We present a framework that enables reengineers to build a base of performance improvement knowledge that can be used to automatically improve workflow performance. Automatic improvement of workflow performance involves modification of a business information system such that the predicted performance of its business workflows satisfies a performance goal. The number of possible modification options is very large, so a significant body of knowledge is needed to choose among them. We demonstrate, using a simple example, the requirements for the types of knowledge necessary in a automatic improvement framework. We define a knowledge model for representing these types of knowledge. We use the model to provide the framework with a body of domain-independent performance improvement knowledge. We then describe how the framework enables reengineers to provide additional performance improvement knowledge to the model and how the framework utilizes that knowledge to automatically improve workflow performance to meet the performance goal.
{"title":"Management and utilization of knowledge for the automatic improvement of workflow performance","authors":"T. Jaeger, A. Prakash","doi":"10.1145/224019.224023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224023","url":null,"abstract":"We present a framework that enables reengineers to build a base of performance improvement knowledge that can be used to automatically improve workflow performance. Automatic improvement of workflow performance involves modification of a business information system such that the predicted performance of its business workflows satisfies a performance goal. The number of possible modification options is very large, so a significant body of knowledge is needed to choose among them. We demonstrate, using a simple example, the requirements for the types of knowledge necessary in a automatic improvement framework. We define a knowledge model for representing these types of knowledge. We use the model to provide the framework with a body of domain-independent performance improvement knowledge. We then describe how the framework enables reengineers to provide additional performance improvement knowledge to the model and how the framework utilizes that knowledge to automatically improve workflow performance to meet the performance goal.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130085219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to handle the high degree complexity that characterizes cooperative work in modern work settings, the articulation of the distributed activities requires a category of symbolic artifacts that stipulate and mediate articulation work. We call these artifacts 'coordination mechanisms'. From the evidence of sociological field studies, it is evident that computational coordination mechanisms must be malleable and interoperable. The paper describes a notation for constructing computational coordination mechanisms that meet these requirements.
{"title":"A notation for malleable and interoperable coordination mechanisms for CSCW systems","authors":"C. Simone, M. Divitini, K. Schmidt","doi":"10.1145/224019.224024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224024","url":null,"abstract":"In order to handle the high degree complexity that characterizes cooperative work in modern work settings, the articulation of the distributed activities requires a category of symbolic artifacts that stipulate and mediate articulation work. We call these artifacts 'coordination mechanisms'. From the evidence of sociological field studies, it is evident that computational coordination mechanisms must be malleable and interoperable. The paper describes a notation for constructing computational coordination mechanisms that meet these requirements.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133574624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present a specification language developed for WORLDS, a next generation computer-supported collaborative work system. Our specification language, called Introspect, employs a meta-level architecture to allow run-time modifications to specifications. We believe such an architecture is essential to WORLDS' ability to provide dynamic support for collaborative work in an elegant fashion.
{"title":"Specifying dynamic support for collaborative work within WORLDS","authors":"William J. Tolone, S. Kaplan, G. Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.1145/224019.224025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224025","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a specification language developed for WORLDS, a next generation computer-supported collaborative work system. Our specification language, called Introspect, employs a meta-level architecture to allow run-time modifications to specifications. We believe such an architecture is essential to WORLDS' ability to provide dynamic support for collaborative work in an elegant fashion.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122986274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the pervasiveness and proliferation of computerized systems, people still get stuck when they are trying to use them. Because organizations are heavily invested in their systems, they seek efficient and effective means to allocate necessary resources to make systems usable. Online help systems attempt to provide such targeted assistance in a variety of modes. This paper will review several online help systems, highlighting the organizational issues inherent in online help by focusing on the organizational arrangements that contextualize the design and use of these systems.
{"title":"Such easy-to-use systems!: How organizations shape the design and use of online help systems","authors":"Lisa Covi, M. Ackerman","doi":"10.1145/224019.224049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224049","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the pervasiveness and proliferation of computerized systems, people still get stuck when they are trying to use them. Because organizations are heavily invested in their systems, they seek efficient and effective means to allocate necessary resources to make systems usable. Online help systems attempt to provide such targeted assistance in a variety of modes. This paper will review several online help systems, highlighting the organizational issues inherent in online help by focusing on the organizational arrangements that contextualize the design and use of these systems.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129917164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multilateral diplomacy faces pressures to improve the efficiency of its operations. Because meetings play a central role in diplomacy they form one promising target in productivity improvements. Diplomatic meetings are rife with political maneuvering and embedded with pervasive diplomatic rituals and protocols which all affect considerably the content and form of successful technology interventions. In this paper we describe a meeting support system called the Helsinki Prototype System. To our knowledge it was the first meeting support system (MSS) which was intended to support multilateral diplomatic meetings. It was designed for the fourth Follow-up meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. We illustrate how we conducted the requirements specification process and describe the major outcomes of the design process.
{"title":"Designing meeting support systems in a user-centered manner: the case of the Helsinki prototype system","authors":"P. Maaranen, K. Lyytinen","doi":"10.1145/224019.224054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224054","url":null,"abstract":"Multilateral diplomacy faces pressures to improve the efficiency of its operations. Because meetings play a central role in diplomacy they form one promising target in productivity improvements. Diplomatic meetings are rife with political maneuvering and embedded with pervasive diplomatic rituals and protocols which all affect considerably the content and form of successful technology interventions. In this paper we describe a meeting support system called the Helsinki Prototype System. To our knowledge it was the first meeting support system (MSS) which was intended to support multilateral diplomatic meetings. It was designed for the fourth Follow-up meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. We illustrate how we conducted the requirements specification process and describe the major outcomes of the design process.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121668653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes collective enactment theory as an alternative to speech acts or situated actions as the basis for workflow systems. Enactment theory goes beyond the conventional scope of theories of action by acknowledging tiordances in the environment, needs of individuals and organizations, decision and preparation, motivation, planning and scheduling, execution, evaluation, and consequential changes in the organization and their environment. This encompassing scope allows to overcome limitations of current workflow systems and to integrate a large range of organizational and individual behavior. Particular emphasis in this paper is given to organizational activities that precede or follow the planning, scheduling, and execution of organizational work. The integration of planning and scheduling activities in enactment theory is shown and implications for workflow design and architectures are delineated.
{"title":"Enactment theory as a paradigm for enabling flexible workflows","authors":"D. Mahling","doi":"10.1145/168555.168578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168578","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes collective enactment theory as an alternative to speech acts or situated actions as the basis for workflow systems. Enactment theory goes beyond the conventional scope of theories of action by acknowledging tiordances in the environment, needs of individuals and organizations, decision and preparation, motivation, planning and scheduling, execution, evaluation, and consequential changes in the organization and their environment. This encompassing scope allows to overcome limitations of current workflow systems and to integrate a large range of organizational and individual behavior. Particular emphasis in this paper is given to organizational activities that precede or follow the planning, scheduling, and execution of organizational work. The integration of planning and scheduling activities in enactment theory is shown and implications for workflow design and architectures are delineated.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127214666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the application of workflow management systems in an Italian bank. Under a changing competitive and financial situation, the bank had to react by redesigning its market-oriented business processes. Customer related credit processes have been analyzed using a method based on a client/supplier model. The credit management process was the target for a workflow-based reporting system. The system copes with events in the daily appearance of overdrafts on current accounts which have to be managed by the agency director and the branch’s staff. The reporting system developed is part of a global change from the centralized into a distributed credit management information system based on a clienthcrver architecture. The functional architecture for workflow management technology defines how to integrate the diffenimt functional modules (message handling, data management and document management), and in particular, mainframe EDP with end user computing.
{"title":"Workflow management systems for financial services","authors":"T. Schael, B. Zeller","doi":"10.1145/168555.168569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168569","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the application of workflow management systems in an Italian bank. Under a changing competitive and financial situation, the bank had to react by redesigning its market-oriented business processes. Customer related credit processes have been analyzed using a method based on a client/supplier model. The credit management process was the target for a workflow-based reporting system. The system copes with events in the daily appearance of overdrafts on current accounts which have to be managed by the agency director and the branch’s staff. The reporting system developed is part of a global change from the centralized into a distributed credit management information system based on a clienthcrver architecture. The functional architecture for workflow management technology defines how to integrate the diffenimt functional modules (message handling, data management and document management), and in particular, mainframe EDP with end user computing.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117147704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Divitini, Giuseppe Omodei Salè, A. Pozzoli, C. Simone
The paper proposes an architecture to memorize the knowledge generated and used by the members of an organization in their cooperative work. The main focus is on the identification of mechanisms to enhance organization members capability to reconstruct the dynamic evolution of the knowledge generated through computer supported human to human communication within the organization. These mechanisms are triggered by communicative events in a user transparent way. The notion of degree of consciousness of knowledge sharing is proposed as a basic means to allow members to look for the most appropriate context of each communicative event. This context is where the reconstruction becomes sensible in relation to the user needs.
{"title":"Supporting the dynamics of knowledge sharing within organizations","authors":"M. Divitini, Giuseppe Omodei Salè, A. Pozzoli, C. Simone","doi":"10.1145/168555.168574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168574","url":null,"abstract":"The paper proposes an architecture to memorize the knowledge generated and used by the members of an organization in their cooperative work. The main focus is on the identification of mechanisms to enhance organization members capability to reconstruct the dynamic evolution of the knowledge generated through computer supported human to human communication within the organization. These mechanisms are triggered by communicative events in a user transparent way. The notion of degree of consciousness of knowledge sharing is proposed as a basic means to allow members to look for the most appropriate context of each communicative event. This context is where the reconstruction becomes sensible in relation to the user needs.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130259782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing ease and power of wmputer netsvorking technologies, many organisations me taking information which was previously managed and distributed on paper aud making it available electronically. Such shared information systems are the basis of much organisational collaboration, and electronic distribution holds great promise. However, a primary focus of such systems is on the ease of information retrieval. We believe that an equally important component is the problem of information interpretation, and that this interpretation is .@ded by a context which many electronic systems do not fully acknowledge. We report on a study of two systems, one paper-based and one electronic, managing similar information within the same organisation. We descrike the ways in which information retrieved from these systems is interpreted subjectively by individuals, and point to some of the factors contributing to this interpretation. These factors, together making up the context of the information, an3 of critical importance in the design of successful electronic shared information systems.
{"title":"Information and context: lessons from the study of two shared information systems","authors":"P. Dourish, V. Bellotti, W. Mackay, Chaoying Ma","doi":"10.1145/168555.168560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168560","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing ease and power of wmputer netsvorking technologies, many organisations me taking information which was previously managed and distributed on paper aud making it available electronically. Such shared information systems are the basis of much organisational collaboration, and electronic distribution holds great promise. However, a primary focus of such systems is on the ease of information retrieval. We believe that an equally important component is the problem of information interpretation, and that this interpretation is .@ded by a context which many electronic systems do not fully acknowledge. We report on a study of two systems, one paper-based and one electronic, managing similar information within the same organisation. We descrike the ways in which information retrieved from these systems is interpreted subjectively by individuals, and point to some of the factors contributing to this interpretation. These factors, together making up the context of the information, an3 of critical importance in the design of successful electronic shared information systems.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"1 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114116051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Benford, J. Mariani, L. Navarro, W. Prinz, T. Rodden
Our belief is that future, Computer Supported Cooperative Work will by necessity involve a heterogeneous collection of applications, paradigms and models and that no single system will meet all the requirements of all groups. For this reason we propose a CSCW Environment, a form of operating system, which facilitates inter-working between many different CSCW applications. We describe the key requirements of such an environment, followed by a set of models which offer different perspectives on the environment and which collectively define its functionality. These models address issues including setting planned work against a background of ad-hoc interaction; providing a common organisational context for applications; defining the structure of shared information between applications; and representing the structure of the work taking place. We conclude by discussing how these models might be used to specify the components of a distributed architecture which implements the environment in an open systems manner. The work described in this paper has been carried out by the MOCCA group (working group 2) of the European CO-TECH programme. CO-TECH is aimed at conducting basic research into CSCW and at establishing a Europe-wide CSCW community through a number of different working groups.
{"title":"MOCCA: an environment for CSCW applications","authors":"S. Benford, J. Mariani, L. Navarro, W. Prinz, T. Rodden","doi":"10.1145/168555.168573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/168555.168573","url":null,"abstract":"Our belief is that future, Computer Supported Cooperative Work will by necessity involve a \u0000heterogeneous collection of applications, paradigms and models and that no single system will \u0000meet all the requirements of all groups. For this reason we propose a CSCW Environment, a \u0000form of operating system, which facilitates inter-working between many different CSCW \u0000applications. We describe the key requirements of such an environment, followed by a set of \u0000models which offer different perspectives on the environment and which collectively define its \u0000functionality. These models address issues including setting planned work against a background \u0000of ad-hoc interaction; providing a common organisational context for applications; defining the \u0000structure of shared information between applications; and representing the structure of the \u0000work taking place. We conclude by discussing how these models might be used to specify the \u0000components of a distributed architecture which implements the environment in an open systems \u0000manner. The work described in this paper has been carried out by the MOCCA group (working \u0000group 2) of the European CO-TECH programme. CO-TECH is aimed at conducting basic research \u0000into CSCW and at establishing a Europe-wide CSCW community through a number of different \u0000working groups.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"227 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121311787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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