和挑战。这些技术的快速发展正在推动医疗保健行业向更高的智能和精度发展，使它们成为现代医学转型的关键力量。

{"title":"Urgent needs, opportunities and challenges of virtual reality in healthcare and medicine in the era of large language models","authors":"Xinming XU , Haoxuan LI , Zhouyu GUAN , Dian ZENG , Qingqing ZHENG , Yiming QIN , Yang WEN , Huating LI , Chwee Teck LIM , Tien Yin WONG , Enhua WU , Weiping JIA , Bin SHENG","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The convergence of large language models (LLMs) and virtual reality (VR) technologies has led to significant breakthroughs across multiple domains, particularly in healthcare and medicine. Owing to its immersive and interactive capabilities, VR technology has demonstrated exceptional utility in surgical simulation, rehabilitation, physical therapy, mental health, and psychological treatment. By creating highly realistic and precisely controlled environments, VR not only enhances the efficiency of medical training but also enables personalized therapeutic approaches for patients. The convergence of LLMs and VR extends the potential of both technologies. LLM-empowered VR can transform medical education through interactive learning platforms and address complex healthcare challenges using comprehensive solutions. This convergence enhances the quality of training, decision-making, and patient engagement, paving the way for innovative healthcare delivery. This study aims to comprehensively review the current applications, research advancements, and challenges associated with these two technologies in healthcare and medicine. The rapid evolution of these technologies is driving the healthcare industry toward greater intelligence and precision, establishing them as critical forces in the transformation of modern medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 453-467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Framework for adaptive multimodal serious games for early intervention of autistic children 自适应多模态严肃游戏对自闭症儿童早期干预的框架

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.002

Zhiqi XU , Yuyong ZHAO , Jie WANG , Jian CHANG , Yuetian ZHANG

Background

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Early intervention is essential to improve developmental outcomes in children with ASD. Serious games, which combine educational objectives with game-based interactions, have shown potential as tools for early intervention in patients with ASD. However, in China, the development of serious games specifically designed for children with ASD remains in its infancy, with significant gaps in technical frameworks and effective data management methods.

Method

This paper proposes a framework aimed at facilitating the development of multimodal serious games designed for ASD interventions. We demonstrated the feasibility of the framework by developing and integrating several components, such as web applications, mobile games, and augmented reality games. These tools are interconnected to achieve data connectivity and management. Additionally, adaptive mechanics were employed within the framework to analyze real-time player data, which allowed the game difficulty to be dynamically adjusted and provide a personalized experience for each child.Results The framework successfully integrated various multimodal games, ensuring that real-time data management supported personalized game experiences. This approach ensured that the interventions remained appropriately challenging while still achievable.

Conclusion

The results indicate that the proposed framework enhances collaboration among therapists, parents, and developers while also improving the effectiveness of ASD interventions. By delivering personalized gameplay experiences that are both challenging and achievable, the framework offers a scalable platform for the future development of serious games.

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种普遍的发育障碍，其特征是社会沟通困难和限制性重复行为。早期干预对于改善自闭症儿童的发育结果至关重要。严肃游戏结合了教育目标和基于游戏的互动，已经显示出作为ASD患者早期干预工具的潜力。然而，在中国，专门为ASD儿童设计的严肃游戏的开发仍处于起步阶段，在技术框架和有效的数据管理方法方面存在重大差距。方法提出了一个框架，旨在促进针对ASD干预设计的多模式严肃游戏的开发。我们通过开发和集成几个组件（如web应用程序、移动游戏和增强现实游戏）来演示该框架的可行性。这些工具相互连接以实现数据连接和管理。此外，该框架还采用了自适应机制来分析实时玩家数据，从而可以动态调整游戏难度，为每个孩子提供个性化体验。结果该框架成功集成了多种多模式游戏，确保实时数据管理支持个性化游戏体验。这种做法确保了干预措施既具有适当的挑战性，又可以实现。结论本研究框架增强了治疗师、家长和开发者之间的协作，同时也提高了ASD干预的有效性。通过提供具有挑战性和可实现的个性化游戏体验，该框架为严肃游戏的未来发展提供了一个可扩展的平台。

{"title":"Framework for adaptive multimodal serious games for early intervention of autistic children","authors":"Zhiqi XU , Yuyong ZHAO , Jie WANG , Jian CHANG , Yuetian ZHANG","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Early intervention is essential to improve developmental outcomes in children with ASD. Serious games, which combine educational objectives with game-based interactions, have shown potential as tools for early intervention in patients with ASD. However, in China, the development of serious games specifically designed for children with ASD remains in its infancy, with significant gaps in technical frameworks and effective data management methods.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This paper proposes a framework aimed at facilitating the development of multimodal serious games designed for ASD interventions. We demonstrated the feasibility of the framework by developing and integrating several components, such as web applications, mobile games, and augmented reality games. These tools are interconnected to achieve data connectivity and management. Additionally, adaptive mechanics were employed within the framework to analyze real-time player data, which allowed the game difficulty to be dynamically adjusted and provide a personalized experience for each child.<strong>Results</strong> The framework successfully integrated various multimodal games, ensuring that real-time data management supported personalized game experiences. This approach ensured that the interventions remained appropriately challenging while still achievable.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results indicate that the proposed framework enhances collaboration among therapists, parents, and developers while also improving the effectiveness of ASD interventions. By delivering personalized gameplay experiences that are both challenging and achievable, the framework offers a scalable platform for the future development of serious games.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 523-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145448547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vibrotactile pattern recognition:Influence of interstimulus intervals 振动触觉模式识别：刺激间隔的影响

Q1 Computer Science

Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.vrih.2025.06.001

Nashmin YEGANEH , Ivan MAKAROV , Árni KRISTJÁNSSON , Runar UNNTHORSSON

Background

Vibrotactile feedback systems are widely used in assistive technology, wearable devices, and virtual environments to deliver precise tactile information. The timing of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) plays a critical role in determining how accurately users perceive and interpret vibrotactile patterns. The optimal use of ISIs can increase the effectiveness of these systems, improve user interaction, and enable reliable, intuitive feedback in diverse applications. We examined how different interstimulus intervals ISIs impact the accuracy of vibrotactile pattern recognition.

Methods

Participants wore a forearm-mounted device with six voice coil actuators arranged in a 3 × 2 grid, delivering Braille-based vibrotactile patterns sequentially at ISIs ranging from 10 to 2500 ms. Eight participants performed identification tasks involving Icelandic Braille patterns categorized as either short (2–3 actuators) or long (4–5 actuators). A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to assess the effects of ISI, pattern type, and practice (across two testing blocks) on pattern recognition accuracy.

Results

For short patterns, accuracy was highest (92%–98%) at ISIs of 50–700 ms, with peak performance at 300 ms. For long patterns, accuracy reached 86%–94% at ISIs of 100–500 ms, peaking at 400 ms. Participants were more accurate with short patterns, and performance improved significantly over time for both short and long patterns, highlighting the importance of training for vibrotactile pattern recognition.

Conclusions

These results underscore the importance of careful selection of ISIs in vibrotactile feedback systems for accurate pattern identification. The findings provide valuable insights for conveying tactile information using wearable devices, contributing to better tactile feedback and performance in applications requiring precise vibrotactile information delivery.

振动触觉反馈系统广泛应用于辅助技术、可穿戴设备和虚拟环境中，以提供精确的触觉信息。间刺激间隔（ISIs）的时间在决定用户如何准确地感知和解释振动触觉模式方面起着关键作用。ISIs的最佳使用可以提高这些系统的有效性，改善用户交互，并在各种应用中实现可靠、直观的反馈。我们研究了不同的刺激间隔如何影响振动触觉模式识别的准确性。方法：参与者佩戴一个前臂安装的装置，该装置有6个音圈驱动器，排列在一个3 × 2的网格中，在10到2500 ms的ISIs范围内依次提供基于盲文的振动触觉模式。8名参与者执行识别冰岛盲文模式的任务，这些模式分为短（2-3个执行器）或长（4-5个执行器）。采用重复测量方差分析来评估ISI、模式类型和实践（跨越两个测试块）对模式识别准确性的影响。结果在50 ~ 700 ms时，准确率最高（92% ~ 98%），300 ms时准确率最高。对于长模式，准确度在100-500 ms时达到86%-94%，在400 ms时达到峰值。参与者在识别短模式时更准确，而在识别短模式和长模式时，他们的表现随着时间的推移都有显著提高，这凸显了振动触觉模式识别训练的重要性。结论这些结果强调了在振动触觉反馈系统中仔细选择ISIs对于准确识别模式的重要性。研究结果为使用可穿戴设备传递触觉信息提供了有价值的见解，有助于在需要精确振动触觉信息传递的应用中提供更好的触觉反馈和性能。

{"title":"Vibrotactile pattern recognition:Influence of interstimulus intervals","authors":"Nashmin YEGANEH , Ivan MAKAROV , Árni KRISTJÁNSSON , Runar UNNTHORSSON","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vibrotactile feedback systems are widely used in assistive technology, wearable devices, and virtual environments to deliver precise tactile information. The timing of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) plays a critical role in determining how accurately users perceive and interpret vibrotactile patterns. The optimal use of ISIs can increase the effectiveness of these systems, improve user interaction, and enable reliable, intuitive feedback in diverse applications. We examined how different interstimulus intervals ISIs impact the accuracy of vibrotactile pattern recognition.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants wore a forearm-mounted device with six voice coil actuators arranged in a 3 × 2 grid, delivering Braille-based vibrotactile patterns sequentially at ISIs ranging from 10 to 2500 ms. Eight participants performed identification tasks involving Icelandic Braille patterns categorized as either short (2–3 actuators) or long (4–5 actuators). A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to assess the effects of ISI, pattern type, and practice (across two testing blocks) on pattern recognition accuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For short patterns, accuracy was highest (92%–98%) at ISIs of 50–700 ms, with peak performance at 300 ms. For long patterns, accuracy reached 86%–94% at ISIs of 100–500 ms, peaking at 400 ms. Participants were more accurate with short patterns, and performance improved significantly over time for both short and long patterns, highlighting the importance of training for vibrotactile pattern recognition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results underscore the importance of careful selection of ISIs in vibrotactile feedback systems for accurate pattern identification. The findings provide valuable insights for conveying tactile information using wearable devices, contributing to better tactile feedback and performance in applications requiring precise vibrotactile information delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 483-500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0