The effectiveness of activated bean husks for the adsorptive bleaching of palm oil was studied in this work. Optimal bleaching parameters like temperature, time and adsorbent-oil ratio were determined for the palm oil decolouration. Various weights of 1, 1.5 and 2 g of activated beans husks were contacted with crude palm oil at 50, 80, 110, 140 and 170 °C and contact times of 45, 60 and 90 minutes using 20 ml of oil sample in each case. The decolorizing effect increased linearly with temperature. Optimal adsorption conditions gave a bleaching efficiency of 98%. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin with Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were correlated, and Freundlich has the highest statistical correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.9901. Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm suggested chemisorption. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit for the kinetic study.
{"title":"Optimal Adsorptive Bleaching of Palm Oil with Activated Beans Husks","authors":"B. Olufemi, Adedoyin T. Damola-Okesiji","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V13I2.630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V13I2.630","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of activated bean husks for the adsorptive bleaching of palm oil was studied in this work. Optimal bleaching parameters like temperature, time and adsorbent-oil ratio were determined for the palm oil decolouration. Various weights of 1, 1.5 and 2 g of activated beans husks were contacted with crude palm oil at 50, 80, 110, 140 and 170 °C and contact times of 45, 60 and 90 minutes using 20 ml of oil sample in each case. The decolorizing effect increased linearly with temperature. Optimal adsorption conditions gave a bleaching efficiency of 98%. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin with Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were correlated, and Freundlich has the highest statistical correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.9901. Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm suggested chemisorption. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit for the kinetic study. ","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130871401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clean coal technology (CCT) is an environmentally friendly technology for producing syngas. The gasification process is part of CCT for producing the syngas. The numerical simulation of the gasification process is much more economical compared to the experimental study. So, it is beneficial for calculating syngas composition and helping to improve the gasification process. In the present research, the single-stage entrained gasifier is considered for the syngas composition analysis. In the study, the volatile break-up was estimated by the finite volume method. The reaction rates are analyzed using the Finite rate dissipation reaction model. The syngas composition and the exit temperature result of simulation follow behavior reported in the literature.
{"title":"Numerical Analysis of Combustion Dynamics for Single Stage Entrained Flow Gasifier","authors":"B. Hussain, Hafiz Waqar Azmat, M. Bashir, M. Umer","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V13I2.634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V13I2.634","url":null,"abstract":"Clean coal technology (CCT) is an environmentally friendly technology for producing syngas. The gasification process is part of CCT for producing the syngas. The numerical simulation of the gasification process is much more economical compared to the experimental study. So, it is beneficial for calculating syngas composition and helping to improve the gasification process. In the present research, the single-stage entrained gasifier is considered for the syngas composition analysis. In the study, the volatile break-up was estimated by the finite volume method. The reaction rates are analyzed using the Finite rate dissipation reaction model. The syngas composition and the exit temperature result of simulation follow behavior reported in the literature.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130249890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fruit classification is playing a vital role in robot-based farming. The plucking of fruits and packing is done using robots nowadays. This could only be possible using efficiently trained robots base on machine learning. Different techniques have been developed for fruit classification, but still, there are many gaps, i.e., efficiency and accuracy. In this research work, we are targeting classification accuracy. This paper presented an Automatic Fruit Detection tool with good precision and recalled using deep learning neural networks. It will help in farming, cultivation, and produce sound effects in robotic farming. The aim is to build an accurate, fast and reliable fruit detection system, a vital element of an autonomous agricultural robotic platform; it is a crucial element for fruit yield estimation and automated harvesting. We used the ResNet-50 in the context of transfer learning. Different training choices were defined, i.e., 10% to 80%. Experimental results show that we compete for the prior approaches even on only 10% training. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art results compared to prior work with the F1 Score, which considers both precision and recall performances improving from 0.838 to 0.894 and 0.995 of accuracy. In addition to improved accuracy, this approach is also much quicker as compared to recent approaches.
{"title":"Automatic Fruits Classification System Based on Deep Neural Network","authors":"Khadija Munir, A. I. Umar, Waqas Yousaf","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V13I1.501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V13I1.501","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit classification is playing a vital role in robot-based farming. The plucking of fruits and packing is done using robots nowadays. This could only be possible using efficiently trained robots base on machine learning. Different techniques have been developed for fruit classification, but still, there are many gaps, i.e., efficiency and accuracy. In this research work, we are targeting classification accuracy. This paper presented an Automatic Fruit Detection tool with good precision and recalled using deep learning neural networks. It will help in farming, cultivation, and produce sound effects in robotic farming. The aim is to build an accurate, fast and reliable fruit detection system, a vital element of an autonomous agricultural robotic platform; it is a crucial element for fruit yield estimation and automated harvesting. We used the ResNet-50 in the context of transfer learning. Different training choices were defined, i.e., 10% to 80%. Experimental results show that we compete for the prior approaches even on only 10% training. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art results compared to prior work with the F1 Score, which considers both precision and recall performances improving from 0.838 to 0.894 and 0.995 of accuracy. In addition to improved accuracy, this approach is also much quicker as compared to recent approaches.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"PP 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126444762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to competitive and complex market situation, to fulfill customer needs the companies required to provide more functionality and higher quality software faster. Companies should be used existing resources as efficiently as possible, and they also need to utilize resources on a global scale from different sites within the company as well as associate companies throughout the world. All these provide in GSD that increase the functionality and quality of software. The main problem that GSD team face are: communication, coordination and work distribution. A proper mechanism for work distribution and communication has overcome the challenges that effect the project goal. To solve the GSD issues. We proposed a model that helps to mitigate these problems. We use site/work dependency and work/site characteristics criteria for the work distribution model. We also implement phased base configuration and work distribution model that helps in the work distribution mechanism. And use NEOStation software to overcome the barriers of communication, coordination and project management. The model has been developed to provide reliable communication between team members and provide an approach to the distribution of work as support for managers.
{"title":"Towards a Model for Work Distribution to Overcome Communication Barrier in Global software development","authors":"Aleena Sunbalin, Y. Hafeez","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V13I1.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V13I1.274","url":null,"abstract":"According to competitive and complex market situation, to fulfill customer needs the companies required to provide more functionality and higher quality software faster. Companies should be used existing resources as efficiently as possible, and they also need to utilize resources on a global scale from different sites within the company as well as associate companies throughout the world. All these provide in GSD that increase the functionality and quality of software. The main problem that GSD team face are: communication, coordination and work distribution. A proper mechanism for work distribution and communication has overcome the challenges that effect the project goal. To solve the GSD issues. We proposed a model that helps to mitigate these problems. We use site/work dependency and work/site characteristics criteria for the work distribution model. We also implement phased base configuration and work distribution model that helps in the work distribution mechanism. And use NEOStation software to overcome the barriers of communication, coordination and project management. The model has been developed to provide reliable communication between team members and provide an approach to the distribution of work as support for managers.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124248594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quorum Quenching (QQ) bacteria such as Rhodococcus sp. BH4 and Pseudomonas putida have excellent anti-biofouling potential as they disrupt Quorum Sensing (QS) system and inhibit biofilm formation on membranes. Cell Entrapping Beads (CEBs) in which the QQ bacteria are immobilized is one of the most effective methods to mitigate membrane biofouling in MBR. The CEBs are very crucial as they mainly protect QQ bacteria from harsh environment of the sludge for better QQ effect and help in physical cleaning of membranes in a submerged MBR. Previously simple sodium alginate (SA) beads were used but it was found that their durability was very low in real wastewater. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is a better alternative due to its higher durability, chemical stability and low cost. Several brands of PVAs with different polymerization degrees were used here and small amount of SA was added to avoid agglomeration of PVA beads. Concentrations of SA/PVA were varied and different temperature of cross-linking solution also was examined. Then quality of the beads was evaluated on physical and biological aspect. It was found that a PVA of 2,270 polymerization degree with 8% mixed in 1% SA makes the most stable CEBs. A certain brand of SA didn’t prevent agglomeration of CEBs while a specific brand of SA did even at lower concentrations. Temperature of cross-linking solution also was found to have significant effect on internal structure of beads. The quality of CEBs made by the best method found in this research was confirmed through series of tests, i.e. freeze drying, scanning electron microscopy, activity test after immobilization of QQ bacteria in the beads.
{"title":"Quorum Quenching Cell Entrapping Bead by Polyvinyl Alcohol Method for Biofouling Mitigation in Lab-scale MBR","authors":"Z. Islam, J. Rose, Sadia Ahmed, Shinho Chung","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V13I1.601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V13I1.601","url":null,"abstract":"Quorum Quenching (QQ) bacteria such as Rhodococcus sp. BH4 and Pseudomonas putida have excellent anti-biofouling potential as they disrupt Quorum Sensing (QS) system and inhibit biofilm formation on membranes. Cell Entrapping Beads (CEBs) in which the QQ bacteria are immobilized is one of the most effective methods to mitigate membrane biofouling in MBR. The CEBs are very crucial as they mainly protect QQ bacteria from harsh environment of the sludge for better QQ effect and help in physical cleaning of membranes in a submerged MBR. Previously simple sodium alginate (SA) beads were used but it was found that their durability was very low in real wastewater. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is a better alternative due to its higher durability, chemical stability and low cost. Several brands of PVAs with different polymerization degrees were used here and small amount of SA was added to avoid agglomeration of PVA beads. Concentrations of SA/PVA were varied and different temperature of cross-linking solution also was examined. Then quality of the beads was evaluated on physical and biological aspect. It was found that a PVA of 2,270 polymerization degree with 8% mixed in 1% SA makes the most stable CEBs. A certain brand of SA didn’t prevent agglomeration of CEBs while a specific brand of SA did even at lower concentrations. Temperature of cross-linking solution also was found to have significant effect on internal structure of beads. The quality of CEBs made by the best method found in this research was confirmed through series of tests, i.e. freeze drying, scanning electron microscopy, activity test after immobilization of QQ bacteria in the beads.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114586101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Semantic web is the growing field whose integration with Distributed Information System helps it in gluing technology. The framework of Semantic web deals with the representation, logic, rules and trust. We in this work surveyed the representation aspect of Semantic web by exploring ontologies proposed in various domains in the last three years. We observed that the research trends in semantic web for distributed information system is going in two directions i) theoretical framework ii) development of ontologies across different domains. We limited our work towards the domain of distributed information systems. Several detailed ontologies have been identified that are developed for integration with distributed information system across different domains. We conclude that ontologies need extensive work in its foundation, while more domains should be further explored in the development of robust information system in distributed environment.
{"title":"A Survey on Distributed Information Systems using Semantic Web Techniques","authors":"Syed Farhan Mohsin Mohsin, S. I. Jami","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V12I1.428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V12I1.428","url":null,"abstract":"Semantic web is the growing field whose integration with Distributed Information System helps it in gluing technology. The framework of Semantic web deals with the representation, logic, rules and trust. We in this work surveyed the representation aspect of Semantic web by exploring ontologies proposed in various domains in the last three years. We observed that the research trends in semantic web for distributed information system is going in two directions i) theoretical framework ii) development of ontologies across different domains. We limited our work towards the domain of distributed information systems. Several detailed ontologies have been identified that are developed for integration with distributed information system across different domains. We conclude that ontologies need extensive work in its foundation, while more domains should be further explored in the development of robust information system in distributed environment.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130744833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advancement in communication technology has paved the way for geographically dislocating controllers from the plants they are controlling. Establishing a secure and reliable communication is an essential component to achieve robust control performance. Myriad network control schemes have been proposed but they are incapacitated due to a lack of reliable software paradigm. This highlights the need of a distributed system, which provides platform for smooth communication between a plant and its controller. In this work, we propose CASAPAC, which is a multi-threaded communication architecture designed to ensure reliable and in-order delivery of information between different modules of a network control system. Any control algorithm can be tested and employed over any network using CASAPAC. An adaptive fuzzy controller and a network based gain scheduled PI (Proportional Integral) controller have been tested on different networks using CASAPAC. In both cases, tests were carried out on a real plant of a coupled tank system. CASAPAC was able to handle all the communication efficiently in different scenarios and good control performance was achieved in both cases.
{"title":"A multi-threaded communication architecture for networked control systems","authors":"Raazi M. K. Syed","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V12I1.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V12I1.403","url":null,"abstract":"Advancement in communication technology has paved the way for geographically dislocating controllers from the plants they are controlling. Establishing a secure and reliable communication is an essential component to achieve robust control performance. Myriad network control schemes have been proposed but they are incapacitated due to a lack of reliable software paradigm. This highlights the need of a distributed system, which provides platform for smooth communication between a plant and its controller. In this work, we propose CASAPAC, which is a multi-threaded communication architecture designed to ensure reliable and in-order delivery of information between different modules of a network control system. Any control algorithm can be tested and employed over any network using CASAPAC. An adaptive fuzzy controller and a network based gain scheduled PI (Proportional Integral) controller have been tested on different networks using CASAPAC. In both cases, tests were carried out on a real plant of a coupled tank system. CASAPAC was able to handle all the communication efficiently in different scenarios and good control performance was achieved in both cases.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117199571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper summarizes the various dimensions and impacts of urbanization on Pakistan’s water resources in order to provide foundations for future water policy that will lead towards country’s socio-economic development. Urbanization is considered as a major trend of 21st century in many developing countries. Along with urbanization, increase in population growth in recent years has put a pressure on the world’s water resources in terms of water demand and pollution. Various issues related to water sector in urban areas of Pakistan have been identified including contamination of surface and ground water resources through industrial, agricultural and domestic discharge of waste and waste water, increasing floods, loss of wetlands and aquatic biodiversity, sea water intrusion and subsidence, physical reduction in water resources quantity and quality and operational and managerial incapacities. There are some other issues like unequal water distribution which together with population burden, rapid urbanization and growing industrialization are posing a huge challenge for Pakistan’s water management in 21st century. Taken together all the studies, this review suggests that to reduce vulnerability to water resources of Pakistan, there is a need for new systems of urban planning and governance institutions as the core of Pakistan’s water crisis is water management.
{"title":"Impact of urbanization on water resources of Pakistan: A review","authors":"Mehreen Khan","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V12I1.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V12I1.230","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the various dimensions and impacts of urbanization on Pakistan’s water resources in order to provide foundations for future water policy that will lead towards country’s socio-economic development. Urbanization is considered as a major trend of 21st century in many developing countries. Along with urbanization, increase in population growth in recent years has put a pressure on the world’s water resources in terms of water demand and pollution. Various issues related to water sector in urban areas of Pakistan have been identified including contamination of surface and ground water resources through industrial, agricultural and domestic discharge of waste and waste water, increasing floods, loss of wetlands and aquatic biodiversity, sea water intrusion and subsidence, physical reduction in water resources quantity and quality and operational and managerial incapacities. There are some other issues like unequal water distribution which together with population burden, rapid urbanization and growing industrialization are posing a huge challenge for Pakistan’s water management in 21st century. Taken together all the studies, this review suggests that to reduce vulnerability to water resources of Pakistan, there is a need for new systems of urban planning and governance institutions as the core of Pakistan’s water crisis is water management. ","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129609673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and limitations with objectives to optimize efficiency and safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. The present study aims to explore geometric design and other factors which cause of accidents in Lahore. Data is collected from TEPA (Traffic Engineering and Planning Agency), NESPAK (National Engineering Services Pakistan), CTP (City Traffic Police) and Rescue 1122 over a period of 3 years. Two phase sampling technique has been used. Data is carried out about demographic information, physical characteristics and geometric design of roads. All registered 356 traffic accidents have been used on Ferozpur Road, Multan Road, Canal Bank Road and Grand Trunk in Lahore. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression are discussed in this research. SPSS and R Language are used for analysis. The results show that most of accidents occur at office off timing and fatal due to reckless driving and over speeding. Mostly, cars and tralala hit the bikes and Pedestrians. The Poisson regression model gives good description of number of accidents depends on various explanatory variables. Number of lanes, type of locations and roadway light are statistically significant. Narrow Shoulder width (m), Median Width (m) and Lane width (m) increase accident occurrence. Three lanes and larger road structures increase accidents. Numbers of accident increase when Roadway, type of locations, roadway light and traffic control signals decrease.
{"title":"Contributory Factors of Traffic Accidents in Lahore Using Generalized Linear Models (GLM)","authors":"Hajra Slam, Yasar Mahmood","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V12I1.506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V12I1.506","url":null,"abstract":"The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and limitations with objectives to optimize efficiency and safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. The present study aims to explore geometric design and other factors which cause of accidents in Lahore. Data is collected from TEPA (Traffic Engineering and Planning Agency), NESPAK (National Engineering Services Pakistan), CTP (City Traffic Police) and Rescue 1122 over a period of 3 years. Two phase sampling technique has been used. Data is carried out about demographic information, physical characteristics and geometric design of roads. All registered 356 traffic accidents have been used on Ferozpur Road, Multan Road, Canal Bank Road and Grand Trunk in Lahore. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression are discussed in this research. SPSS and R Language are used for analysis. The results show that most of accidents occur at office off timing and fatal due to reckless driving and over speeding. Mostly, cars and tralala hit the bikes and Pedestrians. The Poisson regression model gives good description of number of accidents depends on various explanatory variables. Number of lanes, type of locations and roadway light are statistically significant. Narrow Shoulder width (m), Median Width (m) and Lane width (m) increase accident occurrence. Three lanes and larger road structures increase accidents. Numbers of accident increase when Roadway, type of locations, roadway light and traffic control signals decrease.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120831590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isra Tariq, Fatima Maryum, Maheen Fazal, H. Shams, M. N. Qureshi
PDF This paper investigates the use of chemical etching to develop repeating macro and micro geometric surface features on plain carbon steel. Important properties can be imparted in a material by the use of these surface features or textures leading to enhanced corrosion resistance in plain carbon steels. Maskant perforated with pinholes combined with standard chemical etching methods was used to create repeating features on the sample’s surface. Surface characterization was carried out using optical materials analysis microscopy and dynamic-mode imaging using an Atomic Force Microscope. Surface profiles were evaluated based on their center-to-center distance, surface topography and average surface roughness. Comparison with control sample revealed the effects of chemical etching in terms of changes in the average surface roughness and surface topography. Limitations were observed in the control of etchant flow to sample’s surface. However, the results were significant in refinement of the chemical etching methodology for this application.
{"title":"Development and characterization of repeating macro and micro geometric surface features on plain carbon steel using chemical etching","authors":"Isra Tariq, Fatima Maryum, Maheen Fazal, H. Shams, M. N. Qureshi","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V12I1.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V12I1.397","url":null,"abstract":"PDF\u0000This paper investigates the use of chemical etching to develop repeating macro and micro geometric surface features on plain carbon steel. Important properties can be imparted in a material by the use of these surface features or textures leading to enhanced corrosion resistance in plain carbon steels. Maskant perforated with pinholes combined with standard chemical etching methods was used to create repeating features on the sample’s surface. Surface characterization was carried out using optical materials analysis microscopy and dynamic-mode imaging using an Atomic Force Microscope. Surface profiles were evaluated based on their center-to-center distance, surface topography and average surface roughness. Comparison with control sample revealed the effects of chemical etching in terms of changes in the average surface roughness and surface topography. Limitations were observed in the control of etchant flow to sample’s surface. However, the results were significant in refinement of the chemical etching methodology for this application.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122635577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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