Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.739832
D. S. Hyams, T. P. Fan, J. Kuchar
A two-part survey of pilots is summarized in which the effects of pilot reports on decision making behavior was examined. The survey involved a questionnaire on the world wide web and a more focused series of personal interviews. Replanning decisions in response to turbulence and weather were examined.
{"title":"Survey of in-flight replanning performed on the flight deck","authors":"D. S. Hyams, T. P. Fan, J. Kuchar","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.739832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.739832","url":null,"abstract":"A two-part survey of pilots is summarized in which the effects of pilot reports on decision making behavior was examined. The survey involved a questionnaire on the world wide web and a more focused series of personal interviews. Replanning decisions in response to turbulence and weather were examined.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123745207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.739873
J. Pierowicz
Collisions within intersections constitute approximately twenty-six percent of all Police-reported crashes each year. Of these crashes, 47 percent occur at intersections controlled by stop signs. About 75% of intersection crashes may be attributed to driver errors, such as failure to observe the traffic control or driver inattention. Calspan is developing an on-board countermeasure system to prevent collisions at intersections. This effort is part of the Intersection Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program. A feature of this countermeasure is the detection of the intersection the vehicle is approaching, and the determination of the traffic control device at that intersection. This information is derived from an on-board geographical information system (GIS) in conjunction with vehicle position data acquired from Global Positioning System (GPS). The use of this data, combined with other vehicle state information, can be used to determine the potential for driver violation of the intersection. This paper will describe the use of information from the GIS along with other vehicle parameters to provide a warning of intersection violation to the driver. Examples of the application of this technique will be provided.
{"title":"Use of map data information in an on-board intersection violation detection system","authors":"J. Pierowicz","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.739873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.739873","url":null,"abstract":"Collisions within intersections constitute approximately twenty-six percent of all Police-reported crashes each year. Of these crashes, 47 percent occur at intersections controlled by stop signs. About 75% of intersection crashes may be attributed to driver errors, such as failure to observe the traffic control or driver inattention. Calspan is developing an on-board countermeasure system to prevent collisions at intersections. This effort is part of the Intersection Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program. A feature of this countermeasure is the detection of the intersection the vehicle is approaching, and the determination of the traffic control device at that intersection. This information is derived from an on-board geographical information system (GIS) in conjunction with vehicle position data acquired from Global Positioning System (GPS). The use of this data, combined with other vehicle state information, can be used to determine the potential for driver violation of the intersection. This paper will describe the use of information from the GIS along with other vehicle parameters to provide a warning of intersection violation to the driver. Examples of the application of this technique will be provided.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126319361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741501
M. Blackburn
Software testing will play a role in the development of software systems for some time to come. Although testing can account for 40 to 75 percent of the lifetime development and maintenance costs, the results summarized in this paper provide promising evidence that the use of test automation to support the manually intensive test generation and model-based analysis is feasible and practical. There is a great need to demonstrate and integrate new and advanced technologies. This paper describes an environment developed to validate the use of model-based translators on real-world applications. The environment integrates model-based development tools with a specification-based test vector generator and specification-based coverage analyzer.
{"title":"Using models for test generation and analysis","authors":"M. Blackburn","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741501","url":null,"abstract":"Software testing will play a role in the development of software systems for some time to come. Although testing can account for 40 to 75 percent of the lifetime development and maintenance costs, the results summarized in this paper provide promising evidence that the use of test automation to support the manually intensive test generation and model-based analysis is feasible and practical. There is a great need to demonstrate and integrate new and advanced technologies. This paper describes an environment developed to validate the use of model-based translators on real-world applications. The environment integrates model-based development tools with a specification-based test vector generator and specification-based coverage analyzer.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126435858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741444
E. Hitt
Total ownership cost (TOC) is being adopted by government and industry to manage business processes. Total ownership cost provides managers actual costs and the causes of these costs. Actual costs are often visible to management after some rollup from lower levels has taken place. This rollup process often obscures the causes or cost drivers and leaves the manager without the information needed to drive down costs. Knowledge of the high cost drivers is the first step in driving down costs. The second step is the process of defining alternatives in sufficient detail that the investment and operating and support costs can be determined considering technical, schedule, and cost risk. The third step is the computation of the return on investment, payback period, and cost savings/growth associated with each alternative. This paper describes the use of total ownership cost and the decision support tools in government and industry.
{"title":"Total ownership cost use in management","authors":"E. Hitt","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741444","url":null,"abstract":"Total ownership cost (TOC) is being adopted by government and industry to manage business processes. Total ownership cost provides managers actual costs and the causes of these costs. Actual costs are often visible to management after some rollup from lower levels has taken place. This rollup process often obscures the causes or cost drivers and leaves the manager without the information needed to drive down costs. Knowledge of the high cost drivers is the first step in driving down costs. The second step is the process of defining alternatives in sufficient detail that the investment and operating and support costs can be determined considering technical, schedule, and cost risk. The third step is the computation of the return on investment, payback period, and cost savings/growth associated with each alternative. This paper describes the use of total ownership cost and the decision support tools in government and industry.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125807745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.739879
J.L. Overbolt, W.K. Krill, K. Cheok
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are the integration of current and emerging technologies in fields such as information processing, communications, and electronics applied to solving surface transportation problems. One specific use of ITS technologies seeks to incorporate a variety of on-board sensors to assist the driver in the efficient and safe operation of a vehicle. The interaction of a series of independent ITS entities amongst themselves and/or with their environment, can lead to the development (or emergence) of highly complex behaviors or properties. In most cases these behaviors will be unanticipated by the original system designer. The potential for systems instability is a definite concern. Intelligent transportation systems have the potential for generating these undesired effects. This paper will examine the current methods used to predict and control the emergence of unpredictable behaviors in complex driving assistance systems, especially concentrating on minimizing the overall effects of this phenomenon on the performance, stability and safety of ground vehicles.
{"title":"Determining and controlling emergent behavior in intelligent transportation systems","authors":"J.L. Overbolt, W.K. Krill, K. Cheok","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.739879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.739879","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are the integration of current and emerging technologies in fields such as information processing, communications, and electronics applied to solving surface transportation problems. One specific use of ITS technologies seeks to incorporate a variety of on-board sensors to assist the driver in the efficient and safe operation of a vehicle. The interaction of a series of independent ITS entities amongst themselves and/or with their environment, can lead to the development (or emergence) of highly complex behaviors or properties. In most cases these behaviors will be unanticipated by the original system designer. The potential for systems instability is a definite concern. Intelligent transportation systems have the potential for generating these undesired effects. This paper will examine the current methods used to predict and control the emergence of unpredictable behaviors in complex driving assistance systems, especially concentrating on minimizing the overall effects of this phenomenon on the performance, stability and safety of ground vehicles.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128450704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741557
V. Riley, B. DeMers, C. Misiak, B. Schmalz
Ease of use has become a primary concern in avionics recently. Pilot training time represents a significant cost to aircraft operators, and the importance of human factors considerations in safety has been highlighted by the FAA, who note that human error is a cause in roughly 70% of aircraft accidents. These concerns have led to a new focus on human centered design, which seeks to define system functionality based on the user's perspective rather than that of the designer. We have used the principles of user centered design to develop a new autoflight system concept that integrates the autopilot and flight management system functions into a single user interface that most pilots can learn to use within about fifteen minutes. This is in contrast to the weeks required to learn a typical flight management system.
{"title":"A pilot-centered autoflight system concept","authors":"V. Riley, B. DeMers, C. Misiak, B. Schmalz","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741557","url":null,"abstract":"Ease of use has become a primary concern in avionics recently. Pilot training time represents a significant cost to aircraft operators, and the importance of human factors considerations in safety has been highlighted by the FAA, who note that human error is a cause in roughly 70% of aircraft accidents. These concerns have led to a new focus on human centered design, which seeks to define system functionality based on the user's perspective rather than that of the designer. We have used the principles of user centered design to develop a new autoflight system concept that integrates the autopilot and flight management system functions into a single user interface that most pilots can learn to use within about fifteen minutes. This is in contrast to the weeks required to learn a typical flight management system.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130849001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741488
C. Satterthwaite, G. Miyahara, S. Tomashefsky, I. Harnage
New and legacy aircraft weapon systems depend on an increasingly complex verification and validation process to decrease the risks in operation, to increase mission success, and to provide flexibility for rapidly changing mission requirements. In this process, embedded software is a key ingredient for changing, recording, proving, and preserving the usefulness of the weapon system. The increased use of software is placing an increased demand for innovation to capture and observe the impacts of weapon system changes. The heavily relied upon fly-fix-fly testing approach to verification and validation will always have its place, but is losing its effectiveness to affordably, thoroughly and responsively assure the weapon system changes. This paper will provide a comparison of fly-fix-fly testing to the software development facility testing approach.
{"title":"A comparison of fly-fix-fly testing to the software development facility testing approach","authors":"C. Satterthwaite, G. Miyahara, S. Tomashefsky, I. Harnage","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741488","url":null,"abstract":"New and legacy aircraft weapon systems depend on an increasingly complex verification and validation process to decrease the risks in operation, to increase mission success, and to provide flexibility for rapidly changing mission requirements. In this process, embedded software is a key ingredient for changing, recording, proving, and preserving the usefulness of the weapon system. The increased use of software is placing an increased demand for innovation to capture and observe the impacts of weapon system changes. The heavily relied upon fly-fix-fly testing approach to verification and validation will always have its place, but is losing its effectiveness to affordably, thoroughly and responsively assure the weapon system changes. This paper will provide a comparison of fly-fix-fly testing to the software development facility testing approach.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132076562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.739853
P. Pingree
This paper describes the integration and test challenges of verifying and validating the avionics hardware and flight software which have been experienced in meeting the New Millennium Program Deep Space One (DS1) project's faster, better, cheaper requirements. This paper gives a high level overview of the development and application of the two flight system testbeds (DSI Hotbench), the testbed activities supported the DSI Spacecraft Assembly, Test and Launch Operations (ATLO), and the testing performed to prepare for and support post-launch mission operations. In the "Faster, Better, Cheaper" environment of the New Millennium Program, DSI Integration and Test (I&T) has defined new methods and decision criteria to meet our requirements and goals while assessing and minimizing the risk in the paths we have taken. Our successes and failures are largely yet to be seen as we approach our July 1 launch date. This paper describes the challenges that have been faced and some that have been overcome during the DSI I&T phase. It presents the risks that have been accepted in our attempts to test completely the DSI Avionics system in preparation for launch and mission operations.
{"title":"Deep space one integration and test challenges: getting to the launch pad in the faster, better, cheaper world","authors":"P. Pingree","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.739853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.739853","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the integration and test challenges of verifying and validating the avionics hardware and flight software which have been experienced in meeting the New Millennium Program Deep Space One (DS1) project's faster, better, cheaper requirements. This paper gives a high level overview of the development and application of the two flight system testbeds (DSI Hotbench), the testbed activities supported the DSI Spacecraft Assembly, Test and Launch Operations (ATLO), and the testing performed to prepare for and support post-launch mission operations. In the \"Faster, Better, Cheaper\" environment of the New Millennium Program, DSI Integration and Test (I&T) has defined new methods and decision criteria to meet our requirements and goals while assessing and minimizing the risk in the paths we have taken. Our successes and failures are largely yet to be seen as we approach our July 1 launch date. This paper describes the challenges that have been faced and some that have been overcome during the DSI I&T phase. It presents the risks that have been accepted in our attempts to test completely the DSI Avionics system in preparation for launch and mission operations.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134266814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.739861
K. Crawford
Boeing North American (BNA) have been conducting remote data acquisition trials on military and civil transportation platforms. BNA performed an analysis of available data acquisition systems. The SoMat Model 2100 Field Computer was selected after passing preliminary outgassing and functional testing. The formal program to develop an Enhanced Data Acquisition System (EDAS) was initiated in February 1997. MSFC undertook further system analyses: determining the location of the data acquisition unit in the SRB; identifying EDAS/SRB integration requirements; and identifying requirements for the EDAS enclosure, connectors, cables, and cable routing.
{"title":"Development of a low cost data acquisition system for the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster program","authors":"K. Crawford","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.739861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.739861","url":null,"abstract":"Boeing North American (BNA) have been conducting remote data acquisition trials on military and civil transportation platforms. BNA performed an analysis of available data acquisition systems. The SoMat Model 2100 Field Computer was selected after passing preliminary outgassing and functional testing. The formal program to develop an Enhanced Data Acquisition System (EDAS) was initiated in February 1997. MSFC undertook further system analyses: determining the location of the data acquisition unit in the SRB; identifying EDAS/SRB integration requirements; and identifying requirements for the EDAS enclosure, connectors, cables, and cable routing.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134302479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741492
R. L. Carter, D. St. Louis, E. Andert
Advanced transportation systems can be expected to increasingly employ modern software development methodologies for the implementation of their operational capabilities. This is demanded by the shift to open architecture hardware and software solutions in order to meet stringent low-cost objectives. The common object request broker architecture (CORBA) is an important maturing standard offering interoperability among software components and portability across hardware platforms. While CORBA can provide needed interoperability and portability, the question arises how to manage distributed CORBA clients and servers in a fault tolerant manner. Future mission critical and distributed software deployments require effective resource allocation. Critical resource allocation issues that need to be addressed include component migration, scheduling, and load balancing across dynamic computational resources. A management system that addresses these issues in a uniform and cost-effective way is needed. This paper describes an integrated approach to optimal resource allocation and fault tolerance in a distributed computing environment. The approach leverages a commodity-off-the-shelf (COTS) resource allocation system to provide the infrastructure for the specific resource allocation and fault tolerance enhancements required to host a reliable CORBA applications on heterogeneous networked workstations.
{"title":"Resource allocation in a distributed computing environment","authors":"R. L. Carter, D. St. Louis, E. Andert","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741492","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced transportation systems can be expected to increasingly employ modern software development methodologies for the implementation of their operational capabilities. This is demanded by the shift to open architecture hardware and software solutions in order to meet stringent low-cost objectives. The common object request broker architecture (CORBA) is an important maturing standard offering interoperability among software components and portability across hardware platforms. While CORBA can provide needed interoperability and portability, the question arises how to manage distributed CORBA clients and servers in a fault tolerant manner. Future mission critical and distributed software deployments require effective resource allocation. Critical resource allocation issues that need to be addressed include component migration, scheduling, and load balancing across dynamic computational resources. A management system that addresses these issues in a uniform and cost-effective way is needed. This paper describes an integrated approach to optimal resource allocation and fault tolerance in a distributed computing environment. The approach leverages a commodity-off-the-shelf (COTS) resource allocation system to provide the infrastructure for the specific resource allocation and fault tolerance enhancements required to host a reliable CORBA applications on heterogeneous networked workstations.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133276108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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