Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849202
M. Kaltenbacher, H. Landes, K. Niederer, R. Lerch
A finite element simulation scheme which allows the efficient calculation of electrostatic transducers immersed in an acoustic fluid is presented. This calculation scheme has been applied in investigations of the dynamical behavior of surface micromachined capacitive ultrasound arrays. In order to improve dynamics and efficiency of such transducers a controller has been designed and tested. Therewith, ring down time and acoustic crosstalk in the array are reduced.
{"title":"3D simulation of controlled micromachined capacitive ultrasound transducers","authors":"M. Kaltenbacher, H. Landes, K. Niederer, R. Lerch","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849202","url":null,"abstract":"A finite element simulation scheme which allows the efficient calculation of electrostatic transducers immersed in an acoustic fluid is presented. This calculation scheme has been applied in investigations of the dynamical behavior of surface micromachined capacitive ultrasound arrays. In order to improve dynamics and efficiency of such transducers a controller has been designed and tested. Therewith, ring down time and acoustic crosstalk in the array are reduced.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116171708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849445
I. V. Anisimkin, V. Anisimkin, C. Caliendo, E. Verona, M. Penza
An analytical expression for the SAW sensor gas response versus gas concentration (calibration curve) is deduced, at low gas concentrations, on using the perturbation approach. The calibration curve, the sensitivity (its slope) and the detection limit (threshold value) for a given gas and sorbent membrane, can be controlled by a proper choice of the substrate material and its crystallographic orientation. We show how this property takes place from the anisotropy of the SAW propagation on piezoelectric single crystals, allowing to change the partial contributions to the SAW response through mechanical displacements, coupling constant and temperature coefficient of velocity (TCV). The theoretical predictions are experimentally verified on devices implemented on different orientations of quartz and LiNbO3 substrates, using Pd, Pd:Ni and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as sorbent films and humid air as analyte. The lowest threshold value of RH (0.01%) and the highest sensitivity (49 ppm/%) are detected in the PVA/yz-LiNbO3 structure, whose sensitivity is about two orders of magnitude higher than that observed in uncoated LiNbO3.
{"title":"A study of SAW gas sensing versus gas concentration","authors":"I. V. Anisimkin, V. Anisimkin, C. Caliendo, E. Verona, M. Penza","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849445","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical expression for the SAW sensor gas response versus gas concentration (calibration curve) is deduced, at low gas concentrations, on using the perturbation approach. The calibration curve, the sensitivity (its slope) and the detection limit (threshold value) for a given gas and sorbent membrane, can be controlled by a proper choice of the substrate material and its crystallographic orientation. We show how this property takes place from the anisotropy of the SAW propagation on piezoelectric single crystals, allowing to change the partial contributions to the SAW response through mechanical displacements, coupling constant and temperature coefficient of velocity (TCV). The theoretical predictions are experimentally verified on devices implemented on different orientations of quartz and LiNbO3 substrates, using Pd, Pd:Ni and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as sorbent films and humid air as analyte. The lowest threshold value of RH (0.01%) and the highest sensitivity (49 ppm/%) are detected in the PVA/yz-LiNbO3 structure, whose sensitivity is about two orders of magnitude higher than that observed in uncoated LiNbO3.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123390608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849149
M. Zipparo, C. Oakley, W. Hackenberger, L. Hackenberger
A theoretical analysis of 1-3 composites is shown to predict coupling and velocity values which agree reasonably well with experimental data. The measured properties of 1-3 composites are used to predict single element transducer performance with the KLM model. The modeled waveform and spectra agree well with experimentally measured transducers. For an air backed transducer, an insertion loss of 7.0 dB and a bandwidth of 97% is shown for a single crystal composite single element transducer.
{"title":"Single crystal composites, transducers, and arrays","authors":"M. Zipparo, C. Oakley, W. Hackenberger, L. Hackenberger","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849149","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical analysis of 1-3 composites is shown to predict coupling and velocity values which agree reasonably well with experimental data. The measured properties of 1-3 composites are used to predict single element transducer performance with the KLM model. The modeled waveform and spectra agree well with experimentally measured transducers. For an air backed transducer, an insertion loss of 7.0 dB and a bandwidth of 97% is shown for a single crystal composite single element transducer.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124684014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849471
W. Gao, B. Tittmann, C. Miyasaka
In this paper, ultrasonic atomic force microscopy (U-AFM) was examined both experimentally and theoretically as a source of a high definition visualization of the boundary between materials. Specifically, a sample of diffusion bonded steel-Cu-Si3N4 was vibrated at its first resonant frequency, f=133.43 kHz, and the boundaries were examined. The experimental results show that the contrast between materials can be measured accurately by the change in the elastic properties of the materials. Moreover, it was found that this method is superior to the standard atomic force microscope (AFM) topological measurements. Numerical simulation based on the finite element method (FEM) was also carried out and compared with the experiment results. In general, the theoretical results fit the experimental findings and strengthen the interpretation that the nature of the contrast between materials is highly dependant on the elasticity of the material. Furthermore, the amplitude images were shown to produce higher contrast than phase images.
在本文中，超声波原子力显微镜(U-AFM)作为材料之间边界的高清晰度可视化的来源进行了实验和理论上的检查。具体地说，在其第一共振频率f=133.43 kHz处振动了扩散结合钢- cu - si3n4样品，并对其边界进行了检测。实验结果表明，通过材料弹性性能的变化可以准确地测量材料之间的对比。此外，还发现该方法优于标准原子力显微镜(AFM)拓扑测量。基于有限元法进行了数值模拟，并与实验结果进行了比较。总的来说，理论结果与实验结果相吻合，并加强了材料之间对比的性质高度依赖于材料弹性的解释。此外，振幅图像被证明比相位图像产生更高的对比度。
{"title":"Contrast mechanism of ultrasonic atomic force microscopy","authors":"W. Gao, B. Tittmann, C. Miyasaka","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849471","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, ultrasonic atomic force microscopy (U-AFM) was examined both experimentally and theoretically as a source of a high definition visualization of the boundary between materials. Specifically, a sample of diffusion bonded steel-Cu-Si3N4 was vibrated at its first resonant frequency, f=133.43 kHz, and the boundaries were examined. The experimental results show that the contrast between materials can be measured accurately by the change in the elastic properties of the materials. Moreover, it was found that this method is superior to the standard atomic force microscope (AFM) topological measurements. Numerical simulation based on the finite element method (FEM) was also carried out and compared with the experiment results. In general, the theoretical results fit the experimental findings and strengthen the interpretation that the nature of the contrast between materials is highly dependant on the elasticity of the material. Furthermore, the amplitude images were shown to produce higher contrast than phase images.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129404653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849526
E. Moreno, M. Castillo, P. Acevedo
This paper describes a theoretical and experimental study of the pulse propagation in plates, using Fourier-Laplace transform for the solution of Lame equations. It is shown that a pulse in a plate is formed by three fundamental components with its own dispersion relation. One of these components is the antisymmetrical Lamb wave, which is identified in the experiments.
{"title":"Phase and group velocity in components of Lamb waves in pulses","authors":"E. Moreno, M. Castillo, P. Acevedo","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849526","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a theoretical and experimental study of the pulse propagation in plates, using Fourier-Laplace transform for the solution of Lame equations. It is shown that a pulse in a plate is formed by three fundamental components with its own dispersion relation. One of these components is the antisymmetrical Lamb wave, which is identified in the experiments.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129863489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849364
M. Jungwirth, T. Greifeneder, K. Scheiblhofer, A. Stogmuller, R. Weigel, D. Malocha, W. Ruile, C. Ruppel
A time domain (TD) diffraction analysis for SAW transducers was previously developed based on Huygen's principle. The analysis was performed using an approximation to the scalar two dimensional impulse response of an ideal point source which allowed for fast computation of diffraction effects in the time domain. A more rigorous derivation of the TD impulse response from the frequency domain (FD) angular spectrum of waves (ASoW) approach for the case of isotropic phase velocity has also been previously presented, and the extension of the analysis to include the velocity and electromechanical coupling anisotropy found in typical SAW substrates was also included. In order to be able to use the FFT for fast computation an equidistant sampling in the time domain must be evaluated. The present paper will report on an improved resampling-algorithm with a particular weighting to obtain the required equidistant impulses in the time-response, to be able to use the Fast Fourier Transform. Arbitrary transducer geometries can be dealt with by our TD technique. Numerical simulation results (impulse and frequency responses) for specific geometries will be presented.
{"title":"Improved time domain diffraction analysis for SAW transducers of arbitrary shape","authors":"M. Jungwirth, T. Greifeneder, K. Scheiblhofer, A. Stogmuller, R. Weigel, D. Malocha, W. Ruile, C. Ruppel","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849364","url":null,"abstract":"A time domain (TD) diffraction analysis for SAW transducers was previously developed based on Huygen's principle. The analysis was performed using an approximation to the scalar two dimensional impulse response of an ideal point source which allowed for fast computation of diffraction effects in the time domain. A more rigorous derivation of the TD impulse response from the frequency domain (FD) angular spectrum of waves (ASoW) approach for the case of isotropic phase velocity has also been previously presented, and the extension of the analysis to include the velocity and electromechanical coupling anisotropy found in typical SAW substrates was also included. In order to be able to use the FFT for fast computation an equidistant sampling in the time domain must be evaluated. The present paper will report on an improved resampling-algorithm with a particular weighting to obtain the required equidistant impulses in the time-response, to be able to use the Fast Fourier Transform. Arbitrary transducer geometries can be dealt with by our TD technique. Numerical simulation results (impulse and frequency responses) for specific geometries will be presented.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130589517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849188
J. Griffith, R. Lebender
We have electrically evaluated a ribbon-based probe cable that eliminates served wire shields and concomitantly reduces the installed cost of cables. Evaluation consists of (a) cable characterization by finding frequency-dependent multiconductor transmission line R, L and C matrices and (b) probe characterization by assuming a 3-meter cable terminated in 75 ohms and then finding cross talk and insertion loss. Based on the said analysis and early system level tests with an ultrasound system, we conclude that the ribbon-based cable provides a technically workable and cost effective new approach to probe cabling.
{"title":"Electrical characteristics of ribbon-based probe cables","authors":"J. Griffith, R. Lebender","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849188","url":null,"abstract":"We have electrically evaluated a ribbon-based probe cable that eliminates served wire shields and concomitantly reduces the installed cost of cables. Evaluation consists of (a) cable characterization by finding frequency-dependent multiconductor transmission line R, L and C matrices and (b) probe characterization by assuming a 3-meter cable terminated in 75 ohms and then finding cross talk and insertion loss. Based on the said analysis and early system level tests with an ultrasound system, we conclude that the ribbon-based cable provides a technically workable and cost effective new approach to probe cabling.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"20 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132149814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849260
F. Kallel, K. Khirasaki, A. Alaniz, J. Ophir
Recently it has been shown that elastography accurately and precisely depicts the extent of thermally induced irreversible tissue damage. In this study, it is shown that low power energy deposition in tissue induces reversible changes in the tissue elastic properties detectable by elastography. For this purpose, an experimental system consisting of a Nichrome wire to generate low heat energy and a modified Diasonics ultrasound system to acquire elastographic data are used. For verification of the heated region, the echo-shift technique was applied to the same elastographic data.
{"title":"Monitoring low-power heat deposition with elastography","authors":"F. Kallel, K. Khirasaki, A. Alaniz, J. Ophir","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849260","url":null,"abstract":"Recently it has been shown that elastography accurately and precisely depicts the extent of thermally induced irreversible tissue damage. In this study, it is shown that low power energy deposition in tissue induces reversible changes in the tissue elastic properties detectable by elastography. For this purpose, an experimental system consisting of a Nichrome wire to generate low heat energy and a modified Diasonics ultrasound system to acquire elastographic data are used. For verification of the heated region, the echo-shift technique was applied to the same elastographic data.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130965649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849322
J. Chomas, P. Dayton, K. Morgan, J. Allen, K. Ferrara
The rapid destruction of an ultrasound contrast agent on the time scale of microseconds which occurs when the bubble fragments provides the opportunity to distinguish echoes from bubbles and tissue. Fragmentation occurs when non-spherical oscillations in the bubble become large enough to produce a pinch-off of bubble fragments. The authors find that two factors are important in gauging the probability of fragmentation, the ratio of maximum expansion diameter to minimum compression diameter and the peak wall velocity. For wideband insonation (1-2 cycle insonation), the maximum expansion of a bubble relative to the initial diameter and the occurrence of fragmentation increase with decreasing bubble initial diameter. The ratio of expansion and the occurrence of fragmentation also increase with decreasing center frequency of for all frequencies and initial an increase in transmitted peak negative pressure yields increased expansion ratio and occurrence of fragmentation. A dependence of fragmentation on the phase of insonation is observed. A transmitted pulse of 0/spl deg/ phase (compression precedes rarefaction) produces fragmentation less than the same pulse but of phase 180/spl deg/ (rarefaction precedes compression). The maximum expansion of the bubble is larger in the 0/spl deg/ case but the wall velocity is larger in the 180/spl deg/ case.
{"title":"Optimization of microbubble destruction","authors":"J. Chomas, P. Dayton, K. Morgan, J. Allen, K. Ferrara","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849322","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid destruction of an ultrasound contrast agent on the time scale of microseconds which occurs when the bubble fragments provides the opportunity to distinguish echoes from bubbles and tissue. Fragmentation occurs when non-spherical oscillations in the bubble become large enough to produce a pinch-off of bubble fragments. The authors find that two factors are important in gauging the probability of fragmentation, the ratio of maximum expansion diameter to minimum compression diameter and the peak wall velocity. For wideband insonation (1-2 cycle insonation), the maximum expansion of a bubble relative to the initial diameter and the occurrence of fragmentation increase with decreasing bubble initial diameter. The ratio of expansion and the occurrence of fragmentation also increase with decreasing center frequency of for all frequencies and initial an increase in transmitted peak negative pressure yields increased expansion ratio and occurrence of fragmentation. A dependence of fragmentation on the phase of insonation is observed. A transmitted pulse of 0/spl deg/ phase (compression precedes rarefaction) produces fragmentation less than the same pulse but of phase 180/spl deg/ (rarefaction precedes compression). The maximum expansion of the bubble is larger in the 0/spl deg/ case but the wall velocity is larger in the 180/spl deg/ case.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131358747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849430
A. Fiorillo
Curved transducers, based on piezo-polymer technology, were used to generate ultrasonic waves in air. They are capable of resonating in a controlled manner by simply changing the bending radius, and have already been employed to synthesize elementary wave forms of bat pulses. Much more complex echo-location systems may be emulated by using similar ultrasonic sensors. In particular, curved piete-polymer transducers may be used to control frequency, resolution, and penetration depth, according to the features of the target. In this paper we present the design of a prototype sonar, based on PVDF, which includes both an electronic block, to drive the transducer at the desired frequency, and a mechanical block, which includes a dc motor to impose the desired curvature on the transducer.
{"title":"Design of an ultrasonic sensor to emulate bat bio-sonars","authors":"A. Fiorillo","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1999.849430","url":null,"abstract":"Curved transducers, based on piezo-polymer technology, were used to generate ultrasonic waves in air. They are capable of resonating in a controlled manner by simply changing the bending radius, and have already been employed to synthesize elementary wave forms of bat pulses. Much more complex echo-location systems may be emulated by using similar ultrasonic sensors. In particular, curved piete-polymer transducers may be used to control frequency, resolution, and penetration depth, according to the features of the target. In this paper we present the design of a prototype sonar, based on PVDF, which includes both an electronic block, to drive the transducer at the desired frequency, and a mechanical block, which includes a dc motor to impose the desired curvature on the transducer.","PeriodicalId":339424,"journal":{"name":"1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium (Cat. No.99CH37027)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126682030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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