Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741556
S. Chappell
If a system or procedure is being developed that will be used by humans, the design should be human-centered. Human-centered design capitalizes on and accommodates human skills in perception, attention, and cognition, while minimizing the opportunities for and effects of human error. This paper describes a mature practical process for accomplishing this goal of human-centered design. Usability is the foundation of this process. The first step in creating a human-centered system is to determine who the operators are, how, where, and what they are using the system for now, and what they would like to use it for in the future. The next step is to set relevant and realistic usability goals for the user interface of the new system. These goals include the time to accomplish the task and error tolerance. The final step is to perform usability testing, starting with a prototype. Many usability issues will become apparent by creating scenarios that 1) exercise a representative sample, if not all, of the operator functions and 2) provide a realistic operational environment for testing. By collecting and analyzing usability data, specific interface features can be evaluated and any mismatch between the design and the operational use will be revealed. Through iterative design improvements the final product will be easy to use and difficult to use incorrectly.
{"title":"Certification of usability: a process for creating a human-centered system","authors":"S. Chappell","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741556","url":null,"abstract":"If a system or procedure is being developed that will be used by humans, the design should be human-centered. Human-centered design capitalizes on and accommodates human skills in perception, attention, and cognition, while minimizing the opportunities for and effects of human error. This paper describes a mature practical process for accomplishing this goal of human-centered design. Usability is the foundation of this process. The first step in creating a human-centered system is to determine who the operators are, how, where, and what they are using the system for now, and what they would like to use it for in the future. The next step is to set relevant and realistic usability goals for the user interface of the new system. These goals include the time to accomplish the task and error tolerance. The final step is to perform usability testing, starting with a prototype. Many usability issues will become apparent by creating scenarios that 1) exercise a representative sample, if not all, of the operator functions and 2) provide a realistic operational environment for testing. By collecting and analyzing usability data, specific interface features can be evaluated and any mismatch between the design and the operational use will be revealed. Through iterative design improvements the final product will be easy to use and difficult to use incorrectly.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122689603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741587
K. Williams
This paper is a review of human factors problems associated with the user-interface design of a set of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, certified for use in aircraft for instrument non-precision approaches. The paper focuses on design problems associated with the interfaces and specific inconsistencies across the set of interfaces that could cause confusion or errors during operation. Some specific problems to be addressed involve the layout and design of knobs and buttons; control labeling inconsistencies across units; the placement and use of warnings; feedback, or the lack thereof; and the integration of specific flying tasks while using the receivers. Recommendations for solving some of the problems are provided, as well as suggestions to the FAA, GPS manufacturers, and pilots regarding the future development and use of these products.
{"title":"GPS user-interface design problems","authors":"K. Williams","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741587","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a review of human factors problems associated with the user-interface design of a set of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, certified for use in aircraft for instrument non-precision approaches. The paper focuses on design problems associated with the interfaces and specific inconsistencies across the set of interfaces that could cause confusion or errors during operation. Some specific problems to be addressed involve the layout and design of knobs and buttons; control labeling inconsistencies across units; the placement and use of warnings; feedback, or the lack thereof; and the integration of specific flying tasks while using the receivers. Recommendations for solving some of the problems are provided, as well as suggestions to the FAA, GPS manufacturers, and pilots regarding the future development and use of these products.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131570526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741441
C. J. Sitter, G. Provan
We present a flexible, powerful, easily maintainable avionics diagnostics system that integrates diagnostic development functions into product development tools and processes.
我们提出了一个灵活，强大，易于维护的航空电子诊断系统，将诊断开发功能集成到产品开发工具和流程中。
{"title":"Advanced maintenance using causal networks","authors":"C. J. Sitter, G. Provan","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741441","url":null,"abstract":"We present a flexible, powerful, easily maintainable avionics diagnostics system that integrates diagnostic development functions into product development tools and processes.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115611539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.739812
T. L. Signore
It would seem to be advantageous for countries that desire to provide air traffic services via mobile networking to profile a set of ATN options that allow aircraft to operate without an ATN router. Such a profile should also allow for simplification of the OSI transport layer by substituting a connectionless transport for a connection-oriented transport. These changes would be applicable only to aircraft that have one air/ground data link installed and consequently do not need the power of an ATN router in the aircraft. A large majority of such aircraft would be start-up commercial carriers and general aviation aircraft.
{"title":"A simplified aeronautical telecommunication network (ATN) avionics architecture","authors":"T. L. Signore","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.739812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.739812","url":null,"abstract":"It would seem to be advantageous for countries that desire to provide air traffic services via mobile networking to profile a set of ATN options that allow aircraft to operate without an ATN router. Such a profile should also allow for simplification of the OSI transport layer by substituting a connectionless transport for a connection-oriented transport. These changes would be applicable only to aircraft that have one air/ground data link installed and consequently do not need the power of an ATN router in the aircraft. A large majority of such aircraft would be start-up commercial carriers and general aviation aircraft.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114565863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741498
J. Sutton
Avionics system development offers us a dilemma. You know how you'd like to develop systems...highest possible integrity, lowest failure rates, best ergonomics. You also know what will price you out of the market and abandon the business to your competitors: "bleeding edge" efforts to extract a theoretical last advantage from your product. What we really need is a "Club Med" experience on a survivable "Motel 6" budget.
{"title":"\"Club Med\"/sup TM/ avionics at \"Motel 6\"/sup TM/ costs: win/win development strategies","authors":"J. Sutton","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741498","url":null,"abstract":"Avionics system development offers us a dilemma. You know how you'd like to develop systems...highest possible integrity, lowest failure rates, best ergonomics. You also know what will price you out of the market and abandon the business to your competitors: \"bleeding edge\" efforts to extract a theoretical last advantage from your product. What we really need is a \"Club Med\" experience on a survivable \"Motel 6\" budget.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115889565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741516
R. Hammett
Today's aircraft use ultra-reliable real-time controls for demanding functions such as Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control. Future aircraft, spacecraft and other vehicles will require greater use of these types of controls for functions that currently are allowed to fail, fail to degraded operation, or require human intervention in response to failure. Fully automated and autonomous functions will require ultra-reliable control. But ultra-reliable systems are very expensive to design and require large amounts of onboard equipment. This paper will discuss how the use of low-cost sensors with digital outputs, digitally commanded fault-tolerant actuation devices and interconnecting networks of low-cost data buses offer the promise of more affordable ultra-reliable systems. Specific technologies and concepts to be discussed include low-cost automotive and industrial data buses, "smart" actuation devices with integral fault masking capabilities, management of redundant sensors, and the fault detection and diagnosis of the data network. The advantages of integrating the control and distribution of electrical power with the control system will be illustrated. The design, installation, and upgrade flexibility benefits provided by an all-digital and shared network approach are presented. The economic benefits of systems that can operate following failure and without immediate repair will be reviewed. The inherent ability of these redundant systems to provide effective built-in-test and self-diagnostics capabilities will be described. The challenges associated with developing ultra-reliable software for these systems and the difficulties associated with exhaustive verification testing will be presented as will additional development hurdles that must be overcome.
{"title":"Ultra-reliable real-time control systems-future trends","authors":"R. Hammett","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741516","url":null,"abstract":"Today's aircraft use ultra-reliable real-time controls for demanding functions such as Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control. Future aircraft, spacecraft and other vehicles will require greater use of these types of controls for functions that currently are allowed to fail, fail to degraded operation, or require human intervention in response to failure. Fully automated and autonomous functions will require ultra-reliable control. But ultra-reliable systems are very expensive to design and require large amounts of onboard equipment. This paper will discuss how the use of low-cost sensors with digital outputs, digitally commanded fault-tolerant actuation devices and interconnecting networks of low-cost data buses offer the promise of more affordable ultra-reliable systems. Specific technologies and concepts to be discussed include low-cost automotive and industrial data buses, \"smart\" actuation devices with integral fault masking capabilities, management of redundant sensors, and the fault detection and diagnosis of the data network. The advantages of integrating the control and distribution of electrical power with the control system will be illustrated. The design, installation, and upgrade flexibility benefits provided by an all-digital and shared network approach are presented. The economic benefits of systems that can operate following failure and without immediate repair will be reviewed. The inherent ability of these redundant systems to provide effective built-in-test and self-diagnostics capabilities will be described. The challenges associated with developing ultra-reliable software for these systems and the difficulties associated with exhaustive verification testing will be presented as will additional development hurdles that must be overcome.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115118065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741553
M. Malekpour
The design and development of a closed-loop system to study and evaluate the performance of the Honeywell recoverable computer system (RCS) in electromagnetic environments (EME) is presented. The development of a Windows-based software package to handle the time critical communication of data and commands between the RCS and flight simulation code in real-time, while meeting the stringent hard deadlines is also presented. The performance results of the RCS while exercising flight control laws under ideal conditions as well as in the presence of electromagnetic fields is also discussed.
{"title":"Evaluation of Honeywell recoverable computer system (RCS) in presence of electromagnetic effects","authors":"M. Malekpour","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741553","url":null,"abstract":"The design and development of a closed-loop system to study and evaluate the performance of the Honeywell recoverable computer system (RCS) in electromagnetic environments (EME) is presented. The development of a Windows-based software package to handle the time critical communication of data and commands between the RCS and flight simulation code in real-time, while meeting the stringent hard deadlines is also presented. The performance results of the RCS while exercising flight control laws under ideal conditions as well as in the presence of electromagnetic fields is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123344655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741530
J. Schmidt
This year, Brookhaven and Battelle will provide technologies critical to the fielding of the first engineering models of a Polyplanar Optic Display unit to replace the CRTs in the B-52 aircraft. Brookhaven has demonstrated the viability of this technology in a breadboard model and demonstrated that it will fit into the current B-52 display casting. Battelle will add microscreen coatings to the surface of the displays' that will eliminate all reflections and enable excellent daylight readability. Battelle will also automate the building of the display screens using plastic sheets. The plastic screens will be added to the B-52 program in future years. The joint effort of these two major research and development organizations will, over the next five years, provide the required system engineering and build preproduction models for wrap-around cockpit daylight readable displays.
{"title":"Development of display technology for the next century [military aircraft]","authors":"J. Schmidt","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741530","url":null,"abstract":"This year, Brookhaven and Battelle will provide technologies critical to the fielding of the first engineering models of a Polyplanar Optic Display unit to replace the CRTs in the B-52 aircraft. Brookhaven has demonstrated the viability of this technology in a breadboard model and demonstrated that it will fit into the current B-52 display casting. Battelle will add microscreen coatings to the surface of the displays' that will eliminate all reflections and enable excellent daylight readability. Battelle will also automate the building of the display screens using plastic sheets. The plastic screens will be added to the B-52 program in future years. The joint effort of these two major research and development organizations will, over the next five years, provide the required system engineering and build preproduction models for wrap-around cockpit daylight readable displays.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122876679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.741446
G. Hertel, T. Jahns, M. Kokes, T. Neff, I. Trefz, W. Virt
Early and effective integration of subsuppliers during the early phases of the product development process has become a strategic factor key to a manufacturer's competitiveness. It will therefore be important in the future to act upon subsuppliers' innovations in a significantly more timely manner than is practised today. The realization of this task will render the sphere of development crucially important. Not only the technical functionality of a future product is defined in the early phases of the product development process. Through specification of technical parameters a product's cost as well as indirect and direct costs associated with a product's production may be determined. The transformation of this strategy into reality requires the ability to work with incomplete information, which, when coupled with accurate mathematical and modelling methods, can contribute to making the goal of higher profits a reality. Through the example of a vehicle accessory, it was shown that with the help of probability based assessment techniques that are able to model the kind of incomplete input data often present in early planning stages, well founded decisions can be reached. Timely recognition of risks and of requirement to act as well as transparent and accountable decision making that takes customer wishes into account are the primary goals that will be pursued in order that economically robust products are created.
{"title":"Correct decisions based on uncertain requirements and imperfect information within product partnerships-a contradiction?","authors":"G. Hertel, T. Jahns, M. Kokes, T. Neff, I. Trefz, W. Virt","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.741446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.741446","url":null,"abstract":"Early and effective integration of subsuppliers during the early phases of the product development process has become a strategic factor key to a manufacturer's competitiveness. It will therefore be important in the future to act upon subsuppliers' innovations in a significantly more timely manner than is practised today. The realization of this task will render the sphere of development crucially important. Not only the technical functionality of a future product is defined in the early phases of the product development process. Through specification of technical parameters a product's cost as well as indirect and direct costs associated with a product's production may be determined. The transformation of this strategy into reality requires the ability to work with incomplete information, which, when coupled with accurate mathematical and modelling methods, can contribute to making the goal of higher profits a reality. Through the example of a vehicle accessory, it was shown that with the help of probability based assessment techniques that are able to model the kind of incomplete input data often present in early planning stages, well founded decisions can be reached. Timely recognition of risks and of requirement to act as well as transparent and accountable decision making that takes customer wishes into account are the primary goals that will be pursued in order that economically robust products are created.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130262046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-31DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1998.739850
P.W. Lemme, S. Glenister, A. Miller
The ever-increasing demand to stay in touch, to be able to communicate anywhere and anytime, has created a market for Low Earth Orbit (LEG) satellite communications services such as the Iridium System. The Iridium satellite communications network is being developed to support the needs of the passenger, the cabin crew and the flight crew. Iridium Communications LLC owns a network of satellites that provides a connection between mobile subscribers and gateway earth stations. The gateways provide connections to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), as well as to Aeronautical Gateway Subsystems (AGS). AGSs provide connections to packet data networks, and are used to initiate, ground to air "safety" voice calls.
{"title":"IRIDIUM(R) aeronautical satellite communications","authors":"P.W. Lemme, S. Glenister, A. Miller","doi":"10.1109/DASC.1998.739850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.1998.739850","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-increasing demand to stay in touch, to be able to communicate anywhere and anytime, has created a market for Low Earth Orbit (LEG) satellite communications services such as the Iridium System. The Iridium satellite communications network is being developed to support the needs of the passenger, the cabin crew and the flight crew. Iridium Communications LLC owns a network of satellites that provides a connection between mobile subscribers and gateway earth stations. The gateways provide connections to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), as well as to Aeronautical Gateway Subsystems (AGS). AGSs provide connections to packet data networks, and are used to initiate, ground to air \"safety\" voice calls.","PeriodicalId":335827,"journal":{"name":"17th DASC. AIAA/IEEE/SAE. Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36267)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130282774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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