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The Use of Digital English Textbooks: A Study on Comprehension and Language Production Abilities Among Young Learners 数字英语教材的使用:关于青少年学生理解能力和语言运用能力的研究
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10689
Thea Karuni Respati, Bayu Hendro Wicaksono, Estu Widodo
The shift from traditional to digital textbooks in education brings both prospects and hurdles, especially in teaching English to young learners. Despite the widespread adoption of digital textbooks, their impact on students' language skills and teacher-student interaction needs more exploration. This study aims to thoroughly evaluate how digital textbooks affect English comprehension and production among young learners and teachers. The research conducted at SDS Islam Ar-Risalah Jember involved two teachers and eleven students, employing a descriptive qualitative method. Observations, interviews, and document analysis were utilized to gather data, analyzed through the Miles and Huberman method, pinpointing trends in digital textbook usage and understanding. Results suggest digital English textbooks significantly improve young learners' and teachers' English skills, enhancing speaking, reading, writing, and listening abilities. These resources offer a dynamic and interactive educational experience. However, transitioning to digital tools introduces challenges like infrastructural limitations and the need for teaching method adjustments. Addressing these issues is essential for fully leveraging digital textbooks in education. In conclusion, while digital textbooks can boost English language mastery among young learners and teachers, realizing this potential requires overcoming certain technological and pedagogical obstacles.
教育领域从传统教科书向数字教科书的转变既带来了前景,也带来了障碍,尤其是在向青少年学生教授英语方面。尽管数字教科书已被广泛采用,但其对学生语言技能和师生互动的影响还需要更多的探索。本研究旨在全面评估数字教科书如何影响青少年学生和教师的英语理解和表达。研究在金边伊斯兰学校(SDS Islam Ar-Risalah Jember)进行,涉及两名教师和十一名学生,采用描述性定性方法。研究人员通过观察、访谈和文件分析来收集数据,并通过迈尔斯和休伯曼方法进行分析,以确定数字教科书的使用和理解趋势。结果表明,数字英语教科书极大地提高了青少年学生和教师的英语技能,增强了听说读写能力。这些资源提供了动态和互动的教育体验。然而,向数字工具过渡也带来了挑战,如基础设施的限制和教学方法调整的需要。要在教育中充分发挥数字教科书的作用,解决这些问题至关重要。总之,尽管数字教科书可以提高年轻学习者和教师对英语语言的掌握,但实现这一潜力需要克服某些技术和教学障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Students’ Perception on Utilizing Kahoot! as a Game-Based Student Response System for EFL Students 学生对将 Kahoot! 作为基于游戏的学生反应系统供英语语言学生使用的看法
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10333
Aditya Bima Kurniawan, Frida Unsiah, Khairil Azwar Razali
The utilization of mobile devices has significantly enhanced the EFL learning process. To accomplish so, student response systems (SRS) are often utilized in large classroom to gather students’ responses immediately through wireless networking and facilitate the management and monitoring of learner engagement and comprehension. The objective of the current study is to investigate the perceptions of junior school EFL students regarding the utilization of Kahoot! as a Game-Based Student Response System (SRS). Sixty seven high school students attended an English lesson accompanied by Kahoot, an online game-based Student Response System. The researchers conducted interviews to investigate students' perceptions of the expectation, advantages, and disadvantages of utilizing Kahoot!. Furthermore, classroom observations were conducted to get more comprehensive information. The result showed that the participants experienced advantages of utilizing Kahoot, such as the materials are easier to understand, the activities are engaging to do, and the students’ motivation get increased. However, lack of device support, unstable internet connectivity, and focus distraction have become major challenges. It is implied that Kahoot! is recommended as a gamification to teach EFL students.
移动设备的使用极大地促进了英语学习过程。为此,学生反应系统(SRS)经常被用于大型课堂,通过无线网络即时收集学生的反应,便于管理和监控学习者的参与和理解情况。本研究旨在调查初中 EFL 学生对使用 Kahoot! 作为基于游戏的学生反应系统 (SRS) 的看法。67 名中学生在上英语课时使用了在线游戏学生反应系统 Kahoot。研究人员进行了访谈,调查学生对使用 Kahoot!此外,研究人员还进行了课堂观察,以获得更全面的信息。结果显示,参与者体验到了使用 Kahoot 的优势,如材料更容易理解、活动更吸引人、学生的积极性更高。然而,缺乏设备支持、网络连接不稳定和注意力分散成为主要挑战。因此,建议将 Kahoot! 作为一种游戏化教学方法用于英语语言学生的教学。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse Analysis of Fatwa Arguments in the Indonesian Ulema Council on Akidah and Religious Sects n 1975-2017 印度尼西亚乌里玛委员会关于阿基达和宗教教派的法特瓦论证的话语分析 n 1975-2017
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.9900
Muhammad Ridwan, Syamsul Hadi, Amir Ma'ruf
Fatwas are a form of persuasive argumentative discourse. This paper aims to describe the superstructure and structure of fatwa arguments regarding Akidah and Religious Traditions. The source of this paper's data is all fatwas of the fatwa commission of the Indonesian ulema council from 1975 to 2017. The method used to collect data and manage data is the document method. Discourse analysis methods are used to analyze data. The discussion of superstructure aspects utilizes Ashqar theory (1976) while Walthon theory (2006) is used to examine the structure of fatwa argumentation. The superstructure aspect of fatwas is realized by the Fatwa Commission of the Indonesian Ulema Council differently. All fatwa texts have presented substantial elements but formal elements are not included. The structure of fatwa argumentation is understood by the format of the text. For fatwas in the format of decrees, premise markers are identified through the vocabulary of "pay attention", "read", "weigh", and "remember" while conclusion markers are presented with the vocabulary of "decide", "establish", and "fatwa". Directly formatted fatwa texts are identified through inference, but some texts lack a premise and inference structure.
法特瓦是一种有说服力的论辩形式。本文旨在描述有关阿基达和宗教传统的法特瓦论证的上层建筑和结构。本文的数据来源是印度尼西亚乌里玛理事会法特瓦委员会 1975 年至 2017 年的所有法特瓦。收集数据和管理数据的方法是文献法。话语分析方法用于分析数据。上层建筑方面的讨论采用了阿什卡尔理论(1976 年),而瓦尔森理论(2006 年)则用于研究法特瓦论证的结构。印尼乌里玛理事会法特瓦委员会以不同方式实现了法特瓦的上层建筑方面。所有法特瓦文本都包含实质性要素,但不包括形式要素。法特瓦的论证结构由文本格式决定。对于法令格式的法特瓦,前提标记通过 "注意"、"阅读"、"权衡 "和 "记住 "等词汇来识别,而结论标记则通过 "决定"、"确立 "和 "法特瓦 "等词汇来呈现。直接格式化的法特瓦文本通过推理来识别,但有些文本缺乏前提和推理结构。
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引用次数: 0
The Effectiveness of Scrabble Games to Promote Vocabulary Achievement of Migrant Workers’ Children in Malaysia 拼字游戏对提高马来西亚外来务工人员子女词汇量的效果
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10478
Jonanda Wahyu Mahendra, Ana Maghfiroh, B. Harmanto, Dwi Hatmoko
Vocabulary skill is crucial for every English as foreign language (EFL) learners as it forms the foundation for effective communication, comprehension, and overall language proficiency. However, Indonesian migrant workers’ children who attend school at PPWNI Klang that has only two teachers who are not experts in the field of English, resulting in a lack of enthusiasm among students to learn the language. The study aimed to examine whether the use of Scrabble games was effective in increasing students' vocabulary achievement or not. The research design was a pre-experimental research design, with one group pretest-posttest used by the researchers. The sample of the study was 21 students of grade 9 SMP PPWNI Klang Malaysia, selected using purposive sampling. The results of the pretest and posttest data were analyzed using the paired sample t-test through the SPSS software. The findings of the study showed that Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05. This means that there is a significant difference and effectiveness in learning outcomes after using the scrabble games method in learning English vocabulary. As the conclusion, a scrabble game is an effective strategy for teaching vocabulary especially to students facing various challenges, such as limited teacher resources and an unsupportive learning environment, they can be comfortable and motivated to continue learning due to the enjoyable game-based learning experience.
词汇技能对每个英语作为外语(EFL)的学习者来说都至关重要,因为它是有效交流、理解和提高整体语言能力的基础。然而,在巴生 PPWNI 学校就读的印尼外来务工人员子女只有两名教师,他们都不是英语领域的专家,导致学生缺乏学习英语的热情。本研究旨在探讨拼字游戏是否能有效提高学生的词汇量。研究设计为实验前研究设计,研究人员采用了一组前测-后测的方法。研究样本为马来西亚巴生SMP PPWNI九年级的 21 名学生,采用目的性抽样。研究人员通过 SPSS 软件,使用配对样本 t 检验法分析了前测和后测数据的结果。研究结果显示,Sig.(双尾)为 0.000 < 0.05。这说明在使用拼字游戏法学习英语词汇后,学习效果有明显的差异和有效性。综上所述,拼字游戏是一种有效的词汇教学策略,尤其是对于面临各种挑战(如教师资源有限和学习环境不支持)的学生而言,他们可以在愉快的游戏式学习体验中获得舒适感和继续学习的动力。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on University Students’ Self-Regulated Motivation to Improve EFL Speaking Skills Across Academic Levels 大学生在不同学术水平上提高 EFL 口语技能的自我调节动机研究
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10870
Silih Warni, Tri Wintolo Apoko, Martriwati Martriwati, Angsu-orn Na Nongkhai
opportunities to speak English in class. Self-regulated learning enables some self-motivated students to find opportunities outside the classroom to have face to face and virtual interaction to enhance their English speaking. This study is intended to examine the level of self-regulated motivation of university students to improve their Speaking of English as a foreign language (SRMIS-EFL). Moreover, this study investigates if students' SRMIS-EFL differ accross academic levels. 156 EFL students from an English Department in a private university in Jakarta took part in this study. Self-reported SRMIS-EFL questionnaire was used as the data collecting method. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was then conducted. The findings showed that the overall SRMIS-ELF level of students was high. Moreover, students used various self-regulatory motivation strategies to enhance their EFL speaking skills. As for the aspect of academic level, the results of this study shows that SRMIS-EFL of senior students are lower than SRMIS-EFL of junior students , and there is a statistically significant difference of students’ SRMIS-EFL across academic levels. The findings of this study suggest the need for motivational regulation training into EFL programs to increase students’ awareness of motivational self-regulation strategies to enhance their self-regulated motivation.
在课堂上说英语的机会。自我调节学习使一些自我激励的学生能够在课堂外寻找机会,进行面对面和虚拟互动,以提高他们的英语口语水平。本研究旨在考察大学生提高英语口语(SRMIS-EFL)的自我调节动机水平。此外,本研究还探讨了不同年级学生的 SRMIS-EFL 是否存在差异。雅加达一所私立大学英语系的 156 名 EFL 学生参加了本研究。研究采用自我报告的 SRMIS-EFL 问卷作为数据收集方法。然后进行了描述性和推论性统计分析。研究结果表明,学生的总体 SRMIS-ELF 水平较高。此外,学生使用了各种自我调节动机策略来提高他们的 EFL 口语水平。在学业水平方面,研究结果显示,高年级学生的 SRMIS-EFL 水平低于低年级学生,不同学业水平的学生 SRMIS-EFL 差异具有统计学意义。本研究结果表明,有必要在EFL课程中加入动机调节训练,以提高学生对动机自我调节策略的认识,从而增强他们的自我调节动机。
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引用次数: 0
TikTok Trick: Improving Students’ Pronunciation of Indonesian Migrant Workers Children in Malaysia TikTok Trick:提高马来西亚印尼外来务工人员子女学生的发音水平
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10869
Bella Sukma Suwanda, B. Harmanto, Ana Maghfiroh, Shohenuddin Shohenuddin
Pronunciation is the most important thing that non-native speakers must deal with when learning a foreign language. The purpose of this research is to improve students’ English pronunciation by using TikTok media. The research method was classroom action research with tests at the end of each cycle. It was conducted in grades IV at Sanggar Bimbingan Sentul, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, for the 2022 academic year. This classroom action research consisted of two cycles with four stages that were planning, action, observation, and reflection. The learning media used was video taken from the TikTok account @learnenglishwithcamille. The results showed that students’ English pronunciation increased after using TikTok media. This can be seen from the results of observations at cycle 1 reached 45% in the “enough” category, 55% reached the “good” category, and increased at cycle 2 to 40% students in the category “very good”, 45% in the category “good”, and 15% in the category “enough”. In conclusion, TikTok media can improve students’ English, especially in terms of English pronunciation. The implication of the study is that students enjoy learning pronunciation with TikTok media and well improved.
发音是非母语人士学习外语时必须解决的最重要问题。本研究的目的是利用 TikTok 媒体改善学生的英语发音。研究方法是课堂行动研究,每个周期结束时进行测试。研究在马来西亚吉隆坡 Sanggar Bimbingan Sentul 四年级进行,时间为 2022 学年。这项课堂行动研究包括两个周期,四个阶段分别是计划、行动、观察和反思。使用的学习媒体是从 TikTok 帐户 @learnenglishwithcamille 上截取的视频。结果显示,使用 TikTok 媒体后,学生的英语发音得到了提高。从观察结果可以看出,在第一周期,45%的学生达到了 "够用 "级别,55%的学生达到了 "良好 "级别,而在第二周期,40%的学生达到了 "非常好 "级别,45%的学生达到了 "良好 "级别,15%的学生达到了 "够用 "级别。总之,TikTok 媒体可以提高学生的英语水平,尤其是在英语发音方面。这项研究的意义在于,学生喜欢用 TikTok 媒体学习发音,并能得到很好的改善。
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引用次数: 0
Cooperative Learning Using Canva to Boost Speaking Activities in a Primary School 利用 Canva 促进小学演讲活动的合作学习
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10455
Riza Mafiroh, Sheila Agustina, F. Megawati, Yupha Phumphanit
English is the world's international language and is recognised as one of the languages taught in many schools in certain countries even though English is not their first language. This also happened in Thailand, where English learning and teaching activities have been carried out for more than a century. This research aims to know how cooperative learning using Canva boost speaking activities in primary school. The researcher applies a qualitative case study design by collecting data using field notes, informal interviews, and open-ended questionnaires. The subjects of this research were English teacher and grade- -sixth students at Bannonkokkha School, Thailand. The research results show that most students gave positive feedback towards cooperative learning using Canva which was considered effective to boost speaking activities and increase social skills for students. Students feel happy, enjoy, and comfortable when the teacher applies cooperative learning since students can create positive collaboration. They also helped with the visual representations of images from Canva provided by the teacher in the form of digital and flashcards. In addition, students feel that the activities they have done with the group help them to reach goals and engage motivation to learn together. Hence, cooperative learning is considered suitable for primary levels with supporting media, namely Canva. This research is expected to provide new knowledge for readers so that the implementation of this cooperative learning with the use of Canva in the future can contribute to the development of more innovative and effective learning at the basic education level.
英语是世界上的国际语言,在某些国家,即使英语不是母语,英语也是许多学校公认的教学语言之一。这种情况也发生在泰国,那里的英语学习和教学活动已经开展了一个多世纪。本研究旨在了解使用 Canva 的合作学习如何促进小学的口语活动。研究人员采用定性案例研究设计,通过实地记录、非正式访谈和开放式问卷收集数据。研究对象是泰国 Bannonkokkha 学校的英语教师和六年级学生。研究结果表明,大多数学生对使用 Canva 进行合作学习给予了积极评价,认为它能有效促进口语活动,提高学生的社交能力。当教师使用合作学习时,学生会感到开心、愉快和舒适,因为学生可以创造积极的合作。他们还对教师以数字和闪卡的形式提供的 Canva 图片的可视化表现形式提供了帮助。此外,学生们认为,他们与小组一起开展的活动有助于他们实现目标,并调动了共同学习的积极性。因此,合作学习被认为是适合小学阶段的辅助媒体,即 Canva。希望本研究能为读者提供新的知识,以便今后利用 Canva 开展合作学习,促进基础教育阶段更创新、更有效的学习。
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引用次数: 0
Improving English Pronunciation Through Phonetics Instruction in Yemeni EFL Classrooms 在也门 EFL 课堂上通过语音教学改进英语发音
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10720
Fadhl Mohammed Awadh Mohammed Awadh, Nur Hidayanto Pancoro Setyo Putro, Albert Efendi Pohan, Yasir Alsamiri
The context of English education in Yemen provides a critical backdrop for comprehending the challenges Yemeni students face in acquiring proficiency in English pronunciation. These challenges are primarily rooted in the distinct differences between the Arabic and English sound systems, variations in syllable structure and intonation, and the influence of local dialects. Such factors are instrumental in identifying the obstacles Yemeni learners encounter in accurately articulating English phonemes. This research delves into the efficacy of phonetics instruction, specifically phonics training, in ameliorating English pronunciation skills among students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings in Yemen. Employing a literature review methodology, this study meticulously collects and analyzes data from pertinent academic sources to assess the impact of phonics training on pronunciation proficiency. The findings reveal a significant enhancement in students' ability to correctly identify and articulate English phonemes, thereby improving their verbal interaction and comprehension skills, and bolstering their confidence in English communication. The contributions of this study are manifold. It illuminates the pivotal role of phonetics instruction in refining English pronunciation among EFL learners in Yemen, providing empirical evidence to support the integration of phonetic teaching within the EFL curriculum. Moreover, it advocates for the enrichment of educational resources and teacher development programs, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing English pronunciation in Yemen's English language education framework. Through its insights, this study not only addresses a critical gap in the literature but also proposes actionable recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of English pronunciation teaching in Yemeni EFL classrooms. In essence, this study underscores the transformative potential of phonics training in elevating the English language proficiency of Yemeni students, thereby contributing significantly to the broader discourse on language acquisition and pedagogy.
也门英语教育的背景为理解也门学生在熟练掌握英语发音方面所面临的挑战提供了重要依据。这些挑战主要源于阿拉伯语和英语发音系统之间的明显差异、音节结构和语调的变化以及当地方言的影响。这些因素有助于确定也门学习者在准确发音英语音素时遇到的障碍。本研究深入探讨了语音教学,特别是语音训练,在改善也门英语作为外语(EFL)教学环境中学生英语发音技能方面的功效。本研究采用文献综述法,从相关学术资料中精心收集和分析数据,以评估语音训练对发音能力的影响。研究结果表明,学生正确识别和发音英语音素的能力得到了显著提高,从而改善了他们的语言互动和理解能力,增强了他们在英语交流中的自信心。这项研究的贡献是多方面的。它阐明了语音教学在改进也门英语学习者英语发音方面的关键作用,为将语音教学纳入英语语言教学大纲提供了实证支持。此外,该研究还倡导丰富教育资源和教师发展计划,强调在也门英语教育框架中优先考虑英语发音的重要性。通过其见解,本研究不仅填补了文献中的一个重要空白,还为提高也门 EFL 课堂英语发音教学的有效性提出了可操作的建议。从本质上讲,本研究强调了语音训练在提高也门学生英语水平方面的变革潜力,从而为更广泛的语言习得和教学法讨论做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the Metacognitive Strategies During Post-Editing Translation Process: An Application of Think-Aloud Protocols (TAP) 调查编辑后翻译过程中的元认知策略:朗读思考协议(TAP)的应用
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10297
Dwi Indarti
Metacognition, the reflection on thinking processes, plays a crucial role in cognitive activities. This study delves into metacognitive strategies employed during post-editing in the translation process, particularly focusing on English-Indonesian translation through the application of think-aloud protocols (TAP). The investigation encompasses planning, monitoring, and evaluation as interconnected phases of metacognitive strategies. A qualitative case study method is employed, with a university student as the participant. Data analysis involves coding and categorizing using a thematic analysis approach, based on the metacognitive strategies framework. The findings show that the participant employes the components of planning such as evaluate the necessity of post-editing, applied knowledge on the specific post-editing cases, and identified the goal and the necessity for having specific post-editing, the components of monitoring such as using facts and instruction learned previously, making changes for a better translation product, and self-monitoring of progress, and elements of evaluating, such as deep level revising to produce better post-editing, and taking action to collect extra information. Pedagogical implications highlight the potential for enhancing learning experiences and improving translation skills through explicit instruction, modeling and systemic strategy training. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of metacognitive flexibility, cultural influences, and adaptive strategic behavior in post-editing, shaping a roadmap for learners to navigate challenges and continually refine their approach.
元认知是对思维过程的反思,在认知活动中起着至关重要的作用。本研究深入探讨了翻译过程中的后期编辑所采用的元认知策略,特别是通过应用思考-朗读协议(TAP)对英语-印尼语翻译进行研究。调查将计划、监控和评估作为元认知策略的相互关联阶段。本研究采用定性案例研究法,以一名大学生为参与者。数据分析以元认知策略框架为基础,采用主题分析方法进行编码和分类。研究结果表明,被试运用了计划的组成部分,如评估后期编辑的必要性、应用有关具体后期编辑案例的知识、确定目标和进行具体后期编辑的必要性;运用了监测的组成部分,如使用以前学到的事实和指导、为获得更好的翻译产品进行修改、自我监测进展情况;运用了评估的要素,如进行深层次修改以获得更好的后期编辑效果、采取行动收集额外信息。教学意义强调了通过明确的指导、示范和系统的策略培训来增强学习体验和提高翻译技能的潜力。研究最后强调了元认知灵活性、文化影响和适应性策略行为在后期编辑中的重要性,为学习者驾驭挑战和不断完善方法提供了路线图。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing Speech Accommodation Model in 1st Debate of the 2024 Indonesian Presidential Candidates 分析 2024 年印尼总统候选人第一场辩论中的演讲适应模式
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10917
Abdul Muhid
In Indonesia, candidates, especially presidential candidates, are busy crafting positive narratives to build a positive image. In this study, we will look at language use from the macro level, namely, the situation and function of communication, as well as at the micro level, which is how the verbal interactions of language users communicate their ideas in front of the public. The current article uses qualitative with descriptive and interpretative types. Analysis of the Speech Accommodation Model in the first debate of the 2024 Indonesian presidential candidates reveals several key insights into how candidates strategically adapt their language to connect with different audiences and achieve their communication goals. The analysis highlights the dynamic nature of accommodation, with candidates shifting their linguistic styles based on situational factors, such as the topic of discussion, the perceived attitudes of the audience, and the rhetorical strategies employed by their opponents. This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between language, identity, and power in political communication. By examining how candidates navigate linguistic diversity and negotiate their rhetorical stance, we acquire a deeper understanding of the strategies employed to engage, persuade, and mobilize voters in pursuing electoral success. And detail model used by all candidates is summed up as follows; inward convergence, outward convergence, divergence, con in dive accommodation, and over-accommodation.
在印度尼西亚,候选人,尤其是总统候选人,都忙于撰写积极的叙事,以树立正面形象。在本研究中,我们将从宏观层面(即传播的形势和功能)和微观层面(即语言使用者的口头互动如何在公众面前传达自己的想法)来研究语言的使用。本文采用描述型和解释型的定性研究方法。通过对 2024 年印尼总统候选人第一场辩论中的 "言语调适模型 "进行分析,揭示了候选人如何战略性地调适其语言以与不同受众建立联系并实现其交流目标的几个关键见解。分析凸显了调适的动态性质,候选人会根据情境因素(如讨论主题、受众的认知态度以及对手采用的修辞策略)改变自己的语言风格。这项研究为政治交流中语言、身份和权力之间复杂的相互作用提供了宝贵的见解。通过研究候选人如何驾驭语言的多样性和协商他们的修辞立场,我们可以更深入地了解候选人在追求选举成功时所采用的吸引、说服和动员选民的策略。所有候选人使用的详细模式可归纳如下:向内趋同、向外趋同、背离、俯冲适应和过度适应。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Languages and Language Teaching
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