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Translate Self-Review (TSR) Method Based on Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) for Arabic Writing Learning in Higher Education 基于文化适应性教学(CRT)的翻译自评(TSR)法用于高等教育中的阿拉伯语写作学习
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10242
Islamiyah Sulaeman, Muassomah Muassomah, Miftahul Khaerah, Nurul Fawzani, Fatimatuz Zahroh, Muhammad Ataya Akbarunnaja, Nadiya Avivah
Arabic writing skills at the higher education level were still experiencing stagnation, which required efforts to improve learning. This research was presented as an exploration of overcoming this problem. This research aimed to describe the application of the Translate Self-Review (TSR) method based on the Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) approach in arabic writing learning in higher education along with students' perceptions of this learning. This research used qualitative-descriptive method, and data was collected through questionnaire, observations, and documentation, then it was analyzed using Miles and Huberman analysis techniques. This research results highlighted that although there was a positive response from students towards the use of this method in creating an enjoyable learning experience and facilitating cross-cultural relationships, there was still a gap between theory and practice, indicating obstacles in improving Arabic writing skills in elementary-level inclusive classes. This research underlined the importance of adapting learning methods that were more appropriate to students' level of understanding and extending them to higher levels of education to obtain a more holistic picture. The TSR method based CRT approach offered potential in creating an inclusive learning environment, but needed modification to effectively meet the needs of diverse learners and improve Arabic writing skills at the higher education level.
高等教育阶段的阿拉伯语写作能力仍然停滞不前,需要努力提高学习水平。本研究就是为克服这一问题而进行的探索。本研究旨在描述基于文化顺应性教学法(CRT)的翻译自评法(TSR)在高等教育阿拉伯语写作学习中的应用情况以及学生对这种学习的看法。本研究采用定性描述法,通过问卷、观察和文献收集数据,然后使用迈尔斯和休伯曼分析技术对数据进行分析。研究结果表明,虽然学生对使用这种方法创造愉快的学习体验和促进跨文化关系反应积极,但理论与实践之间仍存在差距,这表明在小学全纳班提高阿拉伯语写作能力存在障碍。这项研究强调了调整更适合学生理解水平的学习方法的重要性,并将其推广到更高层次的教育中,以获得更全面的认识。以 TSR 方法为基础的 CRT 方法在创造全纳学习环境方面具有潜力,但需要进行修改,以有效满足不同学习者的需求,提高高等教育阶段的阿拉伯语写作能力。
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引用次数: 0
Explaining the Quality of Teacher and Student Communication Based on Cooperation Principles in a Religious Context: A Pragmatic Study 解释宗教背景下基于合作原则的师生交流质量:务实研究
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10123
Meisya Novitasari, Lilik Wahyuni
Communication in the classroom has a very important role because there is a process by which a teacher transfers knowledge and other aspects of education to students. If the principle of cooperation is violated, then the communication will be counterproductive and not in accordance with its initial purpose. This research aims to obtain an objective picture of the quality of communication based on the fulfillment and deviation of the principle of cooperation in teacher and student communication in a religious context at Shalahuddin Middle School. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used were observation and note taking. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research are that there is a fulfillment of the principles of cooperation in the form of the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of method, and the maxim of relevance, as well as deviations from the principles of cooperation in the form of the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of method, and the maxim of relevance in the religious context at Shalahuddin Middle School.
课堂交流具有非常重要的作用,因为这是教师向学生传授知识和其他方面教育的过程。如果违背了合作原则,那么交流就会适得其反,不符合交流的初衷。本研究旨在根据 Shalahuddin 中学宗教背景下师生交流中合作原则的履行和偏离情况,客观了解交流的质量。本研究采用定性方法进行描述性研究。采用的数据收集技术是观察和记录。使用的数据分析技术包括数据还原、数据展示和得出结论。研究结果表明,在 Shalahuddin 中学的宗教环境中,合作原则在数量最大化、质量最大化、方法最大化和相关性最大化等方面得到了贯彻,同时也在数量最大化、质量最大化、方法最大化和相关性最大化等方面偏离了合作原则。
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引用次数: 0
Digital Peer Feedback and Students’ Critical Thinking: What Correlation and to What Extent? 数字同伴反馈与学生的批判性思维:两者之间有何关联,关联程度如何?
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10264
Berliana Dyah Ayu Aprilianti, Agus Widyantoro
Digital peer feedback is one of the valuable instructional activities that can enhance students' critical thinking abilities. Yet, knowing it is an urge, the discussion about this has not been much quantitatively checked by some scholars.Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the qualification of perceived of providing digital peer feedback and students' critical thinking. In amplifying the purpose, this current research utilized a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The result shows an overall rating of 3.55 out of 4, indicates that students show a high perception of providing digital peer feedback. The critical thinking score of the students was indicates in the second result (3.82 out of 5), which shows that it is high level of critical thinking. The last finding examines the relationship between students' critical thinking and their perception of the advantages of providing digital peer feedback. The correlation test's significant (2-tailed) value is found to be 0.000 < 0.05 in the result, indicating that the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. The relationship was classified as weak level since the Pearson correlation result (r-value) was 0.358. It concludes that students applied critical thinking skills when providing digital peer feedback, and they also believed that providing digital peer feedback had various benefits for them. The result, it can be used to gain a greater understanding on how students  view digital peer feedback, their critical thinking, and the relationship between qualification of perceived of providing digital peer feedback and students' critical thinking.
数字化同伴反馈是能够提高学生批判性思维能力的有价值的教学活动之一。因此,本研究的目的是调查提供数字化同伴反馈的感知资格与学生批判性思维之间的关系。为了扩大研究目的,本研究采用了相关设计的定量方法。结果显示,学生对提供数字化同伴反馈的总体评价为 3.55 分(满分 4 分),表明学生对提供数字化同伴反馈的感知度较高。第二项结果显示了学生的批判性思维得分(3.82 分,满分为 5 分),这表明学生的批判性思维水平较高。最后一项研究结果考察了学生的批判性思维与他们对提供数字化同伴反馈优势的认知之间的关系。结果发现,相关性检验的显著性(双尾)值为 0.000 < 0.05,表明接受了备择假设(H1)。由于皮尔逊相关结果(r 值)为 0.358,因此两者之间的关系被归类为弱相关。结论是,学生在提供数字化同伴反馈时运用了批判性思维技能,他们还认为提供数字化同伴反馈对他们有各种好处。这一结果可用于进一步了解学生如何看待数字同伴反馈、他们的批判性思维以及提供数字同伴反馈的认知资格与学生批判性思维之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Linguistic Clarity in Mudharabah Contracts: Ensuring Transparency and Fairness in Indonesian Islamic Financial Institutions Mudharabah 合同中的语言清晰度:确保印度尼西亚伊斯兰金融机构的透明度和公平性
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.9658
Zaidi Zaidi M
This research aims to analyze the use of language in Sharia financial agreements, with a focus on a case study of mudarabah contracts. Sharia financial agreements play a crucial role in regulating financial transactions in accordance with Sharia principles. In the context of mudarabah contracts, the appropriate and clear use of language becomes a key aspect in maintaining transparency, clarity, and understanding among the parties involved. This research adopts a qualitative method with a case study approach. Research data is collected through document analysis, including mudarabah contract agreements in real practice. The data is then thematically analyzed, focusing on word selection, the use of characteristic clauses, sentence structure, and other language structures in mudarabah contracts. The results of the analysis indicate that the appropriate and clear selection of words in mudarabah contracts is important to reflect Sharia principles and maintain transparency. Furthermore, the use of characteristic clauses helps regulate profit sharing, loss sharing, and the responsibilities of the involved parties. Clear and structured sentence arrangements also ensure clarity and readability of the contract contents. Additionally, the use of distinctive Arabic language structures provides clarity in describing actions that have been taken and instructions that must be followed by the parties involved. This research contributes significantly to understanding the use of language in Sharia financial agreements, particularly in the context of mudarabah contracts. The findings of this research are expected to serve as a reference for practitioners and academics in developing effective Sharia financial agreements in accordance with Sharia principles.
本研究旨在分析伊斯兰教金融协议中的语言使用,重点是对穆达拉巴合同的案例研究。伊斯兰教法金融协议在根据伊斯兰教法原则规范金融交易方面发挥着至关重要的作用。在穆达拉巴合同中,恰当、清晰地使用语言是保持透明度、清晰度和相关各方理解的关键因素。本研究采用个案研究的定性方法。研究数据通过文件分析收集,包括实际操作中的穆达拉巴合同协议。然后,对数据进行专题分析,重点分析 mudarabah 合同中的选词、特征条款的使用、句子结构和其他语言结构。分析结果表明,mudarabah 合同中适当而清晰的选词对于反映伊斯兰教法原则和保持透明度非常重要。此外,特征条款的使用有助于规范利润分配、损失分担和相关各方的责任。结构清晰的句子安排也确保了合同内容的明确性和可读性。此外,使用独特的阿拉伯语结构还能清晰地描述已采取的行动和有关各方必须遵守的指示。本研究对了解伊斯兰教金融协议中的语言使用,尤其是在穆达拉巴合同中的语言使用有很大帮助。本研究的结果有望为从业人员和学术界提供参考,帮助他们根据伊斯兰教法原则制定有效的伊斯兰教金融协议。
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引用次数: 0
Developing Iranian EFL Learners’ Grammatical Knowledge: Insights from Spaced versus Massed Instruction 发展伊朗 EFL 学习者的语法知识:间隔教学与大规模教学的启示
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10296
Hossein Kargar Behbahani, Mansoor Ali Darazi, Lakshmi Kumari R
Despite grammar receiving greater emphasis than other language skills in Iranian schools, Iranian EFL students encounter challenges in acquiring the linguistic structures they are exposed to, resulting in insufficient grammar knowledge. This experiment looked into the effects of spaced versus massed instruction on learning modal auxiliaries among Iranian EFL learners with a lower-intermediate command of English. To this end, through an Oxford Quick Placement Tests (OQPT), 78 lower-intermediate learners were selected and assigned in three conditions, with 26 subjects in each: Spaced condition, Massed condition, Control condition. Using a Levene’s test, it was shown that the subjects were homogenous prior to the experiment. Then, a pretest was used. The results of the pretest showed that there was no between groups’ difference prior to the treatment. Afterward, the spaced group received three 30-minute sessions on modal auxiliaries based on Fundamentals of English Grammar by Azar (2016), while the massed condition received the instruction in just a single 90-minute session. The subjects in all conditions were then posttested. The results of a one-way between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that both treatment groups outperformed the comparison group (p < .05) with a large effect size (eta squared = .63). The results of post-hoc analyzes using Bonferroni adjustment further revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the two experimental conditions (p < .05). That is, the spaced subjects gained more compared to their massed counterparts with regard to the targeted L2 form. Pedagogically, this study suggests ESL/EFL instructors could integrate spaced instruction strategies for enhancing students' proficiency in modals. Material developers may also leverage these findings to create more engaging and effective instructional materials.
尽管语法在伊朗学校中比其他语言技能更受重视,但伊朗的 EFL 学生在掌握所接触的语言结构方面遇到了挑战,导致语法知识不足。本实验研究了间隔教学与大规模教学对英语水平中下的伊朗 EFL 学习者学习模态助词的影响。为此,通过牛津快速分级测试(OQPT),选取了 78 名中低级英语学习者,并将他们分配到三种条件下,每种条件下有 26 名受试者:间隔条件、集中条件和对照条件。通过 Levene 检验表明,受试者在实验前是同质的。然后,进行了一次前测。前测结果显示,在治疗前,组间没有差异。之后,间隔组根据 Azar(2016 年)所著的《英语语法基础》接受了三节 30 分钟的模态助词教学,而大量组只接受了一节 90 分钟的教学。然后对所有条件下的受试者进行了后测。单向组间方差分析(ANOVA)结果显示,两个治疗组的成绩均优于对比组(p < .05),且效应大小较大(eta 平方 = .63)。使用 Bonferroni 调整进行的事后分析结果进一步表明,两种实验条件之间存在显著的统计学差异(p < .05)。也就是说,在目标 L2 形式方面,有间距的受试者比无间距的受试者收获更大。在教学方面,本研究表明,ESL/EFL 教师可以结合间隔教学策略来提高学生的模态熟练程度。教材编写者也可以利用这些发现来编写更吸引人、更有效的教材。
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引用次数: 0
HelloTalk Application as an Alternative for Building Students’ Reading Ability on Narative Texts 将 HelloTalk 应用程序作为培养学生成文阅读能力的替代方法
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10783
Zulaikah Zulaikah, Muhammad Muklas, Yasina Khamahira
English was regarded as a foreign language in Indonesia and holds significant importance in various domains, including education, economy, international relations, and technology. Consequently, the Indonesian government has designated English as the primary foreign language, mandatory for learning in both schools and universities. Thus, English has incorporated into the curriculum from elementary level up to university. This research aimed to determine if there is a significant difference in the reading abilities of students taught using the Hellotalk application compared to those taught through conventional methods.in this school most of students still  low to read the English text so the Reseacher interesting to give new method for them. The method used Quantitative research, with an experimental method and quasi-experimental design. The target population consisted of seventh-grade students. Purposive sampling was utilized to select a sample of 25 students for the experimental group and 25 students for the control group. Data collection involved the use of a multiple-choice test, which was subsequently analyzed using the independent t-test in SPSS 25. The research findings revealed a significant distinction between the experimental group and the control group. This meant that Hellotalk Application was suitable to use in teaching reading on narrative texts at the seventh grade.
英语在印度尼西亚被视为一门外语,在教育、经济、国际关系和技术等各个领域都具有重要意义。因此,印尼政府指定英语为主要外语,是中小学和大学的必修课。因此,英语已被纳入从小学到大学的课程。本研究旨在确定使用 Hellotalk 应用程序教学的学生与使用传统方法教学的学生在阅读能力上是否存在显著差异。研究采用定量研究法、实验法和准实验设计。研究对象包括七年级学生。实验组和对照组各抽取 25 名学生作为样本。数据收集采用多项选择测试,随后使用 SPSS 25 中的独立 t 检验进行分析。研究结果显示,实验组与对照组之间存在明显差异。这说明 Hellotalk 应用软件适合用于七年级叙事文本的阅读教学。
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引用次数: 0
The Influential Principles in Problem-Based Learning: A Systematic Review on English Language Learning 基于问题的学习的影响原则:关于英语语言学习的系统回顾
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10756
Nurul Aryanti, Aria Septi Anggaira, Welly Ardiansyah, S. Suhono
Since the beginning of its application, the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) has been recognized for its success in improving the quality of learning in various disciplines from different countries. Then, it has been recommended to be applied in all levels of education, especially in higher education. Therefore, this review is aimed at exploring the most influential principles of PBL which give contribution to the success of the learning outcome in English language learning. This review was compiled based on the guideline from PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis). Data was searched and collected from studies published from electronic data bases of reputable international journals issued from 2012 to 2020. From 105 articles in the same area of English language learning, 7 articles were chosen to match the purpose of this review. The 7 articles have the same research methodology (experimental study), in which the discussions of the articles are analyzed to find the most influential principles supporting the success of PBL for all level of education in English language learning. It was found that PBL has proven to be effective in English language learning for all levels of education. In addition, the review shows that all discussions of the articles state that there are five most influential principles of the PBL that give contribution to the success of the language learning,  the incorporation of  ill structured/real life problems, a student-centered approach,  collaborative learning, problem solving, and critical thinking.
自开始应用以来,基于问题的学习(PBL)在提高各国各学科的学习质量方面所取得的成功已得到认可。随后,它被推荐应用于各级教育,尤其是高等教育。因此,本综述旨在探讨 PBL 中最有影响力的原则,这些原则有助于英语学习取得成功的学习成果。本综述是根据 PRISMA(系统性综述和元分析的首选报告项目)指南编写的。数据是从 2012 年至 2020 年出版的著名国际期刊的电子数据库中搜索和收集的。从 105 篇英语语言学习同一领域的文章中,选择了 7 篇符合本综述目的的文章。这 7 篇文章采用了相同的研究方法(实验研究),通过对文章的讨论进行分析,找出支持 PBL 在各级教育英语学习中取得成功的最有影响力的原则。研究发现,事实证明 PBL 在各级教育的英语学习中都很有效。此外,综述显示,所有文章的讨论都指出,PBL 有五项最有影响力的原则,这些原则有助于语言学习的成功,即结合结构不合理/现实生活中的问题、以学生为中心的方法、协作学习、解决问题和批判性思维。
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引用次数: 0
A Map of Students' Language Impoliteness: A Phenomenological Study 学生语言无礼地图:现象学研究
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.8864
Kartini Kartini, Miftahulkhairah Anwar, Liliana Muliastuti
Recently, researchers have witnessed an alarming phenomenon related to the violation of language politeness among students. This study aims to describe the map of students' language impoliteness in Indonesia. The research data is in the form of students' speech. The focus of this research is unmannerly speech which is studied by phenomenological study by using Culpeper's impoliteness strategy. The phenomenological steps taken are observation of the phenomenon of impoliteness, formulating problems, collecting data, analyzing data, and preparing reports. The research findings show that students use three politeness violation strategies, namely direct politeness violation, positive politeness violation, and negative politeness violation. The phenomenon found is the strategy of impoliteness by using four forms, namely delivering impolite speech directly, speech uttered based on consideration of the interlocutor, considering the location, and the situation of the conversation between the speaker and the interlocutor. This research can contribute to education, especially for teachers to always educate and guide students to speak politely. With a better understanding of the phenomenon of violations of students' language politeness, it is hoped that appropriate preventive and intervention measures can be taken to minimize the forms of language impoliteness that can be carried out by a teacher or parent.
最近,研究人员发现了一个令人担忧的现象,即学生中存在违反语言礼貌的现象。本研究旨在描述印度尼西亚学生语言不礼貌的地图。研究数据以学生的发言为形式。本研究的重点是不礼貌的言语,通过使用卡尔佩珀(Culpeper)的不礼貌策略进行现象学研究。现象学研究的步骤包括观察无礼现象、提出问题、收集数据、分析数据和编写报告。研究结果表明,学生使用了三种违反礼貌的策略,即直接违反礼貌、积极违反礼貌和消极违反礼貌。所发现的现象是使用四种形式的无礼策略,即直接发表无礼讲话、基于对对话者的考虑发表讲话、考虑地点以及讲话者与对话者之间的谈话情况。这项研究有助于教育,特别是教师经常教育和引导学生讲礼貌。在更好地了解学生违反语言礼貌的现象后,希望可以采取适当的预防和干预措施,尽量减少教师或家长可以采取的语言不礼貌的形式。
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引用次数: 0
Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Emotional Intelligence: Do They Contribute to Speaking Performance? 自我效能感、焦虑和情商:它们有助于提高演讲水平吗?
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10798
Masrifatul Afifah, A. S. B. Ningrum, Sri Wahyuni, Burhanudin Syaifulloh
Speaking demands self-confidence and composure when dealing with other people. Furthermore, communicating in English is a big barrier for many students due to self-efficacy, anxiety, and emotional intelligence. This study examined direct and indirect variable contributions. This path analysis study used multiple regression and mediated model. This study involved 128 of the tenth graders students at SMA Senopati, Sidoarjo. To collect the data, the instruments used a closed-ended questionnaire about self-efficacy, anxiety, emotional intelligence and speaking test. This study yielded seven conclusions. First, self-efficacy had a weak effect on speaking performance (estimate =.128, p-value.000). The estimate value of.506, p-value.001, showed that self-efficacy contributes significantly to emotional intelligence. Anxiety's contribution to emotional intelligence was minimal (estimate value -.397, p-value.005). The fourth finding showed that anxiety directly affects speaking performance (estimate value -.069), p-value.000. The fifth finding showed that emotional intelligence had a weak effect on speaking performance (estimate value.034, p-value.004). Significant indirect influence of self-efficacy through emotional intelligence on speaking performance (Sobel test=2.1220>1.96, p-value 0.033<.05). Anxiety indirectly affects speaking performance through emotional intelligence (Sobel test=-.2.0043>1.96, p-value 0.045<.05).
在与他人打交道时,口语要求自信和沉着。此外,由于自我效能感、焦虑和情商的原因,用英语交流对许多学生来说是一个很大的障碍。本研究考察了直接和间接变量的贡献。本路径分析研究采用了多元回归和中介模型。本研究涉及西多尔乔市 SMA Senopati 学校的 128 名十年级学生。为了收集数据,研究人员使用了关于自我效能感、焦虑、情商和口语测试的封闭式问卷。这项研究得出了七项结论。首先,自我效能感对口语成绩的影响较弱(估计值=.128,P 值.000)。估计值为.506,p 值为.001,表明自我效能感对情商有显著的促进作用。焦虑对情商的贡献微乎其微(估计值-.397,p 值.005)。第四项研究结果表明,焦虑会直接影响口语表现(估计值-.069),p 值为.000。第五个发现表明,情商对口语表现的影响较弱(估计值.034,p 值.004)。自我效能感通过情商对口语表现有显著的间接影响(Sobel 检验=2.1220>1.96,P-值为 0.0331.96,P-值为 0.045<.05)。
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引用次数: 0
Legend Categories and Structure in Nagari Sungai Limau Dharmasraya District and Its Implications for Indonesian Language Learning Nagari Sungai Limau Dharmasraya 地区的图例类别和结构及其对印尼语学习的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.9569
Ahmad Fauzi, Nurizzati Nurizzati
Folklore as a source of cultural information for a community group needs to be studied, which then needs to be introduced and socialized to other community groups. Legends have the potential and role as cultural treasures. Legends also have educational value that can be appreciated, pondered and appreciated. This research aims to describe the categories and structure of legends in Nagari Sungai Limau, Dharmasraya Regency and the implications for learning. This type of research is qualitative using descriptive methods. The source of research data is a legend in Nagari Sungai Limau, Dharmasraya Regency. Research data collection techniques use observation, data, interviews and data techniques. Data analysis techniques are carried out by classifying or grouping data, analyzing categories and legend structures, drawing conclusions from the entire research work process, and compiling and reporting research results. The results of the research are: first, there are two categories of legends, namely local legends consisting of the Lubuk Tagadih legend and Lubuk Tosau legend and supernatural world legends consisting of Wang Binun (Binun People) and the Plisit legend. Second, the structure of legends in Nagari Sungai Limau, Dharmasraya Regency generally contains theme, plot, characters, setting and message. Third, the implication in learning is in the Basic Competency that it examines the structure and language of local fables/legends that are read and listened to. Therefore, the current study can be concluded that a category includes local legends and supernatural legends, the structure of the legend which includes theme, plot, characters, setting, and message.
民俗作为一个社区群体的文化信息来源,需要加以研究,然后介绍给其他社区群体并使之社会化。传说具有文化宝藏的潜力和作用。传说还具有教育价值,可以欣赏、思考和鉴赏。本研究旨在描述达玛斯拉亚(Dharmasraya)行政区纳加里-宋盖-利毛(Nagari Sungai Limau)的传说类别和结构,以及对学习的影响。本研究采用描述性方法进行定性研究。研究数据的来源是达玛斯拉雅行政区 Nagari Sungai Limau 的一个传说。研究数据收集技术采用观察、数据、访谈和数据技术。数据分析技术通过对数据进行分类或分组,分析类别和图例结构,从整个研究工作过程中得出结论,并汇编和报告研究成果。研究结果为:第一,传说分为两类,即由 Lubuk Tagadih 传说和 Lubuk Tosau 传说组成的地方传说和由 Wang Binun(比努人)和 Plisit 传说组成的超自然世界传说。其次,达玛斯拉雅行政区纳加里双溪利毛的传说结构一般包括主题、情节、人物、背景和信息。第三,学习的意义在于基本能力,即考察阅读和聆听的当地寓言/传说的结构和语言。因此,目前的研究可以得出结论,一个类别包括地方传说和超自然传说,传说的结构包括主题、情节、人物、背景和信息。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Languages and Language Teaching
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