Corrosion is one of the major problems of mild steels in acidic medium. This can be minimized by the application of corrosion inhibitors, however; the most of inhibitors are toxic in nature. Therefore inhibitors from green sources are highly desirable to maintain the sustainability of the environmental system. Consequently, in this study ginger was selected; its juice extracted mechanically and used as an inhibitor. The different concentrations of ginger extract such as 0.25ml, 0.5ml, 0.75ml and 1ml were mixed in 0.1 M HCl solution to record the effect of inhibitor on corrosion rate at room temperature and at an elevated temperature of 50ᵒC. Electrochemical linear polarization resistance (LPR) tests were carried out to determine the corrosion rates at both temperatures with different additions of the inhibitor respectively. The LPR test uses three electrodes, first electrode of AISI 1019 (mild steel), second electrode is standard electrode of saturated calomel while the third electrode consists of graphite, which is called counter electrode, to measure potential difference. The whole assembly was dipped in the solution having varying concentration of inhibitors. The corrosion rate was found to be higher in the absence of ginger- extract. Conversely, the corrosion rate was dramatically reduced more prominently at 50oC but was less effective at Troom; with the trace-additions of ginger-inhibitor. So this research would be the good contribution to overcome the deterioration of mild steel and increase its life at ambient temperatures, by using economically available environmentally-friendly organic compound specially the use of locally available raw material should be focused.
腐蚀是低碳钢在酸性介质中的主要问题之一。然而，这可以通过使用缓蚀剂来最小化;大多数抑制剂本质上是有毒的。因此，绿色来源的抑制剂对于维持环境系统的可持续性是非常可取的。因此，本研究选用生姜;它的汁液被机械提取并用作抑制剂。将不同浓度的生姜提取物0.25ml、0.5ml、0.75ml、1ml混合在0.1 M HCl溶液中，记录缓蚀剂在室温和50℃高温下对腐蚀速率的影响。通过电化学线性极化电阻(LPR)试验，分别测定了缓蚀剂在不同添加量下的腐蚀速率。LPR测试使用三个电极，第一电极为aisi1019(低碳钢)，第二电极为饱和甘汞标准电极，第三电极为石墨，称为反电极，用于测量电位差。将整个组装体浸入具有不同浓度抑制剂的溶液中。在不添加姜提取物的情况下，腐蚀速率更高。相反，在50℃时，腐蚀速率显著降低，但在Troom时效果较差;添加微量生姜抑制剂。因此，本研究将为克服低碳钢的劣化和提高其在环境温度下的使用寿命做出良好的贡献，特别是应重点使用当地可获得的原材料。
{"title":"High Temperature Effectiveness of Ginger Extract as Green Inhibitor for Corrosion in Mild Steel","authors":"M. Sohail, F. Hussain, A. Chandio, Maryam Sheikh","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V11I1.266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V11I1.266","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion is one of the major problems of mild steels in acidic medium. This can be minimized by the application of corrosion inhibitors, however; the most of inhibitors are toxic in nature. Therefore inhibitors from green sources are highly desirable to maintain the sustainability of the environmental system. Consequently, in this study ginger was selected; its juice extracted mechanically and used as an inhibitor. The different concentrations of ginger extract such as 0.25ml, 0.5ml, 0.75ml and 1ml were mixed in 0.1 M HCl solution to record the effect of inhibitor on corrosion rate at room temperature and at an elevated temperature of 50ᵒC. Electrochemical linear polarization resistance (LPR) tests were carried out to determine the corrosion rates at both temperatures with different additions of the inhibitor respectively. The LPR test uses three electrodes, first electrode of AISI 1019 (mild steel), second electrode is standard electrode of saturated calomel while the third electrode consists of graphite, which is called counter electrode, to measure potential difference. The whole assembly was dipped in the solution having varying concentration of inhibitors. The corrosion rate was found to be higher in the absence of ginger- extract. Conversely, the corrosion rate was dramatically reduced more prominently at 50oC but was less effective at Troom; with the trace-additions of ginger-inhibitor. So this research would be the good contribution to overcome the deterioration of mild steel and increase its life at ambient temperatures, by using economically available environmentally-friendly organic compound specially the use of locally available raw material should be focused.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115039353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geotechnical site investigations are essential in determining subsoil stratigraphy and soil strength and is considered mandatory for design of foundations. This study presents the generalized profiles for subsurface stratigraphy and insitu soil strength (average SPT N values) for different sectors of Islamabad on the basis of wide-ranging experimental work carried out by several agencies in fieldand laboratory testing carried out at the number of locations in the study area. Data from 208 geotechnical site investigations of Islamabad have been collected and subsurface profiling for those sectors is carried out that had more than four data points. The experimental data of the study area has shown potential for development of profile map for 11 different sectors of Islamabad using data of 144 geotechnical site investigations. Generalized soil profile and average SPT N values for each sector have been generated to a depth of 7m which is considered sufficient for lightly loaded structures with shallow foundations. Average SPT N value profile coupled with soil stratigraphy for each zone is established that can used to determine shear strength parameters and bearing capacity of soil using SPT based empirical correlations. The generalized soil profiles will be helpful during feasibility study and planning geotechnical site investigations for mega projects and can also be used to determine engineering properties of subsoil for small scale projects.
{"title":"Geotechnical Characteristics of Subsoil for Different Sectors of Islamabad","authors":"M. Din, J. Ali, A. Q. Khan, F. Sami","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V11I1.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V11I1.179","url":null,"abstract":"Geotechnical site investigations are essential in determining subsoil stratigraphy and soil strength and is considered mandatory for design of foundations. This study presents the generalized profiles for subsurface stratigraphy and insitu soil strength (average SPT N values) for different sectors of Islamabad on the basis of wide-ranging experimental work carried out by several agencies in fieldand laboratory testing carried out at the number of locations in the study area. Data from 208 geotechnical site investigations of Islamabad have been collected and subsurface profiling for those sectors is carried out that had more than four data points. The experimental data of the study area has shown potential for development of profile map for 11 different sectors of Islamabad using data of 144 geotechnical site investigations. Generalized soil profile and average SPT N values for each sector have been generated to a depth of 7m which is considered sufficient for lightly loaded structures with shallow foundations. Average SPT N value profile coupled with soil stratigraphy for each zone is established that can used to determine shear strength parameters and bearing capacity of soil using SPT based empirical correlations. The generalized soil profiles will be helpful during feasibility study and planning geotechnical site investigations for mega projects and can also be used to determine engineering properties of subsoil for small scale projects.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127139682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ball and beam system is one of the commonly used benchmark control apparatus for evaluating numerous different real systems and control strategies. It is an inherently nonlinear and open-loop unstable system. In this paper, we have suggested an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) based Proportional Integral-Proportional Derivative (PI-PD) controller for the set point tracking of this well-known ball and beam system. A linearized model of the ball and beam system is deduced and PI-PID control methodology is employed. The popular EA technique such as Genetic algorithm (GA) is used for tuning of the controller. The optimized values of the controller parameters are achieved by solving a fitness function using GA. The transient performance of the proposed GA based PI-PD controller (GA-PI-PD) is evaluated by carrying set point tracking analysis of the ball and beam system through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Furthermore, the performance of GA-PI-PD controller is investigated using four different performance indices such as Integral of squared value of error (ISE), Integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE), Integral of absolute value of error (IAE) and Integral of time multiplied by absolute value of error (ITAE). The comparison of transient performance including rising time, settling time and % overshoot is made with SIMC-PID and H-infinity controllers. The comparison reveals that GA-PI-PD controller yielded transient response with small % overshoot and settling time. The superior performance of the GA-PI-PD controller has witnessed that it is highly effective for maintaining good stability and the setpoint tracking of ball and beam system with fast settling time and less overshoot than SIMC-PID and H-infinity controllers.
{"title":"Set point tracking of Ball and Beam System Using Genetic Algorithm based PI-PD Controller","authors":"T. Ali, S. A. Malik, M. Adeel, Muhammad Amir","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V11I1.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V11I1.287","url":null,"abstract":"The ball and beam system is one of the commonly used benchmark control apparatus for evaluating numerous different real systems and control strategies. It is an inherently nonlinear and open-loop unstable system. In this paper, we have suggested an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) based Proportional Integral-Proportional Derivative (PI-PD) controller for the set point tracking of this well-known ball and beam system. A linearized model of the ball and beam system is deduced and PI-PID control methodology is employed. The popular EA technique such as Genetic algorithm (GA) is used for tuning of the controller. The optimized values of the controller parameters are achieved by solving a fitness function using GA. The transient performance of the proposed GA based PI-PD controller (GA-PI-PD) is evaluated by carrying set point tracking analysis of the ball and beam system through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Furthermore, the performance of GA-PI-PD controller is investigated using four different performance indices such as Integral of squared value of error (ISE), Integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE), Integral of absolute value of error (IAE) and Integral of time multiplied by absolute value of error (ITAE). The comparison of transient performance including rising time, settling time and % overshoot is made with SIMC-PID and H-infinity controllers. The comparison reveals that GA-PI-PD controller yielded transient response with small % overshoot and settling time. The superior performance of the GA-PI-PD controller has witnessed that it is highly effective for maintaining good stability and the setpoint tracking of ball and beam system with fast settling time and less overshoot than SIMC-PID and H-infinity controllers.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122481938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is conducted for understanding the fluidization behavior in a CFB combustor for low ranked coals. A lab-scale cold CFB test rig was built at the NFCIET Multan for understanding the fluidization behaviour. Influence of fluidizing air on the fluidization behavior was observed. It was found that voidage along the riser height is affected by riser geometry. The combustion behavior of low grade coals from Thar coal was also explored in a CFB Combustor. The influence of the fluidizing air on the combustion erformance was examined and their effect on emissions was established. The temperature in the riser of the CFB rose quickly to around 900°C. This rise in temperature has caused an increase in the amount of exhaust gasses which has their influence on the suspension density. From this study, a firsthand experience of combustion behavior of low grade Pakistani coals was documented.
{"title":"Hydrodynamic and combustion behavior of low grade coals in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed combustor","authors":"A. Hussain, Faraz Junejo, M. N. Qureshi, A. Haque","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V11I1.436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V11I1.436","url":null,"abstract":"This study is conducted for understanding the fluidization behavior in a CFB combustor for low ranked coals. A lab-scale cold CFB test rig was built at the NFCIET Multan for understanding the fluidization behaviour. Influence of fluidizing air on the fluidization behavior was observed. It was found that voidage along the riser height is affected by riser geometry. The combustion behavior of low grade coals from Thar coal was also explored in a CFB Combustor. The influence of the fluidizing air on the combustion erformance was examined and their effect on emissions was established. The temperature in the riser of the CFB rose quickly to around 900°C. This rise in temperature has caused an increase in the amount of exhaust gasses which has their influence on the suspension density. From this study, a firsthand experience of combustion behavior of low grade Pakistani coals was documented.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114247142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The parametric statistical adsorption of chemically unmodified coconut shell powder (CSP) to adsorb iron (II) ions from aqueous solutions was examined in this work. It was observed that the adsorption capacity increased with increasing adsorbent dose, reducing adsorbate dose, increasing contact time, decreasing temperature and reducing particle size. As observed about one gram of the adsorbent was sufficient enough to remove 98 % iron (II) ions. A total contact time of about 40 minutes was sufficient for almost complete adsorption of the ions, while a pH of about 6.0 exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity. The sorption data were fitted into Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms, fitted most with the Freundlich Isotherm model. The energy values obtained from the Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model indicated high chemisorption phenomenon with the adsorbents. Investigation of some kinetic models confirmed that the adsorption of iron (II) ions using CSP was a pseudo-second order kinetic process, which further corroborates that chemisorption dominates the adsorption. Fourier Transform Analysis (FTIR) further established and justified the outcome of the study. The adsorption was parametrically justified statistically with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni-Holm Posthoc significance test. Conclusively, coconut shell proved strongly to be an effective and suitable adsorbent for removing iron (II) ions from aqueous solutions.
{"title":"Parametric Statistical Significance of Iron (II) Ions Adsorption by Coconut Shell in Aqueous Solutions","authors":"B. Olufemi, A. Nlerum","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V11I1.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V11I1.285","url":null,"abstract":"The parametric statistical adsorption of chemically unmodified coconut shell powder (CSP) to adsorb iron (II) ions from aqueous solutions was examined in this work. It was observed that the adsorption capacity increased with increasing adsorbent dose, reducing adsorbate dose, increasing contact time, decreasing temperature and reducing particle size. As observed about one gram of the adsorbent was sufficient enough to remove 98 % iron (II) ions. A total contact time of about 40 minutes was sufficient for almost complete adsorption of the ions, while a pH of about 6.0 exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity. The sorption data were fitted into Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms, fitted most with the Freundlich Isotherm model. The energy values obtained from the Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model indicated high chemisorption phenomenon with the adsorbents. Investigation of some kinetic models confirmed that the adsorption of iron (II) ions using CSP was a pseudo-second order kinetic process, which further corroborates that chemisorption dominates the adsorption. Fourier Transform Analysis (FTIR) further established and justified the outcome of the study. The adsorption was parametrically justified statistically with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni-Holm Posthoc significance test. Conclusively, coconut shell proved strongly to be an effective and suitable adsorbent for removing iron (II) ions from aqueous solutions.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131831975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abro, Muhammad Sohail Hanif, Fayaz Hussain Kandhro
Cold heading quality CHQ steel is a versatile form over other steels as they are used non-heat treated; their strengthening mechanism is achieved through cold heading operations. Metal is therefore stretched without applying any source of heat, metal flow during the cold heading operation must depend on grains flow which increases the mechanical properties such as strength, resistance to indentation and toughness. It is therefore necessary to form the isotropic grains before applying cold heading operation may increase the properties. Gamma phase formation during the heat treatment is crucial factor for cold operation. An effort is made in this research work to study and find out the Austenite nucleation and growth morphology of commercial CHQ steel through continuous heating experiments by utilizing lead-bath up-quenching technique at differentaustenizing temperature ranges. High class Optical Microscope Olympus GX51, scanning electron microscopy techniques have been utilized to reveal and interpret the microstructure and it was found that At the 740°C, the microstructure shows the lack of homogeneity in the structure hence cold-head-ability of CHQ steel is anisotropic but at the high temperature in austenite domain at 60sec the resultant austenite is highly homogenous due to high volume fraction of austenite has been formed then the cold-head-ability properties of CHQ steel turned to be isotropic. Keywords: Up-quenching, cold heading steel, gamma transformation, heating rate etc.
{"title":"On the Effect of γ-phase transformation kinetics upon microstructure response of Cold Heading Quality Steel","authors":"S. Abro, Muhammad Sohail Hanif, Fayaz Hussain Kandhro","doi":"10.24949/njes.v11i2.399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/njes.v11i2.399","url":null,"abstract":"Cold heading quality CHQ steel is a versatile form over other steels as they are used non-heat treated; their strengthening mechanism is achieved through cold heading operations. Metal is therefore stretched without applying any source of heat, metal flow during the cold heading operation must depend on grains flow which increases the mechanical properties such as strength, resistance to indentation and toughness. It is therefore necessary to form the isotropic grains before applying cold heading operation may increase the properties. Gamma phase formation during the heat treatment is crucial factor for cold operation. An effort is made in this research work to study and find out the Austenite nucleation and growth morphology of commercial CHQ steel through continuous heating experiments by utilizing lead-bath up-quenching technique at differentaustenizing temperature ranges. High class Optical Microscope Olympus GX51, scanning electron microscopy techniques have been utilized to reveal and interpret the microstructure and it was found that At the 740°C, the microstructure shows the lack of homogeneity in the structure hence cold-head-ability of CHQ steel is anisotropic but at the high temperature in austenite domain at 60sec the resultant austenite is highly homogenous due to high volume fraction of austenite has been formed then the cold-head-ability properties of CHQ steel turned to be isotropic. Keywords: Up-quenching, cold heading steel, gamma transformation, heating rate etc.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"8 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114007564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cut resistant gloves are generally made from different types of high performance composite yarns. To achieve a certain level of cut resistance, material type, material composition and yarn linear density are changed which however make it sometimes difficult to decide the most suitable combination of the materials. In this work, eighteen seamless gloves were made by using core and sheath friction-spun yarns of various linear densities and core types, and their cut resistance performances were compared.For this purpose, eighteen composite yarns with three linear densities i.e. 118 tex (Ne 5), 98 tex (Ne 6) and 84 tex (Ne 7) were made on a friction spinning machine by using 5.55tex (50 denier), 11.11 tex (100 denier), 16.66 tex (150 denier), 33.33 tex (300 denier) multifilament glass yarns, and 89 denier (40 micron) and 139 denier (50 micron) monofilament steel yarn as core and Kevlar®29 staple fiber as sheath. Mechanical tests of the yarns showed that the tensile strength and tenacity of yarns increased as the linear density of glass yarns increased, whereas elongation at break and time to break increased with an increase of linear density of steel monofilament yarn. Coefficient of friction of all the yarns did not show any significant trend. Abrasion and cut resistance of the gloves made from 118 tex (Ne 5) composite yarn with 5.55tex (50 denier) glass yarn as core showed the best results, whereas no significant difference was seen in the dexterity of all the gloves.
{"title":"Comparative study of cut and abrasion resistance performance of gloves made from high performance composite yarns","authors":"N. Akhtar, M. Malik, A. Bakkar","doi":"10.24949/njes.v11i2.327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/njes.v11i2.327","url":null,"abstract":"Cut resistant gloves are generally made from different types of high performance composite yarns. To achieve a certain level of cut resistance, material type, material composition and yarn linear density are changed which however make it sometimes difficult to decide the most suitable combination of the materials. In this work, eighteen seamless gloves were made by using core and sheath friction-spun yarns of various linear densities and core types, and their cut resistance performances were compared.For this purpose, eighteen composite yarns with three linear densities i.e. 118 tex (Ne 5), 98 tex (Ne 6) and 84 tex (Ne 7) were made on a friction spinning machine by using 5.55tex (50 denier), 11.11 tex (100 denier), 16.66 tex (150 denier), 33.33 tex (300 denier) multifilament glass yarns, and 89 denier (40 micron) and 139 denier (50 micron) monofilament steel yarn as core and Kevlar®29 staple fiber as sheath. Mechanical tests of the yarns showed that the tensile strength and tenacity of yarns increased as the linear density of glass yarns increased, whereas elongation at break and time to break increased with an increase of linear density of steel monofilament yarn. Coefficient of friction of all the yarns did not show any significant trend. Abrasion and cut resistance of the gloves made from 118 tex (Ne 5) composite yarn with 5.55tex (50 denier) glass yarn as core showed the best results, whereas no significant difference was seen in the dexterity of all the gloves.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121020141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The computational fluid dynamics codes play a paramount role by demonstrating the system dynamics. The solid dynamics in a multiphase reactor can be analysed from (Chaos, Fractures, Clustering Discrete Element and Eulerian-Langrangian) simulation methods. The Chaos analysis is studied from pressure variation and time series. It includes the characterization of the flow region and their transition. The correlation dimension from the gas phase will describe the scale behaviour in the Chaos analysis. An effective flow model with definite investigation is obtained from this analysis. The flow regimes will be characterized by the structures variation. The volume of fluid and continuum surface force models elaborate on the fluidized bed bubble dynamics in the reactor. The bubbles formation and gasification process of (Fuel gas) are studied from parameters by including (Minimum fluidization velocity, Gas surface tension, Gas viscosity and Density). The results demonstrate the parameters which are influenced by (Particle density and Size). The investigation in time series signals for the biomass gasification process will be demonstrated from the fluidized bed hydrodynamics and system basics. The solid dynamics has been investigated by indicating a novel bubbling in biomass (Wood) in the gasification process time signals. The indication of complex signals in solid dynamics can be obtained from it simultaneously.
{"title":"Potential Impact of Computational Techniques to Express the Solid Dynamics in (Gas-Liquid-Solid) Multiphase Reactors","authors":"S. K. Suri","doi":"10.24949/njes.v11i2.504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/njes.v11i2.504","url":null,"abstract":"The computational fluid dynamics codes play a paramount role by demonstrating the system dynamics. The solid dynamics in a multiphase reactor can be analysed from (Chaos, Fractures, Clustering Discrete Element and Eulerian-Langrangian) simulation methods. The Chaos analysis is studied from pressure variation and time series. It includes the characterization of the flow region and their transition. The correlation dimension from the gas phase will describe the scale behaviour in the Chaos analysis. An effective flow model with definite investigation is obtained from this analysis. The flow regimes will be characterized by the structures variation. The volume of fluid and continuum surface force models elaborate on the fluidized bed bubble dynamics in the reactor. The bubbles formation and gasification process of (Fuel gas) are studied from parameters by including (Minimum fluidization velocity, Gas surface tension, Gas viscosity and Density). The results demonstrate the parameters which are influenced by (Particle density and Size). The investigation in time series signals for the biomass gasification process will be demonstrated from the fluidized bed hydrodynamics and system basics. The solid dynamics has been investigated by indicating a novel bubbling in biomass (Wood) in the gasification process time signals. The indication of complex signals in solid dynamics can be obtained from it simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134465214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Ijaz, A. D. Butt, Muhammad Husnain Khalid, Muhammad Fraz Anwar, M. Malik
This work deals with the development and testing of a low latency Animation Transmission Technology (ATT) for augmented reality applications. This web-based transmission system based on AutoBahn Pyhton web server and WebSocket LibrarY (WSLAY) integrated clients has been studied to reduce packet header size and to simultaneously allow a large number of Users to interact with each other. The transmission system in the proposed system architecture allows motion sensor’s acquisition software to easily send compressed 3D quaternion-based data from transmitter to the rendering softwares at receiver side to generate real time 3D animation on an avatar. Furthermore, effects of lossy compression of quaternion data and server limitation have also been considered. Initial simulation test results with the Python server alongside WSLAY integrated clients with virtual motion sensors have been presented in this work. It has been evaluated that the network delay (ND) has a huge improvement from more than 300 ms to less than 25 ms at 100 Hz sensor sampling rate once lossy compression of 3D quaternion data is implemented. Furthermore, the effect of motion sensor sampling frequency and broadcast server limitation on maximum number of simultaneous users/sensors is also described in this work.
{"title":"A low latency quaternion-based web transmission system for augmented reality applications","authors":"U. Ijaz, A. D. Butt, Muhammad Husnain Khalid, Muhammad Fraz Anwar, M. Malik","doi":"10.24949/NJES.V11I2.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/NJES.V11I2.405","url":null,"abstract":"This work deals with the development and testing of a low latency Animation Transmission Technology (ATT) for augmented reality applications. This web-based transmission system based on AutoBahn Pyhton web server and WebSocket LibrarY (WSLAY) integrated clients has been studied to reduce packet header size and to simultaneously allow a large number of Users to interact with each other. The transmission system in the proposed system architecture allows motion sensor’s acquisition software to easily send compressed 3D quaternion-based data from transmitter to the rendering softwares at receiver side to generate real time 3D animation on an avatar. Furthermore, effects of lossy compression of quaternion data and server limitation have also been considered. Initial simulation test results with the Python server alongside WSLAY integrated clients with virtual motion sensors have been presented in this work. It has been evaluated that the network delay (ND) has a huge improvement from more than 300 ms to less than 25 ms at 100 Hz sensor sampling rate once lossy compression of 3D quaternion data is implemented. Furthermore, the effect of motion sensor sampling frequency and broadcast server limitation on maximum number of simultaneous users/sensors is also described in this work.","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132263836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free-space optics (FSO) communication system is mature, unique and promising technology which is used in various countries to meet high data rate demand and last mile connectivity. FSO link has a capacity to be utilized as a primary communication links by replacing RF communication systems because of its advantages of unregulated bandwidth, broader spectrum of frequency at low power consumption. Now a days researchers has great interest in this technology because of several features and benefits of larger bandwidth, less power consumption, low installations cost, simple to install, no congestion in spectrum, secure and reliable communication without issues of right of way. In free space optical communication, environment layer is used for signal transmission which can be effected from severe weather conditions like smog, dust, smoke, rain and fog etc. In all these severe weather environments, winter fog is one of the main problem because of it offers high optical attenuation on communication link. In this investigation the entire winter season has been observed. There are four fog events which attenuate the optical signal most. Optical attenuation is estimated using three famous fog prediction models like Al Naboulsi, Kim and at wavelengths of 850nm, 1350nm, and 1550 nm.
{"title":"Critical Events of Fog Attenuation Using Visibility Data in Lahore, Pakistan.","authors":"S. M. Yasir, M. Salman, M. Saleem","doi":"10.24949/njes.v11i2.394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24949/njes.v11i2.394","url":null,"abstract":"Free-space optics (FSO) communication system is mature, unique and promising technology which is used in various countries to meet high data rate demand and last mile connectivity. FSO link has a capacity to be utilized as a primary communication links by replacing RF communication systems because of its advantages of unregulated bandwidth, broader spectrum of frequency at low power consumption. Now a days researchers has great interest in this technology because of several features and benefits of larger bandwidth, less power consumption, low installations cost, simple to install, no congestion in spectrum, secure and reliable communication without issues of right of way. In free space optical communication, environment layer is used for signal transmission which can be effected from severe weather conditions like smog, dust, smoke, rain and fog etc. In all these severe weather environments, winter fog is one of the main problem because of it offers high optical attenuation on communication link. In this investigation the entire winter season has been observed. There are four fog events which attenuate the optical signal most. Optical attenuation is estimated using three famous fog prediction models like Al Naboulsi, Kim and at wavelengths of 850nm, 1350nm, and 1550 nm. ","PeriodicalId":338631,"journal":{"name":"NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114968249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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