As most real work is collaborative in nature, process model developers have to model collaborative situations. This paper defines generic collaborative patterns, ie, pragmatic and abstract building blocks for modelling recurrent situations. The first part specifies the graphical notation for the solution description. The second part gives some typical patterns for the collaborative production of a single document in isolation and for the synchronization of two dependent documents. The conclusion emphasizes some implications for process-centred systems.
{"title":"A process model and system for supporting collaborative work","authors":"S. Sarin, K. R. Abbott, Dennis R. McCarthy","doi":"10.1145/122831.122853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122853","url":null,"abstract":"As most real work is collaborative in nature, process model developers have to model collaborative situations. This paper defines generic collaborative patterns, ie, pragmatic and abstract building blocks for modelling recurrent situations. The first part specifies the graphical notation for the solution description. The second part gives some typical patterns for the collaborative production of a single document in isolation and for the synchronization of two dependent documents. The conclusion emphasizes some implications for process-centred systems.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122258078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advances in computer and communication technologies have stimulated the integration of digital video and audio with computing, leading to the development of various computer-assisted collaborations. In this paper, we propose a multi-level conferencing paradigm (called super conferences) for supporting collaborative interactions between geographically separated groups of users, with each group belonging to possibly a different organization. Hierarchical communication architectures are naturally suited for carrying out media transmission in super conferences. We study the performance of hierarchical communication architectures, and present algorithms for bounding end-to-end delays of real-time media traffic in them. We derive some interesting limits on the number of participants in a group and the number of groups within a super conference, so as not to violate bandwidth and delay requirements of multimedia. At the Multimedia Laboratory at the University of California, San Diego, we have implemented a conferencing system on an environment of Sun SPARCstations and PCATS equipped with digital video and audio processing hardware. As an interesting application of the conferencing system, we have developed a tele-presenter by which users can remotely attend lectures in progress. We present our initial experiences with using the system.
{"title":"Hierarchical conferencing architectures for inter-group multimedia collaboration","authors":"H. Vin, P. Rangan, S. Ramanathan","doi":"10.1145/122831.122835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122835","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in computer and communication technologies have stimulated the integration of digital video and audio with computing, leading to the development of various computer-assisted collaborations. In this paper, we propose a multi-level conferencing paradigm (called super conferences) for supporting collaborative interactions between geographically separated groups of users, with each group belonging to possibly a different organization. Hierarchical communication architectures are naturally suited for carrying out media transmission in super conferences. We study the performance of hierarchical communication architectures, and present algorithms for bounding end-to-end delays of real-time media traffic in them. We derive some interesting limits on the number of participants in a group and the number of groups within a super conference, so as not to violate bandwidth and delay requirements of multimedia. At the Multimedia Laboratory at the University of California, San Diego, we have implemented a conferencing system on an environment of Sun SPARCstations and PCATS equipped with digital video and audio processing hardware. As an interesting application of the conferencing system, we have developed a tele-presenter by which users can remotely attend lectures in progress. We present our initial experiences with using the system.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130502443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ConversationBuilder is a collaborative open system which can be tailored to support group activities in specialized domains of application, In particular we are interested in supporting collaborative processes, i.e. those activities performed by groups such that the actions of one individual in turn impacts the possibilities for action of the other group members. The paper discusses the concept of collaborative processes and the theoretical basis for ConversationBuilder as well as outlining the architecture of the system and the way it can be used to support such processes.
{"title":"Supporting collaborative process with conversation builder","authors":"S. Kaplan, Alan M. Carroll, K. MacGregor","doi":"10.1145/122831.122838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122838","url":null,"abstract":"ConversationBuilder is a collaborative open system which can be tailored to support group activities in specialized domains of application, In particular we are interested in supporting collaborative processes, i.e. those activities performed by groups such that the actions of one individual in turn impacts the possibilities for action of the other group members. The paper discusses the concept of collaborative processes and the theoretical basis for ConversationBuilder as well as outlining the architecture of the system and the way it can be used to support such processes.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115929214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rnanagenlent of office docurrtents requires specific knowledge about the procedures and the regulations which apply to the office dontain. On the basis of a nlodel of docliment roles within the office, a class!Jica tion, filirzg and retrieval system is illustrated. In particular, the support provided to document nlatlagement by ktmvledge based techniques ami nlodels is discussed, and the Kabiria project, based on this approach, is presented.
{"title":"Classification and retrieval of documents using office organization knowledge","authors":"A. Celentano, M. Fugini, S. Pozzi","doi":"10.1145/122831.122848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122848","url":null,"abstract":"The rnanagenlent of office docurrtents requires specific knowledge about the procedures and the regulations which apply to the office dontain. On the basis of a nlodel of docliment roles within the office, a class!Jica tion, filirzg and retrieval system is illustrated. In particular, the support provided to document nlatlagement by ktmvledge based techniques ami nlodels is discussed, and the Kabiria project, based on this approach, is presented.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"294 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122735457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automating routine organizational tasks, such as meeting scheduling, requires a careful balance between the individual (respecting his or her privacy and personal preferences) and the organization (making efficient use of time and other resources). We argue that meeting scheduling is an inherently distributed process, and that negotiating over meetings can be viewed as a distributed search process. Keeping the process tractable requires introducing heuristics to guide distributed schedulers’ decisions about what information to exchange and whether or not to propose the same tentative time for several meetings. While we have intuitions about how such heuristics could affect scheduling performance and efficiency, rigorously verifying these intuitions requires a more formal model of the meeting schedule problem and process. We present our preliminary work toward this goal, as well as experimental results that validate some of the predictions of our formal model. Our model provides a springboard into deeper investigations of important issues in distributed artificial intelligence as well, and we outline our ongoing work in this direction.
{"title":"A formal study of distributed meeting scheduling: preliminary results","authors":"S. Sen, E. Durfee","doi":"10.1145/122831.122837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122837","url":null,"abstract":"Automating routine organizational tasks, such as meeting scheduling, requires a careful balance between the individual (respecting his or her privacy and personal preferences) and the organization (making efficient use of time and other resources). We argue that meeting scheduling is an inherently distributed process, and that negotiating over meetings can be viewed as a distributed search process. Keeping the process tractable requires introducing heuristics to guide distributed schedulers’ decisions about what information to exchange and whether or not to propose the same tentative time for several meetings. While we have intuitions about how such heuristics could affect scheduling performance and efficiency, rigorously verifying these intuitions requires a more formal model of the meeting schedule problem and process. We present our preliminary work toward this goal, as well as experimental results that validate some of the predictions of our formal model. Our model provides a springboard into deeper investigations of important issues in distributed artificial intelligence as well, and we outline our ongoing work in this direction.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133805088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing high-quality user interfaces is becoming the critical step in bringing many different computer applications to end users. Ease of learning and speed of use typically must be combined in an attractivelydesigned interface which appeals to application (not computer) oriented end users. This is a complex undertaking, requiring skills of computer scientists, application specialists, graphic designers, human factors experts, and psychologists. User interface software is the foundation upon which the interface is built. The quality of the building blocks provided by the software establishes the framework within which an interface designer works. The tools should allow the designer to quickly experiment with different design approaches, and should be accessible to the non-programmer designer. In this paper we discuss important directions in software tools for building user interfaces: s Unified representation serving multiple purposes; ● Integration with software engineering tools: ● Interactive programming and by-example creation of interfaces and interface components. Most of our focus is on the first two areas. 1. Background on User Interface Software Tools Figure 1 shows the various levels of user-interface software, and suggests the roles for each. The application program has access to all software levels; programmers can exploit the services provided by each level, albeit with care, because calls made to one level may affect the behavior of another level. In this paper we discuss just the interaction tec~lque toolkit and user interface management system layers. See [FOLE90] for discussions of the window manager and graphics layers.
{"title":"Future directions in user-computer interface software","authors":"J. Foley","doi":"10.1145/122831.122859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122859","url":null,"abstract":"Developing high-quality user interfaces is becoming the critical step in bringing many different computer applications to end users. Ease of learning and speed of use typically must be combined in an attractivelydesigned interface which appeals to application (not computer) oriented end users. This is a complex undertaking, requiring skills of computer scientists, application specialists, graphic designers, human factors experts, and psychologists. User interface software is the foundation upon which the interface is built. The quality of the building blocks provided by the software establishes the framework within which an interface designer works. The tools should allow the designer to quickly experiment with different design approaches, and should be accessible to the non-programmer designer. In this paper we discuss important directions in software tools for building user interfaces: s Unified representation serving multiple purposes; ● Integration with software engineering tools: ● Interactive programming and by-example creation of interfaces and interface components. Most of our focus is on the first two areas. 1. Background on User Interface Software Tools Figure 1 shows the various levels of user-interface software, and suggests the roles for each. The application program has access to all software levels; programmers can exploit the services provided by each level, albeit with care, because calls made to one level may affect the behavior of another level. In this paper we discuss just the interaction tec~lque toolkit and user interface management system layers. See [FOLE90] for discussions of the window manager and graphics layers.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124598480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many groupware systems contain gaps that hinder or block natural social interaction or that does not let people easily move between different styles of work. We believe that the adoption of a room metaphor can ease people’s transitions across these gaps, allowing them to work together more naturally. Using the TeamWave Workplace system as an example, we show how particular gaps are removed. First, we ease a person’s transition between single user and groupware applications by making rooms suitable for both individual and group activity. Second, people can move fluidly between asynchronous and synchronous work because room artifacts persist. People can leave messages, documents and annotations for others, or work on them together when occupying the room at the same time. Third, we ease the difficulty of initiating real time work by providing people with awareness of others who may be available for real-time interactions, and by automatically establishing connections as users enter a common room. Fourth, we discuss how a technical space can be transformed into a social place by describing how a group crafts meaning into a room. We also argue that a room metaphor’s seamless support of everyday activities will foster an environment where groups naturally share their expertise.
{"title":"Form and room: metaphors for groupware","authors":"Hekki Hämäläinen, C. Condon","doi":"10.1145/122831.127770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.127770","url":null,"abstract":"Many groupware systems contain gaps that hinder or block natural social interaction or that does not let people easily move between different styles of work. We believe that the adoption of a room metaphor can ease people’s transitions across these gaps, allowing them to work together more naturally. Using the TeamWave Workplace system as an example, we show how particular gaps are removed. First, we ease a person’s transition between single user and groupware applications by making rooms suitable for both individual and group activity. Second, people can move fluidly between asynchronous and synchronous work because room artifacts persist. People can leave messages, documents and annotations for others, or work on them together when occupying the room at the same time. Third, we ease the difficulty of initiating real time work by providing people with awareness of others who may be available for real-time interactions, and by automatically establishing connections as users enter a common room. Fourth, we discuss how a technical space can be transformed into a social place by describing how a group crafts meaning into a room. We also argue that a room metaphor’s seamless support of everyday activities will foster an environment where groups naturally share their expertise.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114947310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports an attempt to move computer-based techniques for supporting the analysis of group cognitive processes and decision-making from being specialist applications to becoming a routine organizational tool used as readily as electronic mail. The objective is to support the discourse processes of functional groups within an organization by enabling them to investigate, analyze and compare the conceptual frameworks of those playing roles within the group. In particular, the system developed shows when individuals are in conflict through using the same term for different concepts, or in tacit correspondence through using different terms for the same concept. It provides support for group knowledge and decision processes as an integrated extension to electronic mail requiring no particular expertise in use or supervision. The work reported is part of a larger study of knowledge support systems merging artificial intelligence and computer communication techniques.
{"title":"Extending electronic mail with conceptual modeling to provide group decision support","authors":"M. Shaw, B. Gaines","doi":"10.1145/122831.122847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122847","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports an attempt to move computer-based techniques for supporting the analysis of group cognitive processes and decision-making from being specialist applications to becoming a routine organizational tool used as readily as electronic mail. The objective is to support the discourse processes of functional groups within an organization by enabling them to investigate, analyze and compare the conceptual frameworks of those playing roles within the group. In particular, the system developed shows when individuals are in conflict through using the same term for different concepts, or in tacit correspondence through using different terms for the same concept. It provides support for group knowledge and decision processes as an integrated extension to electronic mail requiring no particular expertise in use or supervision. The work reported is part of a larger study of knowledge support systems merging artificial intelligence and computer communication techniques.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133693468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes OASIS, a programming environment for implementing organizational support systems. Tasks, which combine data and processing objects into encapsulated units that are easily joined with other tasks, are proposed as an effective knowledge encapsulation technique for such systems. Other ‘ features of the programming environment include support of distributed applications, decentralized and shared databases, and object-oriented design. An effective and powerful user interface is provided as part of the runtime environment.
{"title":"OASIS: a programming environment for implementing distributed organizational support systems","authors":"C. Martens, F. Lochovsky","doi":"10.1145/122831.122834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/122831.122834","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes OASIS, a programming environment for implementing organizational support systems. Tasks, which combine data and processing objects into encapsulated units that are easily joined with other tasks, are proposed as an effective knowledge encapsulation technique for such systems. Other ‘ features of the programming environment include support of distributed applications, decentralized and shared databases, and object-oriented design. An effective and powerful user interface is provided as part of the runtime environment.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115558336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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