Local governments are often regarded as instruments for mitigating conflicts and enhancing cohesion, integration and unity in pluralistic societies. However, these institutions have been hijacked by dissent and the quest for autonomy by disgruntled groups and politicians making it difficult for these goals to be attained. It is because of these factors that this paper examines the role political dissent and quest for autonomy have played in undermining the perfect integration of the Wum Divisional Local Government. It argues that the quest for political dominance, superiority, victimisation of opponents and infighting and secession tendencies accentuated conflicts in the area. It goes further to posit that, the one party system embraced in 1966 was not a panacea for political integration as it instead heightened old political party rivalry and allegiance leading to more imbroglio and disagreement in the Division. Key words: Local government, political parties, colonialism, elections, pluralism, dissension
{"title":"Political Dissent and Autonomy in Wum Local Government, Southern (West) Cameroons, 1957 – 1968","authors":"Tem Protus Mbeum","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V12I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V12I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Local governments are often regarded as instruments for mitigating conflicts and enhancing cohesion, integration and unity in pluralistic societies. However, these institutions have been hijacked by dissent and the quest for autonomy by disgruntled groups and politicians making it difficult for these goals to be attained. It is because of these factors that this paper examines the role political dissent and quest for autonomy have played in undermining the perfect integration of the Wum Divisional Local Government. It argues that the quest for political dominance, superiority, victimisation of opponents and infighting and secession tendencies accentuated conflicts in the area. It goes further to posit that, the one party system embraced in 1966 was not a panacea for political integration as it instead heightened old political party rivalry and allegiance leading to more imbroglio and disagreement in the Division. Key words: Local government, political parties, colonialism, elections, pluralism, dissension","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126479211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The distinction between indigenes and settlers is often related to their histories of migration and this has always been a part of the conflict rhetoric in Africa and elsewhere. This paper brings the discussion on migration into the indigene-settler debate in Senegal. It traces the evolution of Casamancais and Senegalese identities, identifying their distinguishing features and examines the factors and effects of migration patterns on the indigene-settler crisis in post independence Senegal. The paper argues that the presence of northern migrants in Casamance increased the consciousness of Casamancais identity but the evolution is attributable to the isolated nature of the Casamance territory as well as the discriminatory policies by the colonial and postcolonial administrations. Consequently, the search for durable peace in Casamance must include efforts that aim at the reconstruction of the Senegalese national identity to reflect local cultures and languages in Casamance. Keywords: Migration, Indigene, Settler, Identity
{"title":"Casamancais versus Sénégalaise: migration and the indigene-settler conflict in post-independence Senegal","authors":"Irene N. Osemeka","doi":"10.4314/lhr.v12i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/lhr.v12i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The distinction between indigenes and settlers is often related to their histories of migration and this has always been a part of the conflict rhetoric in Africa and elsewhere. This paper brings the discussion on migration into the indigene-settler debate in Senegal. It traces the evolution of Casamancais and Senegalese identities, identifying their distinguishing features and examines the factors and effects of migration patterns on the indigene-settler crisis in post independence Senegal. The paper argues that the presence of northern migrants in Casamance increased the consciousness of Casamancais identity but the evolution is attributable to the isolated nature of the Casamance territory as well as the discriminatory policies by the colonial and postcolonial administrations. Consequently, the search for durable peace in Casamance must include efforts that aim at the reconstruction of the Senegalese national identity to reflect local cultures and languages in Casamance. Keywords: Migration, Indigene, Settler, Identity","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"91 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120820680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olatunji Ojo and Nadine Hunt, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., London and New York, 2012, xii + 224 pp, Tables, Maps, Illustrations, Bibliography, Index. $82.00, ISBN 978-1-78076-115-2 (Hardback with jacket), English.
{"title":"Book Review:Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean: A History of Enslavement and Identity since the 18th Century","authors":"A. Aboyade","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V12I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V12I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Olatunji Ojo and Nadine Hunt, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., London and New York, 2012, xii + 224 pp, Tables, Maps, Illustrations, Bibliography, Index. $82.00, ISBN 978-1-78076-115-2 (Hardback with jacket), English.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115021353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the ways the people of Abeokuta encountered smallpox disease. It looks beyond the notion of a conflict between Yoruba healing ways and the European medicine to uncover the multiple adoptions and adaptations of medical ideas during the era. It also argues that missionary and colonial medical knowledge were not always exact, or superior to Yoruba ways, and thereby renders Yoruba medical history as the changing ways by which the Yoruba understood, engaged, tried to cope with, and cure the disease. Key Words : Abeokuta, Colonial Medicine, Smallpox, Sopono.
{"title":"Beyond “The Way of God:” Missionaries, Colonialism and Smallpox in Abeokuta","authors":"Babatunde Oluwatoyin Oduntan","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V12I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V12I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the ways the people of Abeokuta encountered smallpox disease. It looks beyond the notion of a conflict between Yoruba healing ways and the European medicine to uncover the multiple adoptions and adaptations of medical ideas during the era. It also argues that missionary and colonial medical knowledge were not always exact, or superior to Yoruba ways, and thereby renders Yoruba medical history as the changing ways by which the Yoruba understood, engaged, tried to cope with, and cure the disease. Key Words : Abeokuta, Colonial Medicine, Smallpox, Sopono.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127818963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Negative imaging of Africa through the “Dark Continent” trope continues unabated in western written and visual representation, but while colonial historiography has been successfully challenged by various professional historians in the continent like Ade Ajayi, Ali Mazrui, Adu Boahen, Bethwell Allan Ogot and J. Ki-Zerbo among others, and most contemporary historical literature no longer entertain such biases, the same cannot be said of cultural productions on Africa emanating from the West. The negative representation of Africa has persisted in Western literature and more especially in western film through to the post-colonial era via instruments of Euro-American cultural imperialism like Hollywood, and the Western media at large. This paper focuses on the filmic reconstruction of the Biafran War in Tears of the Su n (2003) by director Antoine Fuqua, and shows how the film distorts Nigerian history while adhering to the militainment genre to glorify the United States military at the expense of Nigeria’s image. Key words : Hollywood, Biafra, Colonialism, Representation, Historiography, Distortion
{"title":"The Biafran War According to Hollywood: Militainment and Historical Distortion in Antoine Fuqua’s Tears of the Sun (2003)","authors":"Okaka Opio Dokotum","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V12I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V12I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Negative imaging of Africa through the “Dark Continent” trope continues unabated in western written and visual representation, but while colonial historiography has been successfully challenged by various professional historians in the continent like Ade Ajayi, Ali Mazrui, Adu Boahen, Bethwell Allan Ogot and J. Ki-Zerbo among others, and most contemporary historical literature no longer entertain such biases, the same cannot be said of cultural productions on Africa emanating from the West. The negative representation of Africa has persisted in Western literature and more especially in western film through to the post-colonial era via instruments of Euro-American cultural imperialism like Hollywood, and the Western media at large. This paper focuses on the filmic reconstruction of the Biafran War in Tears of the Su n (2003) by director Antoine Fuqua, and shows how the film distorts Nigerian history while adhering to the militainment genre to glorify the United States military at the expense of Nigeria’s image. Key words : Hollywood, Biafra, Colonialism, Representation, Historiography, Distortion","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130487573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study attempts to show how colonial treasury and fiscal plannerscreated and sustained the policy of balance/surplus budget from 1940 to1960 in Nigeria. The study places the fiscal operations of the government incolonial Nigeria during the period in historical perspective and offers an analysis of the structure and relationships of revenue and expenditure of thegovernment within the context of a dependent economy. The approachadopted is at once historical and analytical showing how colonial fiscalpolicies of deliberate diminution of public expenditure helped to sustain atrend in fiscal balance even when that affected investment in the criticalareas of infrastructure development and promoted an expenditureorientation that favoured the recurrent at the expense of the capital budget.
{"title":"Financing Nigeria’s Colonial Administration: A Comparative Study of its Revenue and Expenditure Profiles, 1940 – 1960","authors":"A. Ogunyemi","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V11I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V11I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to show how colonial treasury and fiscal plannerscreated and sustained the policy of balance/surplus budget from 1940 to1960 in Nigeria. The study places the fiscal operations of the government incolonial Nigeria during the period in historical perspective and offers an analysis of the structure and relationships of revenue and expenditure of thegovernment within the context of a dependent economy. The approachadopted is at once historical and analytical showing how colonial fiscalpolicies of deliberate diminution of public expenditure helped to sustain atrend in fiscal balance even when that affected investment in the criticalareas of infrastructure development and promoted an expenditureorientation that favoured the recurrent at the expense of the capital budget.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115197656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women especially those in bondage in the lower Niger in the nineteenthcentury portrayed an interesting ramification of the all-pervading Atlanticslave trade. Female slavery in the region was quite palpable andunderscores the ways African cultures of polygyny and gender division ofroles influenced the slavery institution in the continent. African polygynousslavers appeared to have been very reluctant to resell female slaves whenthey were acquired and, as a result, women were in the majority among thebondage population in many parts of Africa though not easily perceivable.This is because female slaves were usually integrated into families as wivesor concubines in the region. They were valued for their productive andreproductive capacities, which were both crucial in the creation of newwealth from the flourishing palm oil business in this basin during thenineteenth century. It is shown in this paper that while traditional genderdivision of roles, reserved palm oil production and commercialization in thisregion for women it also prevented them from controlling the wealth thatthey created. The article concludes by stressing the fact that despite thisunfavourable practice the plight of Niger basin female slaves appeared notto have been terribly irksome.
{"title":"Female Slaves in the Lower Niger Basin in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"E. Fomin","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V11I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V11I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Women especially those in bondage in the lower Niger in the nineteenthcentury portrayed an interesting ramification of the all-pervading Atlanticslave trade. Female slavery in the region was quite palpable andunderscores the ways African cultures of polygyny and gender division ofroles influenced the slavery institution in the continent. African polygynousslavers appeared to have been very reluctant to resell female slaves whenthey were acquired and, as a result, women were in the majority among thebondage population in many parts of Africa though not easily perceivable.This is because female slaves were usually integrated into families as wivesor concubines in the region. They were valued for their productive andreproductive capacities, which were both crucial in the creation of newwealth from the flourishing palm oil business in this basin during thenineteenth century. It is shown in this paper that while traditional genderdivision of roles, reserved palm oil production and commercialization in thisregion for women it also prevented them from controlling the wealth thatthey created. The article concludes by stressing the fact that despite thisunfavourable practice the plight of Niger basin female slaves appeared notto have been terribly irksome.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"218 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115075194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the backdrop of Olatunji Ojo’s recent submission that the slavetrade was not significant in Ikale pre-colonial history, this paper reinterrogatesthe memories of slavery and the slave trade in Ikaleland. It alsoexamines the antiquity of Ikale’s Yoruba ethnic identity and dismisses Ojo’sclaim that the Ikale were originally Edoid. Significantly, the paper correctsan avalanche of historically inaccurate, misleading and contradictoryassertions made by Ojo and reveals that Ojo’s so-called modificationsmerely reflect his ignorance of the history of the Ikale, Ilaje, Apoi, Izon andIdanre. Methodologically, the work also accuses Ojo of trying to renderjaundiced archival data on the Ikale sacrosanct. Thus, by celebrating theage long Western prejudice against the credibility of oral sources, Ojo’sapproach represents part of a neo-liberal assault on an authentic Africanhistoriography. The study concludes that Ojo’s rejoinder is muddled from ahistoriographical point of view and deficient in its understanding of Ikaleprecolonial history.
{"title":"Interrogating the Memories of Slavery and the Slave Trade among the Ikale-Yoruba, c1640 – 1890: The Poverty of European Accounts and Response to Olatunji Ojo’s Critique","authors":"Olukoya Ogen","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V11I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V11I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of Olatunji Ojo’s recent submission that the slavetrade was not significant in Ikale pre-colonial history, this paper reinterrogatesthe memories of slavery and the slave trade in Ikaleland. It alsoexamines the antiquity of Ikale’s Yoruba ethnic identity and dismisses Ojo’sclaim that the Ikale were originally Edoid. Significantly, the paper correctsan avalanche of historically inaccurate, misleading and contradictoryassertions made by Ojo and reveals that Ojo’s so-called modificationsmerely reflect his ignorance of the history of the Ikale, Ilaje, Apoi, Izon andIdanre. Methodologically, the work also accuses Ojo of trying to renderjaundiced archival data on the Ikale sacrosanct. Thus, by celebrating theage long Western prejudice against the credibility of oral sources, Ojo’sapproach represents part of a neo-liberal assault on an authentic Africanhistoriography. The study concludes that Ojo’s rejoinder is muddled from ahistoriographical point of view and deficient in its understanding of Ikaleprecolonial history.","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128379451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines measures taken by the British colonial administrationin Nigeria during the early years of the Cold War. I posit that anti-leftistmeasures against labour organisations were central to the success of thecolonial state’s policy of “sound” industrial relations in the workplace(private and public). Using primary documents from the British NationalArchives, the Annual Reports of the Department (later Ministry) of Labour,materials from the Modern Record and Labour Archives, and the NigerianNational Archives, the paper contextualizes British policy of anti-leftistpolicy towards labour unionists termed “sound industrial” relations. Itanalyses the creation and activities of the Department (later Ministry) ofLabour, and the overall implications of government measures on leftistintelligentsia in labour unions between 1945 and 1960. This is a historicalnarrative of the aspect of Nigerian labour union history hitherto understudied because of the closure of official records until recently. Keywords: “Sound” Industrial Relations, Labour Union, Education, Antileftistpolicy, Decolonization, Nigeria
{"title":"Building “Sound” Industrial Relations in Nigeria: The British and Organised Labour, 1940s to 1960","authors":"H. Tijani","doi":"10.4314/LHR.V11I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/LHR.V11I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines measures taken by the British colonial administrationin Nigeria during the early years of the Cold War. I posit that anti-leftistmeasures against labour organisations were central to the success of thecolonial state’s policy of “sound” industrial relations in the workplace(private and public). Using primary documents from the British NationalArchives, the Annual Reports of the Department (later Ministry) of Labour,materials from the Modern Record and Labour Archives, and the NigerianNational Archives, the paper contextualizes British policy of anti-leftistpolicy towards labour unionists termed “sound industrial” relations. Itanalyses the creation and activities of the Department (later Ministry) ofLabour, and the overall implications of government measures on leftistintelligentsia in labour unions between 1945 and 1960. This is a historicalnarrative of the aspect of Nigerian labour union history hitherto understudied because of the closure of official records until recently. Keywords: “Sound” Industrial Relations, Labour Union, Education, Antileftistpolicy, Decolonization, Nigeria","PeriodicalId":339050,"journal":{"name":"Lagos Historical Review","volume":"16 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134195993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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