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Lagos is our land: indigeneship associations and the protection of the rights of Lagosians since 1950 拉各斯是我们的土地:自1950年以来,土著协会和保护拉各斯人的权利
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/LHR.V15I1.6
R. Akinyele
Who owns Lagos and how does one become a Lagosian? Is it through nativity or residency? The rate of migration into Lagos has earned the city the appellation of a no-man’s land. The Awori (a sub-group of the Yoruba) who founded Lagos now constitute about one third of the population. This study examines the protest of influential Awori of Lagos against the political domination of metropolitan Lagos and Lagos State by outsiders, using the platform of indigeneship associations such as the Awori Welfare Association, Association of Lagos State Indigenes and the Committee of Indigenes Association of Lagos State. The study is based on extensive fieldwork in all the administrative divisions of Lagos State, and examines the personalities behind the associations, the class structure and the nature of their political demands. The research findings indicate that the xenophobic attitude in Lagos could degenerate into open violence if not handled with care.
谁拥有拉各斯,一个人如何成为拉各斯人?是通过出生还是居住?移民到拉各斯的速度使这座城市赢得了无人区的称号。建立拉各斯的Awori人(约鲁巴人的一个分支)现在约占人口的三分之一。本研究利用土著协会的平台,如阿沃里福利协会、拉各斯州土著协会和拉各斯州土著协会委员会,考察了拉各斯有影响力的阿沃里人对拉各斯大都市和拉各斯州政治统治的抗议。这项研究基于在拉各斯州所有行政区划进行的广泛实地调查,并审查了这些协会背后的个性、阶级结构及其政治要求的性质。研究结果表明,如果不加以处理,拉各斯的仇外态度可能会退化为公开的暴力。
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引用次数: 2
The legacy of French colonial policy on the nation building process in Chad, 1900 1975 法国殖民政策对乍得国家建设进程的影响,1900年至1975年
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/LHR.V15I1.7
F. Aworawo
Since independence, many African states have experienced large-scale instability as a result of numerous African leaders’ inability to forge national cohesion out of a multiplicity of ethnic groups within individual states. A fundamental issue has been the way and manner in which many of the states were administered during the colonial era. It is against this background that this article examines France’s colonial policy in Chad and its impact on nation building process before the outbreak of the country’s civil war in the period shortly after independence. The essay argues that France’s policies of “useful” and “useless Chad” was greatly responsible for the challenges of nation building in post-colonial Chad. The policies classified Chad into two neat compartments for the administrative convenience of the French. The south, which was called “useful Chad”, was suitable for agriculture. The colonisers therefore concentrated all forms of French civilization, development and education in the south, while the parched north branded “useless Chad”, hardly witnessed any form of development. In addition, the policy of ethnic chauvinism orchestrated by those who came to power after independence was substantially responsible for why division along ethnic lines has persisted. It maintains that political elites in Chad must rule in the interest of all and promote good governance as the best way to overcome the problem of nation building in the country.
自独立以来,许多非洲国家经历了大规模的不稳定,这是由于许多非洲领导人无法在单个国家内的多种种族群体中建立民族凝聚力。一个根本的问题是殖民时期许多州的管理方式。在此背景下,本文考察了法国在乍得的殖民政策及其对乍得独立后不久内战爆发前国家建设进程的影响。本文认为,法国的“有用”和“无用”乍得政策对后殖民时期乍得国家建设面临的挑战负有很大责任。为了方便法国人的行政管理,这些政策将乍得划分为两个整齐的区域。南部被称为“有用的乍得”,适合农业。因此,殖民者把所有形式的法国文明、发展和教育都集中在南部,而干旱的北部被称为“无用的乍得”,几乎没有任何形式的发展。此外,独立后上台的人所策划的种族沙文主义政策是造成种族分裂持续存在的主要原因。它坚持认为,乍得的政治精英必须为所有人的利益而统治,并促进善治,这是克服该国国家建设问题的最佳途径。
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引用次数: 0
The importance of inter-modal transport system in Nigeria with reference to the Asaba-Onitsha transport corridor since the pre-colonial period 从前殖民时期以来的Asaba-Onitsha运输走廊来看,多式联运系统在尼日利亚的重要性
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/LHR.V15I0.3
D. Iweze
Transportation system in Nigeria is predominantly uni-modal. It is estimated that over ninety per cent of goods and passengers are transported by road. The over-reliance on road transport for the conveyance of goods and people has contributed greatly to the deterioration of Nigeria’s roads and the attendant increase in road maintenance costs. Scholars have revealed that a single means of transport cannot adequately serve the transportation needs of the majority of people living in urban centres. The cities of Asaba and Onitsha located on the west and east banks of the river Niger have outlets for water-based transport and rail services, but are yet to be fully developed and integrated with the dominant road transport system. It is against this background that this paper examines the current transport challenges in the transport systems in the area and the wider Nigerian context and advocates for inter-modal transport system, that is, the blending of road, water and rail to facilitate easy movement of people and goods. The paper submits that the development of an efficient inter-modal transport system would minimize the frequent chaotic traffic congestion experienced by motorists and commuters on the Niger Bridge that links the two cities, and eastern and western states with other parts of the country.
尼日利亚的交通系统以单式联运为主。据估计,90%以上的货物和旅客是通过公路运输的。货物和人员的运输过分依赖公路运输,这在很大程度上造成了尼日利亚道路的恶化,并随之增加了道路维修费用。学者们发现,单一的交通工具不能充分满足大多数居住在城市中心的人的交通需求。位于尼日尔河西岸和东岸的阿萨巴市和奥尼沙市有水基运输和铁路服务的出口,但尚未得到充分发展并与占主导地位的公路运输系统相结合。正是在这种背景下,本文研究了该地区运输系统当前的运输挑战以及更广泛的尼日利亚背景,并倡导多式联运系统,即公路,水和铁路的混合,以促进人员和货物的轻松移动。该文件认为,发展一个有效的多式联运系统将尽量减少驾驶者和通勤者在连接两个城市以及东部和西部各州与该国其他地区的尼日尔大桥上经常遇到的混乱交通拥堵。
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引用次数: 0
Proliferation of native courts in Wum District, Southern Cameroons, 1921 – 1939 1921 - 1939年,喀麦隆南部乌姆地区的地方法院激增
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/lhr.v15i1.4
P. Tem
The paper discusses the proliferation of native courts in Wum District from 1921 to 1939. Using mostly archival materials from the Buea National Archives and the thematic and chronological approaches in analysing data, it argues that ethnic differences, communication difficulties and the feeling of superiority by some chiefs over their counterparts brought disunity and inefficiency and the management of the affairs of the courts became derisory. This therefore necessitated the creation of more institutions in order to minimise these problems. In spite of this move, arrogance, pride and attempts at dominating some court members especially those hosting the institutions as well as injustices perpetuated by some judges on litigants, led to requests for the creation of new courts by clans as the only means through which these vices would be avoided. It was because of these factors and requests from the people of Wum District that the Weh native court that served the entire District was dissolved and those of Wum, Fungom and Bum created in 1928. The creation of these courts never satisfactorily took care of the problems hitherto experienced in the Weh court as the Wum court was subsequently split into two, Mukuru and Aghem. The Fungom court also witnessed structural changes as its headquarters was moved from Fungom village to Zhoa. This Court in Zhoa became a court of Appeal for the Fungom area and four minor courts were further created to serve this administrative unit.
本文讨论了1921年至1939年乌姆区地方法院的激增。报告主要使用布埃亚国家档案馆的档案材料,并采用专题和时间顺序的方法分析数据,认为种族差异、交流困难和一些酋长对其同僚的优越感造成了不团结和效率低下,法院事务的管理变得令人嘲笑。因此,有必要建立更多的机构,以尽量减少这些问题。尽管采取了这一行动,但傲慢、骄傲和企图支配某些法院成员,特别是那些主持这些机构的法院成员,以及一些法官对诉讼人长期存在的不公正,导致要求由氏族设立新的法院,作为避免这些恶习的唯一手段。正是由于这些因素和乌姆地区人民的要求,服务于整个地区的威族地方法院被解散,而乌姆、丰贡、布姆的地方法院于1928年成立。这些法庭的设立从来没有令人满意地解决Weh法院迄今遇到的问题,因为Wum法院后来被分成两个,Mukuru和Aghem。丰村朝廷也发生了结构上的变化,因为它的总部从丰村迁到了赵县。赵亚的这个法院成为了Fungom地区的上诉法院,并进一步设立了四个小法院为这个行政单位服务。
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引用次数: 0
Human lorries: carriers in the British Southern Cameroon’s economy and re-ordering of road communications, 1916 – c.1955 人力卡车:1916年至1955年左右,英属喀麦隆南部经济中的运输工具和道路交通的重新排序
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/LHR.V15I1.2
H. K. Kah, W. Nkwi
Britain took over one fifth of German Cameroon following the First World War. Like her predecessor, Germany, one of the first challenges she faced was how to improve and speed up the transportation of private and public goods in a territory where modern forms of transport was nil. She did this according to her whims and caprices. Carriers were enlisted to bear the burden. This ‘professional corps’ during the period of British colonial administration had long existed on the continent before the colonial encounter but coming under the employment of a European country now made them different in the society. This article looks at the crucial role of the carriers in the development of modern road communication networks in the territory by exploring the archival records in the Buea National Archives of Cameroon. It also explores how the carriers symbolised the beginnings of a middle class in the eyes of their kith and kin. Colonial reports of the carriers showed their extra-ordinary physical strength and also the difficulties and challenges which they faced and negotiated such as distances, peaks to ascend and descend, flooded streams and their astounding commitments to carry imperial goods from place to place. Clouded in these colonial reports, lay a history of regulations and governmentality of the carriers, a story of the making of modern road communication network and a middle class. This entails an effort to rationalise the system, which involved ensuring the regularity of the supply of carriers and the enforcement of contracts. This essay aims at understanding the logic of these changes and the implications of these regulations in modern day Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.
第一次世界大战后,英国接管了德国喀麦隆五分之一的领土。与她的前任德国一样,她面临的首要挑战之一是如何在一个没有现代交通方式的国家改善和加快私人和公共物品的运输。她做这件事是随心所欲的。航空公司被征召来承担这个重担。在英国殖民统治时期,这种“职业军团”早在殖民地到来之前就存在于大陆上,但现在受到欧洲国家的雇佣,使他们在社会上变得不同。本文通过探索喀麦隆布埃亚国家档案馆的档案记录,探讨了运营商在该地区现代道路通信网络发展中的关键作用。它还探讨了这些搬运工是如何在他们的亲朋好友眼中象征着中产阶级的开始。殖民者的报告显示了他们非凡的体力,以及他们所面临和克服的困难和挑战,比如距离,山峰的上升和下降,洪水泛滥的溪流,以及他们将帝国货物从一个地方运送到另一个地方的惊人承诺。在这些殖民时期的报告中,隐藏着一段关于运输公司的监管和治理的历史,一个关于现代公路通信网络和中产阶级形成的故事。这就需要努力使这一制度合理化,其中包括确保承运人供应的正常和合同的执行。本文旨在了解这些变化的逻辑和这些规定在喀麦隆的现代西北和西南地区的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Turning Points in African Democracy 书评:非洲民主的转折点
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/LHR.V15I1.10
Henry Ogunjewo
Book Title: Turning Points in African Democracy Book Authors:  Abdul Raufu Mustapha and Lindsay Whitfield (Eds.) James Currey, New York, 2011, xix +227 pp
书名:非洲民主的转折点作者:阿卜杜勒·劳弗·穆斯塔法和林赛·惠特菲尔德(编辑)詹姆斯·柯里,纽约,2011年,19 +227页
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引用次数: 0
The development of national trunk roads in Nigeria, 1960 2013 尼日利亚国家干道的发展,1960年,2013年
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/lhr.v15i1.1
O. Olubomehin
The term “trunk road” as used in this paper refers loosely to interstate or federal trunk ‘A’ roads. This definition covers (but is not limited) to roads that are dual carriage which connect major towns or regions of Nigeria. It includes roads which are not dual carriage but which are major highways and which play the role of linking regions of Nigeria together. Examples of some of the trunk roads are Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Sagamu-Benin Expressway, Lagos-Sokoto Highway, Lagos-Badagry Expressway and Kano-Kaduna Expressway, to mention just a few. Apart from playing a significant role in the movement of goods and services across the regions, these roads have continued to exert considerable socio-economic impact on the country. This paper examines the motives behind the development of these roads, accounts for their development, discusses the problems associated with their construction, the issue of road financing and maintenance as well as the impact of these roads on the socio-economic life of the people.
本文中使用的术语“主干道”是指州际或联邦主干道“A”路。这一定义包括(但不限于)连接尼日利亚主要城镇或地区的双车厢道路。它包括不是双车厢的道路,但这些道路是主要的高速公路,起着连接尼日利亚各地区的作用。一些主干道的例子是拉各斯-伊巴丹高速公路,萨加木-贝宁高速公路,拉各斯-索科托高速公路,拉各斯-巴达格里高速公路和卡诺-卡杜纳高速公路,仅举几例。这些公路除了在各区域货物和服务的运输方面发挥重要作用外,还继续对该国产生重大的社会经济影响。本文考察了这些道路发展背后的动机,说明了它们的发展,讨论了与它们的建设有关的问题,道路融资和维护问题,以及这些道路对人民社会经济生活的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Book Review: Feminism, Empowerment and Development: Changing Women’s Lives 书评:《女权主义、赋权与发展:改变女性生活》
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/lhr.v15i1.9
Yolanda Osondu
Book Title: Feminism, Empowerment and Development: Changing Women’s Lives Book Authors:  Andrea Cornwall and Jenny Edwards (Eds.) Zed Books, London, 2014, vii + 295
书名:女权主义,赋权和发展:改变妇女的生活作者:安德里亚·康沃尔和珍妮·爱德华兹(编辑)Zed Books,伦敦,2014,vii + 295
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Immigrant Exclusion and Insecurity in Africa: Coethnic Strangers 书评:非洲的移民排斥和不安全:同族陌生人
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/lhr.v15i0.8
O. Osiki
Book Title: Immigrant Exclusion and Insecurity in Africa: Coethnic Strangers Book Author:  Claire L. Adida Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014, xv+175 pp
书名:《非洲的移民排斥与不安全:异族同宗》作者:克莱尔·l·阿迪达剑桥大学出版社,剑桥,2014,15 +175页
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引用次数: 0
Inventing tradition in central Nigeria: a study of changing political institutions among the Igede, 1900 – 1976 尼日利亚中部传统的发明:1900 - 1976年伊格德人政治制度变迁研究
Pub Date : 2016-07-27 DOI: 10.4314/LHR.V15I1.5
F. Ayokhai, Mary Ekpe Ukuru, Peter Naankiel Wilfred
This study examines the transformation of political institutions among the Igede of Central Nigeria between 1900 and 1976. It finds that the political institutions of the Igede exhibited dynamism in every epoch of the people's history. It therefore argues that although the Igede political institution began as a decentralized political system, it had already evolved into a semi-centralized political system at the eve of the colonial contact. It further argues that although the colonial government restructured the political institutions in line with the indirect rule policy, it nonetheless obstructed the course of the pre-colonial efforts at the emergence of semi-centralized political institutions and destroyed the social basis of power among the Igede. It was in the post-independence era that the Igede political institution attained full centralization with the people, once again returning to play an active role in the process under democratic dispensation. It therefore concludes that political institutions among the Igede witnessed fundamental changes across all historical epochs and therefore disagrees with the Eurocentric conception of the pre-colonial past of African societies in terms of static and unchanging processes. It also concludes that the Igede have shown that giving a democratic environment they are capable of reinventing their traditional political institutions to meet the demand of socio-economic development and contributing to the evolution of a Nigerian legacy. This study is based on content analysis of oral and written source materials, which were subjected to the rigour of historical criticism.
本研究考察了1900年至1976年间尼日利亚中部伊格德的政治制度转型。它发现伊格德的政治制度在人民历史的每个时代都表现出活力。因此,本文认为,虽然Igede政治制度最初是一种分散的政治制度,但在殖民接触前夕,它已经演变为半集中的政治制度。本文进一步认为,尽管殖民政府按照间接统治政策对政治机构进行了重组,但它阻碍了前殖民时期出现的半中央集权政治机构的进程,并破坏了伊格德的社会权力基础。正是在独立后的时代,Igede政治机构实现了对人民的充分集中,并再次在民主制度下的进程中发挥积极作用。因此,它得出结论,Igede的政治制度见证了所有历史时期的根本变化,因此不同意欧洲中心关于非洲社会前殖民时期的静态和不变过程的概念。报告还得出结论说,Igede人已经表明,在一个民主的环境下,他们有能力改造其传统的政治机构,以满足社会经济发展的需要,并为尼日利亚遗产的演变作出贡献。本研究基于口头和书面原始材料的内容分析,这些材料受到严格的历史批评。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Lagos Historical Review
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