While groupware is readily available, people on wide area networks—such as the Internet—have considerable trouble contacting each other and setting up groupware connections. To pinpoint why this occurs, this paper identifies human factors critical to getting a group communicating through groupware. It addresses how people find suitable partners, and how people choose appropriate communication mediums. These factors are discussed in detail, and form a design foundation for systems that promote social presence and that integrate communication. Existing systems are critically reviewed and shown to be inadequate for general use over a wide area net, for they either do not meet some basic design criteria, or they require a very high technological entry level that is beyond the reach of most computer users. As an alternative, the paper presents the design considerations behind TELEFREEK, a flexible, extensible, and customizable platform for collaboration. Drawing on resources freely available to the Internet community, TELEFREEK assists people making contact with others, and integrates access to common communication facilities.
{"title":"Making contact: getting the group communicating with groupware","authors":"A. Cockburn, S. Greenberg","doi":"10.1145/168555.168559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168559","url":null,"abstract":"While groupware is readily available, people on wide area networks—such as the Internet—have considerable trouble contacting each other and setting up groupware connections. To pinpoint why this occurs, this paper identifies human factors critical to getting a group communicating through groupware. It addresses how people find suitable partners, and how people choose appropriate communication mediums. These factors are discussed in detail, and form a design foundation for systems that promote social presence and that integrate communication. Existing systems are critically reviewed and shown to be inadequate for general use over a wide area net, for they either do not meet some basic design criteria, or they require a very high technological entry level that is beyond the reach of most computer users. As an alternative, the paper presents the design considerations behind TELEFREEK, a flexible, extensible, and customizable platform for collaboration. Drawing on resources freely available to the Internet community, TELEFREEK assists people making contact with others, and integrates access to common communication facilities.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127850002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A model for collaborative work process and a graphical language to support this model is presented. The model allows for informal flow of communications and flexible access to information along with a formal flow of responsibility. Work is decomposed into a network of task assignments (actually requests for those tasks), which may be recursively decomposed to finer grained tasks. The model includes consideration for authority and responsibility. Process flow can be dynamically modified. Policies (templates for a process) may be tailored to provide versions of a process customized for different individuals. The visual language is designed to ease the creation of policies and modification of ongoing processes, as well as to display the status of an active process.
{"title":"Visual support for reengineering work processes","authors":"K. Swenson","doi":"10.1145/168555.168570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168570","url":null,"abstract":"A model for collaborative work process and a graphical language to support this model is presented. The model allows for informal flow of communications and flexible access to information along with a formal flow of responsibility. Work is decomposed into a network of task assignments (actually requests for those tasks), which may be recursively decomposed to finer grained tasks. The model includes consideration for authority and responsibility. Process flow can be dynamically modified. Policies (templates for a process) may be tailored to provide versions of a process customized for different individuals. The visual language is designed to ease the creation of policies and modification of ongoing processes, as well as to display the status of an active process.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"88 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120906247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The maintenance of large software systems is a collaborative activity requiring the combined efforts of a team of maintenance engineers. Due to the extended time period over which maintenance occurs, direct communication between these team members is however, difficult or impossible. This paper presents a system which supports long-term collaboration in software maintenance by allowing maintenance rationale to be captured and shared by maintenance engineers. The system concentrates on the construction of maintenance rationale by providing a range of unconstrained documentation facilities. The general model adopted exploits hypertext technology to allow rationale to be integrated into the system by attaching comments to the appropriate source component.
{"title":"Supporting long-term collaboration in software maintenance","authors":"Robert Lougher, T. Rodden","doi":"10.1145/168555.168581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168581","url":null,"abstract":"The maintenance of large software systems is a collaborative activity requiring the combined efforts of a team of maintenance engineers. Due to the extended time period over which maintenance occurs, direct communication between these team members is however, difficult or impossible. This paper presents a system which supports long-term collaboration in software maintenance by allowing maintenance rationale to be captured and shared by maintenance engineers. The system concentrates on the construction of maintenance rationale by providing a range of unconstrained documentation facilities. The general model adopted exploits hypertext technology to allow rationale to be integrated into the system by attaching comments to the appropriate source component.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133939178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Requirements engineering from an organisational perspective needs to be viewed as social engineering, Thus in this paper a modelling language will be presented, which is visual in nature, and with which we assert that it is possible to diagrammatically represent and reason about the impact that an information technology system may have on an organisation, and thus derive organisational requirements.
{"title":"ORDIT: a new methodology to assist in the process of eliciting and modelling organizational requirements","authors":"A. Blyth, J. Chudge, J. Dobson, R. Strens","doi":"10.1145/168555.168580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168580","url":null,"abstract":"Requirements engineering from an organisational perspective needs to be viewed as social engineering, Thus in this paper a modelling language will be presented, which is visual in nature, and with which we assert that it is possible to diagrammatically represent and reason about the impact that an information technology system may have on an organisation, and thus derive organisational requirements.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131670114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a technical approach to building flexible groupware applications. Flexibility provides the promise of personalizable groupware, allowing different groups to work with the system in diverse ways which best suit the group’s own needs. An implementation technique called open protocols is described, which is a variation of client/server architectures. Open protocols facilitate the addition of group-specific modules long after the system has been created. Three examples illustrating the use of open protocols are presented: floor control, conference registration, and brainstorming. Finally, a number of issues facing the groupware developer using open protocols are addressed, along with strategies that can help in dealing with these issues.
{"title":"Building flexible groupware through open protocols","authors":"M. Roseman, S. Greenberg","doi":"10.1145/168555.168586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168586","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a technical approach to building flexible groupware applications. Flexibility provides the promise of personalizable groupware, allowing different groups to work with the system in diverse ways which best suit the group’s own needs. An implementation technique called open protocols is described, which is a variation of client/server architectures. Open protocols facilitate the addition of group-specific modules long after the system has been created. Three examples illustrating the use of open protocols are presented: floor control, conference registration, and brainstorming. Finally, a number of issues facing the groupware developer using open protocols are addressed, along with strategies that can help in dealing with these issues.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134290357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A central problem in the study of autonomous cooperating systems is that of how to establish mechanisms for controlling the interactions between different parts (which are called agents) of the system. For heterogeneous agents this aims at, modeling the basics for their decisions. The mechanisms we discuss in this paper are based on the assumption that, the agents can estimate the effects of being attached to a certain set of goals. In the simplest case this is expressed by a single value e.g., the cost that will arise for the accomplishment of these goals. But in general this estimation may be arbitrarily complicated. In addition, we assume that, the agents have a function available to mnk their goals according to the estimated values and they pursue the goals they rank best. Then, these values can be used to resolve various kinds of conflicts in this kind of systems. For example in the task allocation phase the case of multiple applications for the allocation of a goal can be decided by allocating the goal to the agent with the ‘(best estimation”. Another way of using these values is for establishing collaborative actions between a pair (or a set) of agents: If one agent wants to get support in the accomplishment, of a particular goal he will try to persuade another agent to modify his ranking of the goal in such a way that, they both will rank best this “common” goal. Thus, the use of ranking functions provides a general framework for considering cooperative aspects within the study of multi-agent systems. An essential question in this context is how the rankings of different agents can be compared. Therefore, we develop in this paper a formalization of the concept, of ranking functions and discuss mechanisms that establish the comparability of different, rankings. *This work was supported by the German Ministry of Research and Technology under grant ITW9104 COOCS’93 -1 I1931CA, USA o 1993 ACM O-89791 -627 -1 19310010... $1 .50
自主协作系统研究的一个核心问题是如何建立机制来控制系统中不同部分(称为agent)之间的相互作用。对于异构代理，其目标是为其决策建模基础。我们在本文中讨论的机制是基于这样的假设，即代理可以估计依附于某一组目标的影响。在最简单的情况下，这可以用一个值来表示，例如，为实现这些目标而产生的成本。但一般来说，这种估计可能是任意复杂的。此外，我们假设agent有一个函数可以根据估计值来标记它们的目标，并且它们追求它们排名最好的目标。然后，这些值可以用来解决这类系统中的各种冲突。例如，在任务分配阶段，可以通过将目标分配给具有“最佳估计”的代理来决定多个应用程序分配目标的情况。使用这些值的另一种方法是在一对(或一组)智能体之间建立协作行为:如果一个智能体想要在完成特定目标时获得支持，他将试图说服另一个智能体修改他对目标的排名，这样他们都将在这个“共同”目标中排名最高。因此，排序函数的使用为考虑多智能体系统研究中的合作方面提供了一个通用框架。在这种情况下，一个重要的问题是如何比较不同代理的排名。因此，我们在本文中发展了排名函数概念的形式化，并讨论了建立不同排名的可比性的机制。*本工作由德国研究技术部资助，ITW9104 COOCS ' 93 -1 I1931CA, USA o 1993 ACM o -89791 -627 -1 19310010…1美元50
{"title":"Comparing rankings of heterogeneous agents","authors":"N. Kuhn","doi":"10.1145/168555.168556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168556","url":null,"abstract":"A central problem in the study of autonomous cooperating systems is that of how to establish mechanisms for controlling the interactions between different parts (which are called agents) of the system. For heterogeneous agents this aims at, modeling the basics for their decisions. The mechanisms we discuss in this paper are based on the assumption that, the agents can estimate the effects of being attached to a certain set of goals. In the simplest case this is expressed by a single value e.g., the cost that will arise for the accomplishment of these goals. But in general this estimation may be arbitrarily complicated. In addition, we assume that, the agents have a function available to mnk their goals according to the estimated values and they pursue the goals they rank best. Then, these values can be used to resolve various kinds of conflicts in this kind of systems. For example in the task allocation phase the case of multiple applications for the allocation of a goal can be decided by allocating the goal to the agent with the ‘(best estimation”. Another way of using these values is for establishing collaborative actions between a pair (or a set) of agents: If one agent wants to get support in the accomplishment, of a particular goal he will try to persuade another agent to modify his ranking of the goal in such a way that, they both will rank best this “common” goal. Thus, the use of ranking functions provides a general framework for considering cooperative aspects within the study of multi-agent systems. An essential question in this context is how the rankings of different agents can be compared. Therefore, we develop in this paper a formalization of the concept, of ranking functions and discuss mechanisms that establish the comparability of different, rankings. *This work was supported by the German Ministry of Research and Technology under grant ITW9104 COOCS’93 -1 I1931CA, USA o 1993 ACM O-89791 -627 -1 19310010... $1 .50","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123692755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
information search, information use, information artifacts, intermediaries, collaborative work We studied the uses of information search results by regular clients of professional intermediaries. We found that all of the participants in our study acted as intermediaries themselves, sharing information they had received from library searches with others in their work settings. There were four basic models of sharing: updating team members, consulting, broadcasting, and putting information into a shared archive. In many sharing scenarios, the library clients acted as information artisans, creating new artifacts by transforming and enhancing their search results before passing them on. When possible, the library clients delivered their new information artifacts in collaborative settings, to ensure that recipients understood and could apply the results and to allow opportunities for follow-up search requests. These observations suggest that new functionality is needed for information search systems, in order to support the analysis, manipulation, and packaging of search results and collaborative information delivery with intertwined communication and information components.
{"title":"Information artisans: patterns of result sharing by information searchers","authors":"Vicki L. O'Day, R. Jeffries","doi":"10.1145/168555.168566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168566","url":null,"abstract":"information search, information use, information artifacts, intermediaries, collaborative work We studied the uses of information search results by regular clients of professional intermediaries. We found that all of the participants in our study acted as intermediaries themselves, sharing information they had received from library searches with others in their work settings. There were four basic models of sharing: updating team members, consulting, broadcasting, and putting information into a shared archive. In many sharing scenarios, the library clients acted as information artisans, creating new artifacts by transforming and enhancing their search results before passing them on. When possible, the library clients delivered their new information artifacts in collaborative settings, to ensure that recipients understood and could apply the results and to allow opportunities for follow-up search requests. These observations suggest that new functionality is needed for information search systems, in order to support the analysis, manipulation, and packaging of search results and collaborative information delivery with intertwined communication and information components.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129911726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence of CSCW has seen the development of a number of applications which simultaneously present a number of interfaces to a community of users. Limited consideration has been given to the provision of facilities that support the configuration and tailoring of these cooperative user interfaces. This paper presents a simple mechanism that enables dynamic support for tailoring user interfaces. Rather than focus on the interface as having been derived from a set of shared objects, we choose to view the problem as one of a shared interface constructed from a collection of interface objects and access to this shared interface. This paper presents an access model and an environment that facilitates the construction and runtime support of cooperative user interfaces.
{"title":"Access as a means of configuring cooperative interfaces","authors":"Gareth Smith, T. Rodden","doi":"10.1145/168555.168587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168587","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of CSCW has seen the development of a number of applications which simultaneously present a number of interfaces to a community of users. Limited consideration has been given to the provision of facilities that support the configuration and tailoring of these cooperative user interfaces. This paper presents a simple mechanism that enables dynamic support for tailoring user interfaces. Rather than focus on the interface as having been derived from a set of shared objects, we choose to view the problem as one of a shared interface constructed from a collection of interface objects and access to this shared interface. This paper presents an access model and an environment that facilitates the construction and runtime support of cooperative user interfaces.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134023463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method is proposed for systematically analyzing and redesigning processes. The method, Goalbased Process Analysis (GPA), helps its user to systematically identify missing objectives, ensure implementation of all the objectives, identify nonfunctional parts of a process, and explore alternative processes for achieving a given set of objectives. As such, GPA addresses a critical component in process reengineering, that of identifying which part of a given process needs to be improved and what alternatives could be used instead.
{"title":"Goal-based process analysis: a method for systematic process redesign","authors":"Jintae Lee","doi":"10.1145/168555.168577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168577","url":null,"abstract":"A method is proposed for systematically analyzing and redesigning processes. The method, Goalbased Process Analysis (GPA), helps its user to systematically identify missing objectives, ensure implementation of all the objectives, identify nonfunctional parts of a process, and explore alternative processes for achieving a given set of objectives. As such, GPA addresses a critical component in process reengineering, that of identifying which part of a given process needs to be improved and what alternatives could be used instead.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127559624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the role of the two communication modes in cooperative work: synchronous and asynchronous. While it is natural and indispensable that both modes be used together, most existing groupware handles only one or the other, which reduces the effectiveness of cooperation. This hypothesis is confirmed by defining an argument model that uses the concept of cooperative effects and using it to analyze a decision-making discussion consisting of both synchronous face-to-face meetings and asynchronous electronic mail meetings. Several discussion characteristics using both modes are identified and the need for and the requirements for an integrated support system are clarified.
{"title":"Toward integrated support of synchronous and asynchronous communication in cooperative work: an empirical study of real group communication","authors":"Y. Sakamoto, Eiji Kuwana","doi":"10.1145/168555.168565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168565","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the role of the two communication modes in cooperative work: synchronous and asynchronous. While it is natural and indispensable that both modes be used together, most existing groupware handles only one or the other, which reduces the effectiveness of cooperation. This hypothesis is confirmed by defining an argument model that uses the concept of cooperative effects and using it to analyze a decision-making discussion consisting of both synchronous face-to-face meetings and asynchronous electronic mail meetings. Several discussion characteristics using both modes are identified and the need for and the requirements for an integrated support system are clarified.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127634462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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