Pub Date : 2002-08-06DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892510
Y. Kobayashi, Y. Miyake
Mutual interaction of rhythm is widely observed in the ensemble between humans. However, one-sided action is dominant in the interaction between human and musical machine. Thus, in this research, we try to realize human-like ensemble system by using mutual interaction between rhythms. To realize such a communication between human and machine, we used entrainment model of rhythms, and mutual entrainment is regarded as a mutual interaction, and as a control condition forced entrainment is used to realize one-sided action. Comparing these models, differences between one-directional and bi-directional communication are clarified, and effectiveness of our mutual entrainment based ensemble system is shown. Our system is constructed as cooperation between human player and MIDI application designed on Windows. In this system, human plays MIDI keyboard and its signal is transmitted to MIDI application. On the other hand, the sound signal from MIDI application is transmitted to human by using speaker. Experiments using this system show that the mutual entrainment based model can achieve much better performance than that based on forced entrainment model. This is due to a flexible coordination and stability of its cooperative performance, in other words, not only the phase difference between human rhythm and MIDI application was decreased, but also the fluctuation of it was also decreased. From these results, it was indicated that mutual entrainment based bi-directional communication is effective and essential to realize human-like ensemble.
{"title":"New ensemble system based on mutual entrainment","authors":"Y. Kobayashi, Y. Miyake","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892510","url":null,"abstract":"Mutual interaction of rhythm is widely observed in the ensemble between humans. However, one-sided action is dominant in the interaction between human and musical machine. Thus, in this research, we try to realize human-like ensemble system by using mutual interaction between rhythms. To realize such a communication between human and machine, we used entrainment model of rhythms, and mutual entrainment is regarded as a mutual interaction, and as a control condition forced entrainment is used to realize one-sided action. Comparing these models, differences between one-directional and bi-directional communication are clarified, and effectiveness of our mutual entrainment based ensemble system is shown. Our system is constructed as cooperation between human player and MIDI application designed on Windows. In this system, human plays MIDI keyboard and its signal is transmitted to MIDI application. On the other hand, the sound signal from MIDI application is transmitted to human by using speaker. Experiments using this system show that the mutual entrainment based model can achieve much better performance than that based on forced entrainment model. This is due to a flexible coordination and stability of its cooperative performance, in other words, not only the phase difference between human rhythm and MIDI application was decreased, but also the fluctuation of it was also decreased. From these results, it was indicated that mutual entrainment based bi-directional communication is effective and essential to realize human-like ensemble.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131280845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892460
M. Imai, T. Ono, H. Ishiguro, Y. Anzai
This paper proposes an attention expression mechanism for a robot to generate utterances spontaneously. The robot must direct the attention of a person to the same real world information as the robot for the person to interpret an utterance from the robot. The attention expression mechanism exposes the robot's focus of attention by turning its head towards the target of attention. In particular, the mechanism exposes the attention of the robot to the person, as well as real world information for the person to develop joint attention. In addition, we introduce an utterance generation mechanism named Linta-III, which was developed with the attention expression mechanism.
{"title":"Attention expression mechanism for utterance generation","authors":"M. Imai, T. Ono, H. Ishiguro, Y. Anzai","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892460","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an attention expression mechanism for a robot to generate utterances spontaneously. The robot must direct the attention of a person to the same real world information as the robot for the person to interpret an utterance from the robot. The attention expression mechanism exposes the robot's focus of attention by turning its head towards the target of attention. In particular, the mechanism exposes the attention of the robot to the person, as well as real world information for the person to develop joint attention. In addition, we introduce an utterance generation mechanism named Linta-III, which was developed with the attention expression mechanism.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127097649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892479
Qingyu Xiong, K. Hirasawa, Jinglu Hu, J. Murata
We present a novel growing RBF network structure using SOM in this paper. It consists of SOM and RBF networks respectively. The SOM performs unsupervised learning and also the weight vectors belonging to its output nodes are transmitted to the hidden nodes in the RBF networks as the centers of RBF activation functions, as a result one to one correspondence relationship is realised between the output nodes in SOM and the hidden nodes in RBF networks. The RBF networks perform supervised training using delta rule. Therefore, the current output errors in the RBF networks can be used to determine where to insert a new SOM unit according to the rule. This also makes it possible to make the RBF networks grow until a performance criterion is fulfilled or until a desired network size is obtained. The simulations on the two-spirals benchmark are shown to prove the proposed networks have good performance.
{"title":"Growing RBF structures using self-organizing maps","authors":"Qingyu Xiong, K. Hirasawa, Jinglu Hu, J. Murata","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892479","url":null,"abstract":"We present a novel growing RBF network structure using SOM in this paper. It consists of SOM and RBF networks respectively. The SOM performs unsupervised learning and also the weight vectors belonging to its output nodes are transmitted to the hidden nodes in the RBF networks as the centers of RBF activation functions, as a result one to one correspondence relationship is realised between the output nodes in SOM and the hidden nodes in RBF networks. The RBF networks perform supervised training using delta rule. Therefore, the current output errors in the RBF networks can be used to determine where to insert a new SOM unit according to the rule. This also makes it possible to make the RBF networks grow until a performance criterion is fulfilled or until a desired network size is obtained. The simulations on the two-spirals benchmark are shown to prove the proposed networks have good performance.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"750 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123870904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892484
Jiangming Mao, K. Hirasawa, Jinlu Hu, J. Murata
Evolutionary algorithms are often well-suited for optimization problems. Since the mid-1980's, interest in multiobjective problems has been expanding rapidly. Various evolutionary algorithms have been developed which are capable of searching for multiple solutions concurrently in a single run. In this paper, we proposed a genetic symbiosis algorithm (GSA) for multi-object optimization problems (MOP) based on the symbiotic concept found widely in ecosystem. In the proposed GSA for MOP, a set of symbiotic parameters are introduced to modify the fitness of individuals used for reproduction so as to obtain a variety of Pareto solutions corresponding to user's demands. The symbiotic parameters are trained by minimizing a user defined criterion function. Several numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed GSA.
{"title":"Genetic symbiosis algorithm for multiobjective optimization problem","authors":"Jiangming Mao, K. Hirasawa, Jinlu Hu, J. Murata","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892484","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary algorithms are often well-suited for optimization problems. Since the mid-1980's, interest in multiobjective problems has been expanding rapidly. Various evolutionary algorithms have been developed which are capable of searching for multiple solutions concurrently in a single run. In this paper, we proposed a genetic symbiosis algorithm (GSA) for multi-object optimization problems (MOP) based on the symbiotic concept found widely in ecosystem. In the proposed GSA for MOP, a set of symbiotic parameters are introduced to modify the fitness of individuals used for reproduction so as to obtain a variety of Pareto solutions corresponding to user's demands. The symbiotic parameters are trained by minimizing a user defined criterion function. Several numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed GSA.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127441015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892519
T. Ono, M. Imai, H. Ishiguro
The purpose of this paper is to construct a methodology for smooth communications between humans and robots. Here, focus is on an anthropomorphic mechanism which is indispensable in human-artifact communications. In this paper we propose a model of utterance understanding based on the anthropomorphic mechanism in the emerging relationship between humans and robots. Concretely speaking, we implement a robot interface system that applies our proposed model. The characteristic of our interface system is its ability to construct a relationship between a human and a robot by a method of having an agent which interacts with the person, migrates from the mobile PC of the person to the robot. Psychological experiments were carried out to explore the validity of the following hypothesis: By anthropomorphizing a robot based on such a relationship, a person can estimate the robot's intention with ease, and, moreover, the person can even understand the robot's unclear utterances made by synthesized speech sounds. The results of the experiments statistically supported our hypothesis.
{"title":"Anthropomorphic communications in the emerging relationship between humans and robots","authors":"T. Ono, M. Imai, H. Ishiguro","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892519","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to construct a methodology for smooth communications between humans and robots. Here, focus is on an anthropomorphic mechanism which is indispensable in human-artifact communications. In this paper we propose a model of utterance understanding based on the anthropomorphic mechanism in the emerging relationship between humans and robots. Concretely speaking, we implement a robot interface system that applies our proposed model. The characteristic of our interface system is its ability to construct a relationship between a human and a robot by a method of having an agent which interacts with the person, migrates from the mobile PC of the person to the robot. Psychological experiments were carried out to explore the validity of the following hypothesis: By anthropomorphizing a robot based on such a relationship, a person can estimate the robot's intention with ease, and, moreover, the person can even understand the robot's unclear utterances made by synthesized speech sounds. The results of the experiments statistically supported our hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131481694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-27DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892518
C. Breazeal
We present proto-dialog skills of an anthropomorphic robot, Kismet. The implementation is modeled after the proto-conversational skills of human infants. We have supplemented Kismet's vocal turn-taking skills with other para-linguistic social cues. We have found that naive subjects intuitively read and use these cues to regulate the exchange, making it smoother over time.
{"title":"Proto-conversations with an anthropomorphic robot","authors":"C. Breazeal","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892518","url":null,"abstract":"We present proto-dialog skills of an anthropomorphic robot, Kismet. The implementation is modeled after the proto-conversational skills of human infants. We have supplemented Kismet's vocal turn-taking skills with other para-linguistic social cues. We have found that naive subjects intuitively read and use these cues to regulate the exchange, making it smoother over time.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127226991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-27DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892481
M. Shirazi
The consensus is that virtually all aspects of the response selectivity exhibited by visual cortical cells are either created of sharpened by intra-cortical inhibitory cells. There is abundant experimental evidence supporting the view that the inhibitory cortical cells are orientation specific. To understand the mechanism underlying the orientation specificity of inhibitory cortical cells is a key to understand the neural circuitry of the striate visual cortex. It is the purpose of this article to show how such an orientation-specific inhibition can be achieved from the striate-cortex innervating nonoriented lateral geniculate cells. A computational model for the orientation-specific inhibition is introduced. The model consists of three parts: (a) a two-layered hierarchical Markov random field; (b) a computational goal formulated based on the maximum a posteriori estimation principle; (c) a deterministic parallel algorithm to achieve the computational goal. A physiologically-plausible firing-rate-coded neural circuit is introduced to implement the computational model.
{"title":"From Markov random field theory to the neural circuitry of striate visual cortex","authors":"M. Shirazi","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892481","url":null,"abstract":"The consensus is that virtually all aspects of the response selectivity exhibited by visual cortical cells are either created of sharpened by intra-cortical inhibitory cells. There is abundant experimental evidence supporting the view that the inhibitory cortical cells are orientation specific. To understand the mechanism underlying the orientation specificity of inhibitory cortical cells is a key to understand the neural circuitry of the striate visual cortex. It is the purpose of this article to show how such an orientation-specific inhibition can be achieved from the striate-cortex innervating nonoriented lateral geniculate cells. A computational model for the orientation-specific inhibition is introduced. The model consists of three parts: (a) a two-layered hierarchical Markov random field; (b) a computational goal formulated based on the maximum a posteriori estimation principle; (c) a deterministic parallel algorithm to achieve the computational goal. A physiologically-plausible firing-rate-coded neural circuit is introduced to implement the computational model.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121600510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-27DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892502
A. Murata, T. Miyoshi, M. Fujii
The aim of this study was to explore how the ratio of size and the background color of foveal and peripheral windows affected the work efficiency at the foveal window. On the basis of the results, an attempt was made to clarify the cognitive layout of multiple windows that makes the visual interference minimum. It was clarified that the area ratio of the peripheral window to the foveal window was one of the determinant factor that affected the visual interference. Moreover, it was found that the visual interference occurred not during the perceptual process, but during the cognitive process. It was also indicated that the background color on the peripheral window did not affect the visual interference. The background color on the foveal window seems to affect the counting accuracy on the foveal window according to the attractiveness of colors. Some implications for designing multi-window systems were given.
{"title":"Cognitive layout of multi-window system-effects of background color and size of peripheral window on visual interference","authors":"A. Murata, T. Miyoshi, M. Fujii","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892502","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to explore how the ratio of size and the background color of foveal and peripheral windows affected the work efficiency at the foveal window. On the basis of the results, an attempt was made to clarify the cognitive layout of multiple windows that makes the visual interference minimum. It was clarified that the area ratio of the peripheral window to the foveal window was one of the determinant factor that affected the visual interference. Moreover, it was found that the visual interference occurred not during the perceptual process, but during the cognitive process. It was also indicated that the background color on the peripheral window did not affect the visual interference. The background color on the foveal window seems to affect the counting accuracy on the foveal window according to the attractiveness of colors. Some implications for designing multi-window systems were given.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115795289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-27DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892488
A. Green, H. Huttenrauch, M. Norman, Lars Oestreicher, K. S. Eklundh
This paper describes the development of a fetch-and-carry robot to assist physically impaired people in an office environment. Different methods involving users are employed in the project, including the task analysis, Hi-Fi simulation trials and focus group sessions. Through an iterative design process, a prototype robot system has been developed, with an enhanced robot platform including a graphical user interface and natural language interface. The users' need for continuous feedback from the robot has led to the development of an animated character (CERO), which relates the two interface components and indicates the robot's current state by using simple gestures.
{"title":"User centered design for intelligent service robots","authors":"A. Green, H. Huttenrauch, M. Norman, Lars Oestreicher, K. S. Eklundh","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892488","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the development of a fetch-and-carry robot to assist physically impaired people in an office environment. Different methods involving users are employed in the project, including the task analysis, Hi-Fi simulation trials and focus group sessions. Through an iterative design process, a prototype robot system has been developed, with an enhanced robot platform including a graphical user interface and natural language interface. The users' need for continuous feedback from the robot has led to the development of an animated character (CERO), which relates the two interface components and indicates the robot's current state by using simple gestures.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132040877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-27DOI: 10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892641
S. Uchikado, M. Igarashi, Y. Kawashima, N. Saitou, D. Izaki, T. Satoh, K. Tanaka
Bedridden persons who cannot use their hands, mouth or ears communicate with other persons only by opening and shutting their eyelids. Hence a communication support system for such persons is important and necessary. The purpose of this paper is to design a system to estimate whether an eyelid is open or shut from a sequence of real images which are taken with a CCD camera.
{"title":"On the study about opening and closing of an eyelid-application to the support system of medical care","authors":"S. Uchikado, M. Igarashi, Y. Kawashima, N. Saitou, D. Izaki, T. Satoh, K. Tanaka","doi":"10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2000.892641","url":null,"abstract":"Bedridden persons who cannot use their hands, mouth or ears communicate with other persons only by opening and shutting their eyelids. Hence a communication support system for such persons is important and necessary. The purpose of this paper is to design a system to estimate whether an eyelid is open or shut from a sequence of real images which are taken with a CCD camera.","PeriodicalId":337709,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 9th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE RO-MAN 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8499)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132553743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：