Malaria, probably the oldest and most endemic human disease has also received the greatest attention of man with Africa ever remaining the most vulnerable. The etiology of malaria among the indigenous Yoruba of Lagos before the advent of Western civilization was like other African peoples ascribed to physiological factors. For this reason, malaria was perceived as ‘Blackman’s disease’. However, with the advent of European influence, this belief system changed from that of African to a global disease. Lagos under the British colonial administration between 1861 and 1960, witnessed unprecedented attempts to stem the malaria scourge in the city. By 1960 when Nigeria attained her independence, the anti-malaria campaign, though significant, was sectional. The impact of the campaign was felt only in the highbrow areas, essentially at Ikoyi, the seat of power and official quarters of the British colonialists and the European settlers’ communities, while the larger part of the city was still ravaged by the disease. Using cultural and modernization theories, the study adopted a historical and descriptive analysis to explain why the effort of the colonial government, though remarkable, failed to achieve the goal of a malaria-free world of the World Health Organization. Nonetheless, the study concluded that the effort of the British colonial government at this period laid a solid foundation for a virile health-care sector for Nigeria and brightened the prospect for a malaria-free Lagos Metropolis.
{"title":"Britain and the civilizing mission in Nigeria: revisiting anti-malaria policy in Lagos metropolis during the colonial era, 1861-1960","authors":"O. Alao","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V13I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V13I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria, probably the oldest and most endemic human disease has also received the greatest attention of man with Africa ever remaining the most vulnerable. The etiology of malaria among the indigenous Yoruba of Lagos before the advent of Western civilization was like other African peoples ascribed to physiological factors. For this reason, malaria was perceived as ‘Blackman’s disease’. However, with the advent of European influence, this belief system changed from that of African to a global disease. Lagos under the British colonial administration between 1861 and 1960, witnessed unprecedented attempts to stem the malaria scourge in the city. By 1960 when Nigeria attained her independence, the anti-malaria campaign, though significant, was sectional. The impact of the campaign was felt only in the highbrow areas, essentially at Ikoyi, the seat of power and official quarters of the British colonialists and the European settlers’ communities, while the larger part of the city was still ravaged by the disease. Using cultural and modernization theories, the study adopted a historical and descriptive analysis to explain why the effort of the colonial government, though remarkable, failed to achieve the goal of a malaria-free world of the World Health Organization. Nonetheless, the study concluded that the effort of the British colonial government at this period laid a solid foundation for a virile health-care sector for Nigeria and brightened the prospect for a malaria-free Lagos Metropolis.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129023034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bu Health Centre Project was initiated by the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (PCC) and the Bu people and adequately funded by ‘Bread for the World’ (BW), a Christian aid organisation. It was a community development initiative aimed at improving the health of the Bu people. But the foreign ecumenical health aid, as evidenced by the final phase and attainments of the project, did not result in community development due to implementation constraints. This paper, based on primary and secondary data, provides evidence of the misuse of foreign ecumenical community development aid, showing that recipient churches engulfed by corrupt practices are more likely to improperly administer such funds. The Bu Health Centre Project in northwest Cameroon is used as a case study for examining the issue. The paper begins with a conceptualization of international ecumenical aid and community development given their centrality to the study. This is followed by a theoretical framework embedded in the current aid debate whose insight can shed light on why foreign aid fails to deliver. The paper goes on to discuss PCC-BW partnership in service provision in Cameroon, and pays attention to PCC’s presence in Bu. It further lays bare the genesis and execution of the Bu Health Centre Project, and rounds up with an analytical discourse for understanding why the project failed. The study sustains the argument that the failure to transmit the international ecumenical aid set aside for the Bu Health Centre Project into beneficial outcomes rests on the attitude of the donor agency, the recipient institution, and the traditional and civil authorities of the recipient community. Keywords : Ecumenical Aid, Community Development, Recipient Institution, Health Care, Misappropriation, Presbyterian Church in Cameroon, Bread for the World
{"title":"International ecumenical community development aid in bad hands: the case of the Bu health centre project of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon","authors":"Michael Lang","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V13I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V13I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The Bu Health Centre Project was initiated by the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (PCC) and the Bu people and adequately funded by ‘Bread for the World’ (BW), a Christian aid organisation. It was a community development initiative aimed at improving the health of the Bu people. But the foreign ecumenical health aid, as evidenced by the final phase and attainments of the project, did not result in community development due to implementation constraints. This paper, based on primary and secondary data, provides evidence of the misuse of foreign ecumenical community development aid, showing that recipient churches engulfed by corrupt practices are more likely to improperly administer such funds. The Bu Health Centre Project in northwest Cameroon is used as a case study for examining the issue. The paper begins with a conceptualization of international ecumenical aid and community development given their centrality to the study. This is followed by a theoretical framework embedded in the current aid debate whose insight can shed light on why foreign aid fails to deliver. The paper goes on to discuss PCC-BW partnership in service provision in Cameroon, and pays attention to PCC’s presence in Bu. It further lays bare the genesis and execution of the Bu Health Centre Project, and rounds up with an analytical discourse for understanding why the project failed. The study sustains the argument that the failure to transmit the international ecumenical aid set aside for the Bu Health Centre Project into beneficial outcomes rests on the attitude of the donor agency, the recipient institution, and the traditional and civil authorities of the recipient community. Keywords : Ecumenical Aid, Community Development, Recipient Institution, Health Care, Misappropriation, Presbyterian Church in Cameroon, Bread for the World","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122252008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reunification of the two Cameroons was the main issue that the nationalists debated in the British Southern Cameroons after the Second World War. This article attempts an analysis of the central role played in this debate by Dibongue, a “settler” who migrated from French administered Cameroon. Based on data from both primary and secondary sources, the study reveals that the immigrants from French Cameroon and Dibongue in particular, pioneered, dominated and sustained the Pan-Kamerun Movement before the indigenous elite took over the leadership of the movement in the late 1950s.
{"title":"Robert Jabea Kum Dibongue: A French Cameroonian in the Pan-Kamerun Movement","authors":"J. Nfi","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V13I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V13I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The reunification of the two Cameroons was the main issue that the nationalists debated in the British Southern Cameroons after the Second World War. This article attempts an analysis of the central role played in this debate by Dibongue, a “settler” who migrated from French administered Cameroon. Based on data from both primary and secondary sources, the study reveals that the immigrants from French Cameroon and Dibongue in particular, pioneered, dominated and sustained the Pan-Kamerun Movement before the indigenous elite took over the leadership of the movement in the late 1950s.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130489809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study exposes the responses to poverty and social change by individual and collective consciousness within the family in the Lagos of the first half of the twentieth century. It argues that colonial domination of local Lagos society imposed new poverty and altered individual and collective lifestyles, presenting real life experiences of children, young men, women and the elderly among immigrants and indigenes who lived on the Island of Lagos during the period under consideration. Its conclusions are substantially derived from the analysis of archival records, particularly the handwritten petitions of teenagers and adults to the colonial administration in the 1940s and 1950s. It submits that the new poverty promoted among men, women and children in colonial Lagos had lasting and continuing implications for the family institution in the colonial as well as the post- colonial period.
{"title":"Poverty and the travails of the family in late colonial Lagos","authors":"Tunde Decker","doi":"10.4314/lhr.v13i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/lhr.v13i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study exposes the responses to poverty and social change by individual and collective consciousness within the family in the Lagos of the first half of the twentieth century. It argues that colonial domination of local Lagos society imposed new poverty and altered individual and collective lifestyles, presenting real life experiences of children, young men, women and the elderly among immigrants and indigenes who lived on the Island of Lagos during the period under consideration. Its conclusions are substantially derived from the analysis of archival records, particularly the handwritten petitions of teenagers and adults to the colonial administration in the 1940s and 1950s. It submits that the new poverty promoted among men, women and children in colonial Lagos had lasting and continuing implications for the family institution in the colonial as well as the post- colonial period.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"219 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113995255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article, focusing on child kidnapping, examines the involvement of strangers and indigenes in the commission of the offence in late colonial Lagos. Although it was good to think that strangers were the perpetrators of this heinous crime against defenceless children, I argue on the basis of written evidence in colonial newspapers and records that both strangers and indigenes perpetrated the crime. But unlike the offender-indigenes that operated within a protective societal structure that concealed their identity, the strangers who often acted alone and were not fully integrated into the Lagos society had no hiding place as they were easily identified, reported and prosecuted by the colonial administration.
{"title":"Strangers, indigenes and child kidnapping in late colonial Lagos","authors":"P. Osifodunrin","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V13I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V13I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This article, focusing on child kidnapping, examines the involvement of strangers and indigenes in the commission of the offence in late colonial Lagos. Although it was good to think that strangers were the perpetrators of this heinous crime against defenceless children, I argue on the basis of written evidence in colonial newspapers and records that both strangers and indigenes perpetrated the crime. But unlike the offender-indigenes that operated within a protective societal structure that concealed their identity, the strangers who often acted alone and were not fully integrated into the Lagos society had no hiding place as they were easily identified, reported and prosecuted by the colonial administration.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121260779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nigeria, Republic of a Thousand Kings. The Merchant Prince and the Monarch: Oba Oladunni Oyewumi, The Soun of Ogbomosoland","authors":"A. Asiwaju","doi":"10.4314/lhr.v13i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/lhr.v13i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123610330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 1983 mass expulsion of immigrants was ostensibly intended to free Nigeria of “extra loads” in response to the aftermath of the global economic crunch that bedevilled the country at the time. Although the exercise was challenging enough for the affected African immigrants, the realisation that they were treated like cannon fodder and scapegoats while their Asian counterparts, received “a pat on the back” made their condition more frustrating. This work revisits the debate on the 1983 mass expulsion with focus on public reactions to the seemingly discriminatory, anti-African and un-African posture of the Nigerian authorities in preference for Asian immigrants. It argues that in pursuing the policy of mass expulsion of Africans, the Nigerian authorities jettisoned the principle of “brotherliness and good neighbourliness” in favour of the law of demand and supply. This dictated what could fairly be described as “sacred cow” treatment for Asian immigrants. Keywords : Nigeria, Immigrants, Discrimination, Favouritism, Repatriation
{"title":"'Scapegoats' and 'sacred cows': reactions to the immigrant expulsion of 1983 in Nigeria","authors":"O. Osiki","doi":"10.4314/lhr.v13i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/lhr.v13i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The 1983 mass expulsion of immigrants was ostensibly intended to free Nigeria of “extra loads” in response to the aftermath of the global economic crunch that bedevilled the country at the time. Although the exercise was challenging enough for the affected African immigrants, the realisation that they were treated like cannon fodder and scapegoats while their Asian counterparts, received “a pat on the back” made their condition more frustrating. This work revisits the debate on the 1983 mass expulsion with focus on public reactions to the seemingly discriminatory, anti-African and un-African posture of the Nigerian authorities in preference for Asian immigrants. It argues that in pursuing the policy of mass expulsion of Africans, the Nigerian authorities jettisoned the principle of “brotherliness and good neighbourliness” in favour of the law of demand and supply. This dictated what could fairly be described as “sacred cow” treatment for Asian immigrants. Keywords : Nigeria, Immigrants, Discrimination, Favouritism, Repatriation","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125142115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and A Continent Embrace","authors":"O. Osiki","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V13I1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V13I1.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125497390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There exists several misconceptions on the origin of gin distillation and importation in eastern Nigeria .The historical reality is that prior to the coming of Europeans to the coastal region of the area, the only alcohol brand known to the people was palm wine. It was used for various rituals and social gatherings until the Europeans came with assorted alcohol brands. The exorbitant prices of imported alcohol brands which was a latter development paved way for the distillation of alcohol locally.
{"title":"Alcohol in Early Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"U. Okonkwo","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V13I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V13I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"There exists several misconceptions on the origin of gin distillation and importation in eastern Nigeria .The historical reality is that prior to the coming of Europeans to the coastal region of the area, the only alcohol brand known to the people was palm wine. It was used for various rituals and social gatherings until the Europeans came with assorted alcohol brands. The exorbitant prices of imported alcohol brands which was a latter development paved way for the distillation of alcohol locally.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126765942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anumber of existing studies have examined the career, life and times of Herbert Macaulay in various dimensions. Yet, a lacuna still exists in our knowledge of the nature of the relationship that existed between this foremost nationalist and the colonial government headed by Sir Hugh Clifford (1919-1931). This essay highlights the dynamics of the hostility that characterized the relationship between these two, emphasizing the mutual and deeply personal dimensions of this relationship. The essay uses Herbert Macaulay’s many virulent campaigns against Sir Hugh Clifford to explain the dynamics of two irreconcilable forces that occupied the colonial space of Lagos in the 1920s. Judging from the epilogue of this encounter, the essay concludes that Herbert Macaulay triumphed and as such was able to launch himself, effectively, as the father of Nigerian nationalism Key words : Nationalism, colonialism, political elite, chieftaincy, land, hostility.
{"title":"Missiles from 'Kirsten Hall': Herbert Macaulay versus Hugh Clifford, 1922-1931","authors":"Olakunle A. Lawal, O. M. Jimoh","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V12I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V12I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Anumber of existing studies have examined the career, life and times of Herbert Macaulay in various dimensions. Yet, a lacuna still exists in our knowledge of the nature of the relationship that existed between this foremost nationalist and the colonial government headed by Sir Hugh Clifford (1919-1931). This essay highlights the dynamics of the hostility that characterized the relationship between these two, emphasizing the mutual and deeply personal dimensions of this relationship. The essay uses Herbert Macaulay’s many virulent campaigns against Sir Hugh Clifford to explain the dynamics of two irreconcilable forces that occupied the colonial space of Lagos in the 1920s. Judging from the epilogue of this encounter, the essay concludes that Herbert Macaulay triumphed and as such was able to launch himself, effectively, as the father of Nigerian nationalism Key words : Nationalism, colonialism, political elite, chieftaincy, land, hostility.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"680 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123822323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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