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Criminalisation of "street harassment" in Belgium and France: Two different legislative approaches to "sexist" acts 比利时和法国对“街头骚扰”的刑事定罪:两种不同的针对“性别歧视”行为的立法途径
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2302125h
Jean-Marc Hausman
In the fight against "street harassment", both France et Belgium adopt laws which make sexism an offence. However, the legislators follow different approaches. This article compares the rationale behind these laws, the way in which the notion of "sexism" is understood in these two legal systems and the forms of effectiveness that French and Belgian legislators intend to give to the legal measures put in place.
在与“街头骚扰”的斗争中,法国和比利时都通过了将性别歧视定为犯罪的法律。然而,立法者遵循不同的方法。本文比较了这些法律背后的基本原理,在这两个法律体系中理解“性别歧视”概念的方式,以及法国和比利时立法者打算给予实施的法律措施的有效性形式。
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引用次数: 0
Balancing opportunity: Between the presumption of innocence and res judicata 平衡机会:在无罪推定和既判力之间
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2302153n
Svetlana Nenadić, Ivana Miljuš
The criminal-political justification of the principle of opportunity is undoubtedly of significant importance for criminal justice, with multiple and diverse objectives and functions. Despite the fact that the application of this criminal procedural mechanism in public prosecution practice has been ongoing for over two decades, research results indicate that essential questions regarding its legal and procedural nature remain veiled in dilemmas even today - whether the suspect subject to its application should be considered innocent, and whether the decision to dismiss a criminal complaint based on the principle of opportunity can be equated with the res judicata. The paper presents specific research results regarding the interpretation of the effects of applying the principle of opportunity in criminal proceedings and the legal effects of decisions to dismiss criminal complaints based on the principle of opportunity in civil proceedings for compensation of damages arising from a "criminal act." By analyzing the concepts expressed in criminal legal science and utilizing the comparative legal method to a certain relevant extent, the authors aim to, starting from the procedural guarantee of the presumption of innocence, highlight the risks of equating the decision to dismiss a criminal complaint based on the application of the principle of opportunity with a final judgment. The primary de lege ferenda proposal is to establish a prohibition on criminal prosecution for the same criminal offense in cases of applying the principle of opportunity.
机会原则的刑事政治正当性无疑对刑事司法具有重要意义,具有多重和多样化的目标和功能。尽管这一刑事诉讼机制在公诉实践中的适用已经持续了二十多年,但研究结果表明,关于其法律和程序性质的基本问题即使在今天仍然处于两难境地- -是否应将适用该机制的嫌疑人视为无罪,以及基于机会原则驳回刑事申诉的决定是否可以等同于既判力。本文介绍了在刑事诉讼中运用机会原则的效果的解释,以及在“犯罪行为”损害赔偿民事诉讼中运用机会原则驳回刑事诉讼的决定的法律效果的具体研究成果。本文通过对刑法学概念的分析,并在一定程度上运用比较法的方法,旨在从无罪推定的程序保障出发,强调将基于机会原则的刑事撤诉决定与终审判决等同起来的风险。最主要的法律依据提案是禁止在适用机会原则的情况下对同一刑事罪行提起刑事诉讼。
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引用次数: 0
Green criminology and crime control 绿色犯罪学与犯罪控制
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2301024i
Đorđe Ignjatović
The paper dealt with only some of the key issues related to a new approach to criminal sciences - green criminology, which, after a little more than three decades since its first mention, is still in the search phase. Many things related to it are under question or the result of numerous controversies: from the very name, its philosophical theoretical framework, the subject of study and its systematics, the methodological apparatus, all the way to what human behaviors are studied, who are the perpetrators and victims, finally: how to control such acts. The article started from the fact that green criminology is an orientation in modern criminology that studies how people interact with the environment and what changes they cause in it. In other words, it deals with forms of endangerment and damage caused to the environment, behaviors that do not include only criminal acts, or even just illegal actions. Their perpetrators are primarily economic entities (companies), but also authorities i.e. their representatives and citizens who also contribute to the devastation of nature. Although we are all victims of such acts, members of minority communities, indigenous peoples and people who occupy lower positions on the social ladder feel the most of their consequences. The number of factors that cause 'green crime' is huge (as well as the type of acts that comprise it), but the most common are the race for profit, efforts to achieve economic development at any cost, corruption, but also insufficiently developed environmental awareness of citizens and personal traits and the status of the perpetrator. What causes particular concern is the ineffectiveness of control mechanisms for this form of crime, which is evident in all parts of the world. The operation of formal social control mechanisms cannot reduce such acts to levels that could be tolerated. The key reason for this is that the main actors who endanger the environment are precisely the allpowerful companies that often act together with the state authorities from which the judicial ones should sanction them. As with other issues in criminology, it has been shown that we are moving into an area dominated by issues of power, wealth and poverty. In other words - here is perhaps the most important question: who makes the laws and determines the boundaries of the criminal zone? It has been shown (especially on the example of the USA and the EU, which have the most developed environmental legislation) that it is not enough just to pass regulations - their content is more important. Environmental movements and their activism make a special contribution to opposing 'green crime' from subjects of informal control, while the influence of the public is much smaller because it reflects the image of environmental crime created by the media, which is often influenced by those who most seriously threaten the environment. After this not very optimistic picture, the question arises: what to do in a situation where a l
这篇论文只处理了一些与犯罪科学的新方法有关的关键问题——绿色犯罪学,自从它第一次被提及以来,已经有三十多年了,它仍然处于探索阶段。与它相关的许多事情都受到质疑,或者是许多争议的结果:从名字本身,它的哲学理论框架,研究的主题及其系统,方法论工具,一直到研究什么人类行为,谁是肇事者和受害者,最后:如何控制这些行为。本文从绿色犯罪学是现代犯罪学研究的一个方向出发,研究人与环境的相互作用及其对环境造成的影响。换句话说,它处理各种形式的危害和对环境造成的破坏,这些行为不仅包括犯罪行为,甚至还包括非法行为。其肇事者主要是经济实体(公司),但也包括当局,即其代表和公民,他们也为破坏自然做出了贡献。虽然我们都是这种行为的受害者,但少数民族社区成员、土著人民和社会地位较低的人民对其后果的感受最大。造成“绿色犯罪”的因素是巨大的(以及构成它的行为类型),但最常见的是逐利、不惜一切代价实现经济发展的努力、腐败,但也有不充分发展的公民环境意识和个人特征以及犯罪者的地位。引起特别关注的是对这种形式的犯罪的控制机制的无效,这在世界各地都很明显。正式社会控制机制的运作不能将这种行为减少到可以容忍的程度。造成这种情况的关键原因是,危害环境的主要行为者恰恰是全能的公司,它们经常与国家当局一起行动,而司法当局应该制裁它们。与犯罪学中的其他问题一样,事实表明,我们正在进入一个由权力、财富和贫困问题主导的领域。换句话说,这里可能是最重要的问题:谁制定法律并决定犯罪区域的边界?事实已经证明(特别是以环境立法最发达的美国和欧盟为例),仅仅通过法规是不够的——法规的内容更重要。环境运动及其行动主义对反对来自非正式控制主体的“绿色犯罪”做出了特殊贡献,而公众的影响要小得多,因为它反映了媒体创造的环境犯罪形象,而媒体往往受到那些最严重威胁环境的人的影响。在这种不太乐观的情况下,问题出现了:当大量犯罪学家声称,最严重威胁的根源正是现代资本主义所依赖的逻辑时,我们该怎么办?现代资本主义是不择手段地追逐利润、消费主义和将一切事物简化为商品的结合。这并不意味着那些激进和无政府主义犯罪学的代表是正确的,他们在革命中看到了出路(每一次革命都以改变那些拥有特权、积累财富和统治人民的地方而告终)。我们应该与周围的世界建立一种和谐的关系,而不是这样的动荡(为此,没有必要发明某种动物和自然的“不可剥夺的权利”)。这种关系意味着认识到保护现有生态系统的必要性,认识到有比不惜一切代价追求利润更重要的价值观。这一目标可以逐步实现:-必须培养公民的环境意识;根据其假设,需要媒体(传统的和新的数字媒体)客观地呈现活动,以及关于环境犯罪趋势和后果的数据;-他们应该从科学(自然和社会)中获取数据,其中绿色犯罪学知识至关重要;-知识应作为适当的规范体系的框架,作为对不可接受的行为作出反应的基础,这将显示分歧的好处:对于最危险的行为,如生态灭绝,有必要预见最严厉的制裁并始终适用,以便潜在的违法者明白,他们执行这些行为是没有回报的(享乐计算);规范商业实体的地位问题也很重要,这样他们就不能通过改变公司的地位来逃避责任(这是现在的常见情况)。
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引用次数: 0
Financial investigations in Bosnia and Herzegovina 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的金融调查
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2301081b
Milijana Buha
The financial investigation is conducted according to an urgent procedure and can be ended by submitting a request for the permanent confiscation of property. The paper discusses about the issue of ending the financial investigation and submitting a request to initiate the special procedure for confiscation of property. The importance of the financial investigation is reflected in the possibility of confiscation of property resulting from the commission of a criminal offense even if the criminal proceedings have not been completed. The court, ex officio, confiscates property acquired through criminal activity. For the successful completion of the financial investigation, it is necessary to prescribe a penalty for the responsible persons who refuse to provide information about income and property which is suspected to have been obtained through criminal act. The decision to suspend the financial investigation is not subject to judicial control. Interested parties, such as the injured party and the attorney's office in the procedure of confiscation of property have not the right to appeal on the decisions take in the property confiscation procedure and the right to object to a negative decision on the financial investigation.
财务调查是根据紧急程序进行的,可以通过提出永久没收财产的请求来结束。本文对终止财务调查并申请启动没收财产特别程序的问题进行了探讨。财务调查的重要性反映在即使刑事诉讼尚未完成,也有可能因犯罪而没收财产。法院依职权没收通过犯罪活动获得的财产。为了顺利完成财务调查,有必要规定对拒绝提供有关涉嫌通过犯罪行为获得的收入和财产的资料的责任人的处罚。中止财务调查的决定不受司法控制。没收财产程序中的利害关系人,如受害人和律师事务所,无权对没收财产程序中的决定提出上诉,也无权对财务调查的否定决定提出异议。
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引用次数: 0
Violence against men in a partner relationship: A pilot study 伴侣关系中对男性的暴力行为:一项初步研究
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2301064l
M. Ljubičić
Violence in the family has been a frequently discussed topic in the scientific discourse in the last two decades. Thanks to this, today, we have at our disposal a significant body of scientific knowledge, legislative solutions, and practical policies that focus on preventing and protecting victims of violence. However, we do not notice some among the victims of domestic violence. Hereof, our knowledge about the etiology and phenomenology of violence against men is insufficient. Our study represents a small step forward in researching the phenomenology of this phenomenon. We aimed to describe characteristics of violence against men through personal stories and from the perspective of both partners. We used documentary material in the analysis - official records of centers for social work in the territory of the city of Belgrade. Analysis showed that violence against men in a partner relationship is most often recognized by the center's professional workers as mutual. The prosecution of the abuser, except in the case of her partner's life being threatened, is rarely the outcome of the assessment process. The impression is that partner violence against men is seen as an exception rather than the rule. However, the victimization of men in a partner relationship is not such a rare phenomenon, so it is necessary to undertake a research effort to shed light on this dark field and to design prevention strategies and practices aimed at protecting men - victims and helping women - bullies.
在过去的二十年里,家庭暴力一直是科学话语中经常讨论的话题。正因为如此,今天我们掌握了大量的科学知识、立法解决方案和切实可行的政策,重点是预防和保护暴力受害者。然而,我们没有注意到一些家庭暴力的受害者。在此,我们对暴力侵害人类的病因学和现象学的认识是不足的。我们的研究在研究这一现象的现象学方面迈出了一小步。我们的目的是通过个人故事和从伴侣双方的角度来描述对男性的暴力行为的特征。我们在分析中使用了文献资料——贝尔格莱德市内社会工作中心的官方记录。分析表明,在伴侣关系中,对男性的暴力行为通常被该中心的专业工作人员认为是相互的。对施虐者的起诉,除了其伴侣的生命受到威胁的情况外,很少是评估过程的结果。给人的印象是,伴侣对男性施暴被视为一种例外,而不是常态。然而,男性在伴侣关系中受害并不是一种罕见的现象,因此有必要进行一项研究,以阐明这一黑暗领域,并设计预防策略和做法,旨在保护男性受害者和帮助女性欺凌者。
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引用次数: 0
Legal-historical overview of the introduction of suspended sentence in Serbian law 塞尔维亚法律中引入缓刑的法律历史概述
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2302140g
Biljana Gavrilović-Grbović
The paper analyzes the issue of introducing a suspended sentence into Serbian law. Suspended sentencing, as a modern institution of the sociological school and the embodiment of a changed penal philosophy, experienced its expansion in European legislation at the end of the 19th century. However, suspended sentences were applied in Serbia only on the basis of the Yugoslav Criminal Code from 1929. But, this did not mean that the idea of legal regulation of suspended sentence, on the territory of Serbia, only appeared in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Moreover, the idea of legal regulation of suspended sentence was put forward in other, developed European countries at the end of the 19th century, but it did not attract the attention of lawyers in the Kingdom of Serbia at that time. The first attempts to prescribe a suspended sentence in the Kingdom of Serbia occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, but due to the outbreak of the Wars, all of this remained a dead letter, never having been enacted into law. Therefore, the paper presents the reasons that motivated lawyers in the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to raise the issue of the introduction of suspended sentences, as well as the difficulties they encountered both during its introduction and during its practical application.
本文分析了在塞尔维亚法律中引入缓刑的问题。缓刑作为社会学学派的一项现代制度和刑罚哲学变革的体现,在19世纪末的欧洲立法中得到了扩展。但是,塞尔维亚只根据1929年的《南斯拉夫刑法》才适用缓刑。但是,这并不意味着在塞尔维亚领土上对缓刑进行法律管制的想法只出现在南斯拉夫王国。此外,欧洲其他发达国家在19世纪末就提出了对缓刑进行法律规制的思想,但当时并没有引起塞尔维亚王国律师的注意。塞尔维亚王国第一次尝试规定缓刑是在20世纪初,但由于战争的爆发,所有这些都是一纸空文,从未制定为法律。因此,本文提出了促使塞尔维亚王国和南斯拉夫王国的律师提出实行缓刑问题的原因,以及他们在实行缓刑和在实际适用期间遇到的困难。
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引用次数: 0
Combating trafficking of cultural heritage 打击贩卖文化遗产
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2301097k
G. Krstić
The criminal offences regarding cultural property include qualified forms of criminal offences and hard and rigorous sanctions. The public prosecutor, who manages preinvestigation proceedings and conducts investigations, and police should work urgent, so it is necessary to finish the forensic examination of the criminal place, to find all marks and objects, which may serve as evidences, post a wanted circular for a person and objects being searched for, in order to identify the perpetrators. In case when these types of crimes are committed by the organized criminal groups, public prosecutor in coordination with the police makes actions and special evidenciary actions, such as covert interception of communications, covert surveillance and audio and video recording, controlled delivery, undercover investigator and simulated deals. Bearing in mind that in practice there isn't significant number of criminal complaints submitted to the competent public prosecutor for crimes which objects are criminal goods, this situation can be consequence of several reasons, for example: some of these crimes are not recognized and perpetrators are not identified, some of these crimes are not reported to the competent authority, digitalization and modernization of the museums and libraries insure better protection of cultural property, small number of tax administration officers and police officers, who deal with this crimes, lack of technical capacities, lack of seminars and projects which have the aim to prevent these crimes and to improve the significance of cultural heritage for civilization. No matter of all these difficultes, public interest for cultural heritage exists because of the fact that cultural heritage makes the base of identification of one population who lived in certain local place. Insuring care of cultural heritage is primary interest of every state. In case that someone steals cultural property, or it becomes the object of illicit traffic, forging the documents of origin or undertaking actions of vandalism against cultural goods it is important to exist guarantees of efficient fulfilling actions and measures of competent authorities, urgent taking actions and to insure that qualified professionals work in this field. Adequate mechanisms for good and reliable cooperation and connection of competent authorities for identifying cultural goods, revealing the crimes and locating the cultural properties are conditions for success of criminal proceedings.
涉及文化财产的刑事犯罪包括有条件的刑事犯罪和严厉严厉的制裁。负责调查前程序和调查的检察官和警方的工作非常紧迫,因此有必要完成对犯罪现场的法医检查,找到所有可以作为证据的痕迹和物品,并发布通缉通缉,以确定罪犯。在有组织犯罪集团实施这类犯罪的情况下,检察官与警方协调采取行动和特别证据行动,如秘密拦截通信、秘密监视和录音录像、控制交付、卧底调查和模拟交易。铭记在实践中,向主管检察官提交的刑事诉讼中,没有多少刑事诉讼的对象是犯罪物品,这种情况可能是由以下几个原因造成的,例如:其中一些犯罪未被承认,犯罪者未被确定,其中一些犯罪未向主管当局报告,博物馆和图书馆的数字化和现代化确保更好地保护文化财产,处理此类犯罪的税务管理人员和警察数量少,缺乏技术能力,缺乏旨在防止这些罪行和提高文化遗产对文明的重要性的研讨会和项目。尽管存在这些困难,但文化遗产的公共利益是存在的,因为文化遗产是一个人在某个地方生活的基础。保护文化遗产是每个国家的首要利益。如果有人盗窃文化财产,或它成为非法贩运的对象,伪造原产地文件或对文化物品采取破坏行为,重要的是要有有效履行行动的保证和主管当局的措施,紧急采取行动,并确保合格的专业人员在这一领域工作。在查明文化物品、揭露犯罪和确定文化财产位置方面,主管当局之间良好可靠的合作和联系的适当机制是刑事诉讼成功的条件。
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引用次数: 0
Proposal of a national strategy for combating corruption by forming an anti-corruption team 通过组建反贪小组来打击贪污的国家战略提案
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/crimen2302170i
Nataša Ilić
The security crisis, in a broader sense, which is noticeable on a national, regional and planetary level, is an incentive for science to highlight problems and generate proposals for establishing balance in society. The challenges facing the Republic of Serbia will not be eliminated by the passive attitude of the state in the face of the ramifications of socially dangerous phenomena. In this direction, one of the most destructive destructive phenomena is corruption. Qualified as a serious crime, corruption causes the breakdown of society, intolerance towards eradication, creating resistance to defining action plans for its neutralization. The strategic plan at the national level requires the formation of a steel working group in a silk suit, conspiratorial action in its detection, prevention and elimination as a phenomenon.
从更广泛的意义上说,安全危机在国家、区域和全球一级都很明显,它促使科学突出问题并提出建立社会平衡的建议。塞尔维亚共和国面临的挑战不会因国家在面对社会危险现象的后果时采取消极态度而消除。在这个方向上,最具破坏性的破坏性现象之一就是腐败。腐败是一种严重的罪行,它导致社会崩溃,导致对根除腐败的不容忍,并对确定消除腐败的行动计划造成阻力。国家层面的战略规划要求组建一个“钢铁工作组”,将其作为一种现象进行侦查、预防和消除。
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引用次数: 0
Muerte en la frontera: seis formas de violencia entre Aragón, Castilla y Granada, 1450-1490 边境上的死亡:1450-1490年阿拉贡、卡斯提尔和格拉纳达之间的六种暴力形式
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.1387/clio-crimen.24042
Miguel Angel González Hernández
En la segunda mitad del siglo XV mientras el norte de la península Ibérica tenía una problemática de violencia urbana y territorial entre cristianos, las tierras del sur de la Corona de Aragón, estaban en un contexto de diversos tipos de odios, violencias y muertes entre cristianos y musulmanes por su situación de frontera con Castilla y la parte oriental del reino musulmán de Granada. Estos tipos de violencias han sido clasificadas en base a la documentación de Orihuela, Murcia y Valencia.
十五世纪下半叶,在伊比利亚半岛北部有一个城市暴力和基督徒之间的领土问题、南部阿拉贡王室土地的情况下,在各种各样的基督徒和穆斯林之间的仇恨、暴力和死亡的情况和东部边境与卡斯提尔王国穆斯林手榴弹。这些类型的暴力是根据奥利维拉、穆尔西亚和巴伦西亚的文件进行分类的。
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引用次数: 0
Crimen y odio en la vida cotidiana de la Transición española: los ejemplos de Interviú 西班牙过渡时期日常生活中的犯罪与仇恨:干预的例子
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.1387/clio-crimen.24053
Víctor José Ortega Muñoz, Carmen Serrano Sánchez
El odio es un sentimiento primario e inevitable, que en su máximo apogeo y sin frenos sociales o culturales genera conflictos e infortunios. A través de las páginas de Interviú durante el periodo conocido como Transición, nos aproximamos a las noticias de sucesos con el fin de analizar aquellos actos que tienen el odio como protagonista, los discursos que se elaboran en torno a dichas acciones y la sociedad en la que se producen, desde el punto de vista de la Historia social y la Historia de las mujeres.
仇恨是一种原始的、不可避免的情绪,在没有社会或文化限制的情况下,它会在其顶峰时产生冲突和不幸。通过网页Interviú称为过渡的期间,我们的新闻事件,以分析那些仇恨作为主角,他们的行为演说,制定具体和周围发生的社会,历史上妇女的社会和历史。
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引用次数: 0
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