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Analyzing Speech Accommodation Model in 1st Debate of the 2024 Indonesian Presidential Candidates 分析 2024 年印尼总统候选人第一场辩论中的演讲适应模式
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10917
Abdul Muhid
In Indonesia, candidates, especially presidential candidates, are busy crafting positive narratives to build a positive image. In this study, we will look at language use from the macro level, namely, the situation and function of communication, as well as at the micro level, which is how the verbal interactions of language users communicate their ideas in front of the public. The current article uses qualitative with descriptive and interpretative types. Analysis of the Speech Accommodation Model in the first debate of the 2024 Indonesian presidential candidates reveals several key insights into how candidates strategically adapt their language to connect with different audiences and achieve their communication goals. The analysis highlights the dynamic nature of accommodation, with candidates shifting their linguistic styles based on situational factors, such as the topic of discussion, the perceived attitudes of the audience, and the rhetorical strategies employed by their opponents. This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between language, identity, and power in political communication. By examining how candidates navigate linguistic diversity and negotiate their rhetorical stance, we acquire a deeper understanding of the strategies employed to engage, persuade, and mobilize voters in pursuing electoral success. And detail model used by all candidates is summed up as follows; inward convergence, outward convergence, divergence, con in dive accommodation, and over-accommodation.
在印度尼西亚,候选人,尤其是总统候选人,都忙于撰写积极的叙事,以树立正面形象。在本研究中,我们将从宏观层面(即传播的形势和功能)和微观层面(即语言使用者的口头互动如何在公众面前传达自己的想法)来研究语言的使用。本文采用描述型和解释型的定性研究方法。通过对 2024 年印尼总统候选人第一场辩论中的 "言语调适模型 "进行分析,揭示了候选人如何战略性地调适其语言以与不同受众建立联系并实现其交流目标的几个关键见解。分析凸显了调适的动态性质,候选人会根据情境因素(如讨论主题、受众的认知态度以及对手采用的修辞策略)改变自己的语言风格。这项研究为政治交流中语言、身份和权力之间复杂的相互作用提供了宝贵的见解。通过研究候选人如何驾驭语言的多样性和协商他们的修辞立场,我们可以更深入地了解候选人在追求选举成功时所采用的吸引、说服和动员选民的策略。所有候选人使用的详细模式可归纳如下:向内趋同、向外趋同、背离、俯冲适应和过度适应。
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引用次数: 0
Improving English Pronunciation Through Phonetics Instruction in Yemeni EFL Classrooms 在也门 EFL 课堂上通过语音教学改进英语发音
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10720
Fadhl Mohammed Awadh Mohammed Awadh, Nur Hidayanto Pancoro Setyo Putro, Albert Efendi Pohan, Yasir Alsamiri
The context of English education in Yemen provides a critical backdrop for comprehending the challenges Yemeni students face in acquiring proficiency in English pronunciation. These challenges are primarily rooted in the distinct differences between the Arabic and English sound systems, variations in syllable structure and intonation, and the influence of local dialects. Such factors are instrumental in identifying the obstacles Yemeni learners encounter in accurately articulating English phonemes. This research delves into the efficacy of phonetics instruction, specifically phonics training, in ameliorating English pronunciation skills among students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings in Yemen. Employing a literature review methodology, this study meticulously collects and analyzes data from pertinent academic sources to assess the impact of phonics training on pronunciation proficiency. The findings reveal a significant enhancement in students' ability to correctly identify and articulate English phonemes, thereby improving their verbal interaction and comprehension skills, and bolstering their confidence in English communication. The contributions of this study are manifold. It illuminates the pivotal role of phonetics instruction in refining English pronunciation among EFL learners in Yemen, providing empirical evidence to support the integration of phonetic teaching within the EFL curriculum. Moreover, it advocates for the enrichment of educational resources and teacher development programs, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing English pronunciation in Yemen's English language education framework. Through its insights, this study not only addresses a critical gap in the literature but also proposes actionable recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of English pronunciation teaching in Yemeni EFL classrooms. In essence, this study underscores the transformative potential of phonics training in elevating the English language proficiency of Yemeni students, thereby contributing significantly to the broader discourse on language acquisition and pedagogy.
也门英语教育的背景为理解也门学生在熟练掌握英语发音方面所面临的挑战提供了重要依据。这些挑战主要源于阿拉伯语和英语发音系统之间的明显差异、音节结构和语调的变化以及当地方言的影响。这些因素有助于确定也门学习者在准确发音英语音素时遇到的障碍。本研究深入探讨了语音教学,特别是语音训练,在改善也门英语作为外语(EFL)教学环境中学生英语发音技能方面的功效。本研究采用文献综述法,从相关学术资料中精心收集和分析数据,以评估语音训练对发音能力的影响。研究结果表明,学生正确识别和发音英语音素的能力得到了显著提高,从而改善了他们的语言互动和理解能力,增强了他们在英语交流中的自信心。这项研究的贡献是多方面的。它阐明了语音教学在改进也门英语学习者英语发音方面的关键作用,为将语音教学纳入英语语言教学大纲提供了实证支持。此外,该研究还倡导丰富教育资源和教师发展计划,强调在也门英语教育框架中优先考虑英语发音的重要性。通过其见解,本研究不仅填补了文献中的一个重要空白,还为提高也门 EFL 课堂英语发音教学的有效性提出了可操作的建议。从本质上讲,本研究强调了语音训练在提高也门学生英语水平方面的变革潜力,从而为更广泛的语言习得和教学法讨论做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Gender Representation in Directive Speech Acts of Teachers: A Study on Indonesian Language Learning in Automotive Vocational High Schools in Pasaman District 教师指令性言语行为中的性别表征:帕萨曼区汽车职业高中印尼语学习研究
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.9762
Ade Darma Putra, Tressyalina Tressyalina
This study aims to examine gender representation in directive speech acts of Indonesian language teachers in Pasaman Regency Automotive Department Vocational Schools. Included in the type of qualitative research, this research applies descriptive analysis method. The research data is in the form of directive speech of male teachers and female teachers in Indonesian language learning at SMK Department of Automotive Pasaman Regency. It can be concluded that Indonesian teachers use various forms of directive speech acts, such as directions, orders, and instructions to students. Variants of the use of directive speech acts also show variations between male and female teachers, with three dominant variants commonly used by male teachers and five variants commonly used by female teachers. The results also reveal that female teachers tend to use the speech act of ordering or commanding as the dominant form, although they also show a sense of solidarity by using the speech acts of suggesting and advising. On the other hand, male teachers are more inclined to the direct approach and commanding without preamble. This difference reflects the complexity of the relationship between men's and women's language and thinking in the learning context.
本研究旨在考察 Pasaman 县汽车系职业学校印尼语教师指令性言语行为中的性别代表性。本研究属于定性研究,采用描述性分析方法。研究数据的形式是巴萨曼省汽车系职业学校(SMK)印尼语学习中男性教师和女性教师的指令性言语。研究结果表明,印尼教师使用各种形式的指令性言语行为,如对学生的指示、命令和指令。男女教师使用指令性言语行为的变体也存在差异,男教师通常使用三种主要变体,而女教师通常使用五种变体。研究结果还显示,女教师倾向于使用命令或指令性言语行为作为主要形式,尽管她们也通过使用建议和劝告的言语行为表现出团结意识。另一方面,男教师则更倾向于直接的方式和不带前言的命令。这种差异反映了学习环境中男女语言和思维关系的复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
Video Strategy as Scaffolding to Foster Students’ Grammar Proficiency and Writing Skills in EFL Learning 以视频策略为支架,在英语学习中培养学生的语法能力和写作技巧
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10351
Leona Patria Devi, M. Z. Abidin, Yuyun Yulia, Roi Boy, Soni Ariawan, R. Faresta, Siti Hanum Afuwani, Article Info
Despite its significance particularly when it comes to writing competence, numerous studies have revealed that grammar is still considered complicated to grasp and used by students. The purpose of this study was to determine how video-based instruction affects students' understanding of grammar in writing assignments. This sequential explanatory mixed-method study aimed to investigate how students' grammatical skills especially in degree of comparison might be improved. Quantitative evaluations such as creating written test materials for the students and qualitative interviews with both teachers and students were employed. The findings showed that students' comprehension of grammatical rules for statistical tests had improved. Descriptive data evidenced that the students were clearly excited, enthralled, and actively involved with the tactics; served as a scaffold to lower obstacles; enhanced language learners' understanding; and increased students' vocabulary. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches evidenced the significance of implementing English videos to promote students’ grammatical competence in writing skills. The study's implications and suggestions are discussed.
尽管语法在写作能力方面具有重要意义,但大量研究表明,语法仍被认为是学生难以掌握和使用的知识。本研究旨在确定视频教学如何影响学生在写作作业中对语法的理解。这项顺序解释混合方法研究旨在探讨如何提高学生的语法技能,尤其是在比较程度方面。研究采用了定量评估(如为学生制作书面测试材料)和定性访谈(对教师和学生进行访谈)。结果显示,学生对统计检验语法规则的理解能力有所提高。描述性数据证明,学生们显然对这一战术感到兴奋、着迷并积极参与其中;这一战术起到了降低障碍的支架作用;增强了语言学习者的理解能力;增加了学生的词汇量。定量和定性方法都证明了实施英语视频对促进学生写作技巧语法能力的意义。本研究的意义和建议也在讨论之列。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling Language Prejudice: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Racial Slurs Across Genres 揭开语言偏见的面纱:基于语料库的跨文体种族诽谤分析
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10753
Fadhlur Rahman, Ella Yuzar, Mohammad Kholid
Discrimination and racism have been obvious for decades. This encompasses derogatory racial epithets such as "nigger, niggers, n-words". The objective of this study was to employ corpus-based analysis in order to examine the frequency of racial derogatory expressions across various genres of literature. The COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) data were employed to perform a corpus-based linguistic analysis of the terms 'nigger', 'niggers', and 'n-word' over a span of 20 years (1990 to 2019).  Although the words "niggers" and "n-word" have similar meanings, the occurrence of the word "niggers" and "n-word" in the corpora was significantly less frequent compared to the word "nigger." Primarily, the term "niggers" was used as a plural indicator for the derogatory term "nigger". The frequency with which individuals who use derogatory language, such as the term "niggers," associate themselves with pronouns like "they," "us," "those," "all of you," etc., suggests the existence of these patterns. The sole term that displays a notably diverse frequency distribution across genres is the n-word (in comparison to these two terms).
几十年来,歧视和种族主义已昭然若揭。其中包括 "黑鬼、黑鬼、黑话 "等贬损性的种族称谓。本研究的目的是采用基于语料库的分析方法,研究各种文学体裁中种族贬损表达的频率。本研究采用 COCA(当代美国英语语料库)数据,对 "黑鬼"、"黑鬼 "和 "n-word "等词语进行了基于语料库的语言学分析,分析时间跨度为 20 年(1990 年至 2019 年)。 虽然 "黑鬼 "和 "n-word "具有相似的含义,但与 "黑鬼 "相比,"黑鬼 "和 "n-word "在语料库中出现的频率明显较低。主要是 "黑鬼 "一词被用作贬义词 "黑鬼 "的复数指示词。使用 "黑鬼 "等贬义词的人经常将自己与 "他们"、"我们"、"那些"、"你们所有人 "等代词联系在一起,这表明这些模式的存在。唯一一个在不同流派中显示出明显不同频率分布的词语是 n-word(与这两个词语相比)。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Show and Tell, Role-Play and Storytelling on Speaking Skills: Meta-analysis 表演与讲述、角色扮演和讲故事对口语技能的影响:元分析
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10868
Enma Oktaviani, Ilham Ilham, L. Lukman, Samson Olusola Olatunji, Nicole Whitworth
Show and tell, role-play, and storytelling are all enjoyable speaking practice approaches for educators to utilize when teaching English. Therefore, the goal of this study is to assess the efficacy of the Show-and-Tell, Role-Play, and Storytelling methods for improving English speaking skills. The results of this study were obtained using JASP software, and 60 research findings met the criteria for the analysis, which shows a significant statistical impact from the three speaking approaches. In the Show-and-Tell method, the effect size value was 1.09 (High Effect), in the Role-Play method it was 1.13 (Very High Effect), and in the Storytelling method it was 1.34 (Very High Effect). However, Storytelling has a greater impact than the other methods. Furthermore, this study suggests that research published in 2022 has the largest effect, with 1,371 (Very High Effect). Meanwhile, analyzing the number of participants, it is clear that a study with more than 52 persons has the biggest impact, with an estimated value of 1.257 (Very High Effect). Among the methods, Story-Telling had a higher influence than the other methods in teaching English speaking skills. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of the Show-and-Tell, Role-Play, and Story-Telling methods in teaching English speaking skills. The findings underscore the need for educators to incorporate these methods into their pedagogical strategies to enhance students’ English speaking skills.
表演与讲述、角色扮演和讲故事都是教育工作者在英语教学中乐于使用的口语练习方法。因此,本研究的目标是评估表演与讲述、角色扮演和讲故事法在提高英语口语技能方面的效果。本研究使用 JASP 软件得出了研究结果,60 项研究结果符合分析标准,这表明三种口语教学法在统计上有显著影响。在表演与讲述法中,效果大小值为 1.09(高效果);在角色扮演法中,效果大小值为 1.13(极高效果);在讲故事法中,效果大小值为 1.34(极高效果)。不过,讲故事法比其他方法的影响更大。此外,本研究还表明,2022 年发表的研究成果具有最大的影响力,达到 1 371(极高影响力)。同时,从参与人数分析,超过 52 人的研究显然影响最大,估计值为 1.257(极高效应)。在各种方法中,讲故事法对英语口语技能教学的影响高于其他方法。总之,这项荟萃分析提供了有力的证据,支持表演与讲述法、角色扮演法和讲故事法在英语口语技能教学中的有效性。研究结果表明,教育工作者有必要将这些方法纳入其教学策略,以提高学生的英语口语技能。
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引用次数: 0
The Correlation Between Students’ Vocabulary Mastery and the Ability to Translate English Descriptive Text into Indonesian 学生掌握的词汇量与将英语描述性文本翻译成印尼语的能力之间的相关性
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10424
Adimas Jaka Pratama, Sayit Abdul Karim, Gordan Matas, Suryo Sudiro
Vocabulary and translation are two aspects that have a close relationship in learning English as  to be able to translate a text student should have adequate vocabulary mastery. The presented study aims to figure out the correlation between students’ vocabulary mastery and their translation ability, and to explore their problems in translating English descriptive text into Indonesian. This study applied quantitative research by using the correlational method, and the respondents were 32 students of grade X C at SMAN 1 Purwanegara, Central Java. Furthermore, in order to gather the data, researchers used tests and semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed using Pearson-Product Moment correlation using SPSS 26.0. The findings revealed that the mean score of students’ vocabulary mastery was 66.72, and the mean score of translation ability was 63.72. Meanwhile, the correlation value (r) between the vocabulary mastery and English-Indonesian translation ability score is 0.786. Thus, based on the interpretation score of correlation proposed by Sugiyono (2018), the correlation between vocabulary mastery and the ability to translate the descriptive text was in the high category (0.786), Furthermore, the result of hypothesis testing revealed that the comparison of the “rcount” and the “rtable” shows that rcount as much as 0,786 is clearly higher than “rtable” value which is 5% or 0,338 and 1% or 0,435. Therefore, there is a high correlation between students' vocabulary mastery and their ability to translate descriptive text into Indonesian.
词汇和翻译是英语学习中关系密切的两个方面,因为要翻译一篇文章,学生必须掌握足够的词汇。本研究旨在找出学生词汇掌握情况与翻译能力之间的相关性,并探讨他们在将英语描述性文本翻译成印尼语时遇到的问题。本研究采用相关法进行定量研究,受访者为中爪哇SMAN 1 Purwanegara学校X C年级的32名学生。此外,为了收集数据,研究人员使用了测试和半结构化访谈。研究人员使用 SPSS 26.0 软件对数据进行了 Pears-Product Moment 相关分析。结果显示,学生词汇掌握程度的平均得分为 66.72,翻译能力的平均得分为 63.72。同时,词汇掌握程度与英印尼语翻译能力得分之间的相关值(r)为 0.786。因此,根据Sugiyono(2018)提出的相关性解释分值,词汇掌握情况与说明文翻译能力之间的相关性属于高相关(0.786),此外,假设检验结果显示,"rcount "与 "rtable "的比较显示,rcount高达0.786明显高于 "rtable "值的5%即0.338和1%即0.435。因此,学生的词汇掌握情况与他们将描述性文本翻译成印尼语的能力之间存在很高的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
The Representation of the Indonesian Government in Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Rempang Island Conflict 印度尼西亚政府在媒体中的形象:对伦邦岛冲突的批判性话语分析
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10926
Dede Fatinova, Wawan Gunawan, A. Saifullah, Eris Risnawati, R. Emha, Yasir Mubarok
The Indonesian government has come under intense scrutiny for its actions in the agrarian conflict in Rempang Island, Batam City, Riau Islands Province. The conflict was triggered by the government's forced relocation of the Rempang Island community in the context of the Rempang Eco City development funded by a foreign investor, Xinyi Group. The incident captured the attention of the public and the media due to the large scale of the case. This research aims to see how the Indonesian government is represented in the Indonesian news media regarding the discourse of the Rempang Island case. This research uses the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis initiated by Fairclough (1995) and Transitivity by Halliday (2014). The method used in this research is content analysis method to elaborate the image constructed by the media against the Indonesian government. The data in the study amounted to six data taken from Tempo.co media, and Batamnow.com which were analyzed through three stages, namely textual, discourse practices, and socio-cultural practices. The results showed that the Indonesian government was represented negatively by labeling it as the party that violated human rights and the perpetrator of crimes against humanity.
印度尼西亚政府在廖内群岛省巴淡市 Rempang 岛土地冲突中的行为受到了严格审查。冲突的起因是政府在由外国投资者信义集团资助的 Rempang 生态城开发项目中强制搬迁 Rempang 岛社区。由于事件规模巨大,引起了公众和媒体的关注。本研究旨在了解印尼新闻媒体是如何报道印尼政府对仁攀岛事件的言论的。本研究采用了费尔克拉夫(Fairclough,1995 年)提出的批判性话语分析理论和哈利迪(Halliday,2014 年)提出的转换性理论。本研究采用内容分析法来阐述媒体所构建的印尼政府形象。研究数据来自 Tempo.co 媒体和 Batamnow.com,共六个数据,通过文本、话语实践和社会文化实践三个阶段进行分析。结果显示,印尼政府被贴上了侵犯人权和犯下反人类罪的负面标签。
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引用次数: 0
Computer-Based Technology on Writing Performance: A Systematic Literature Review 基于计算机的技术对写作成绩的影响:系统性文献综述
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.10812
Tusino Tusino, Puspa Dewi, Endah Lestari, Rafael V. Onate, Yinghuei Chen, Ivan Mezentsev
This systematic literature review delves into the transformative effects of computer-based technology on writing performance, with a specific focus on studies conducted between 2017 and 2023. The review scrutinizes the impact of a diverse array of technologies, ranging from popular platforms like TikTok, Twitter, and Instagram to specialized tools such as Grammarly, Digital Storytelling, and Kahoot. By synthesizing findings from these studies, the review elucidates the multifaceted ways in which technology influences students' writing proficiency. Key findings underscore the nuanced impacts of these technologies, revealing their significant roles in fostering motivation, enhancing language skills, promoting engagement, and facilitating collaborative learning environments. Notably, Grammarly emerges as a prominent tool widely utilized to address grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors, thereby aiding in the refinement of writing quality. Meanwhile, platforms like Instagram are recognized for nurturing creativity, Twitter for facilitating personalized learning experiences, and Kahoot for fostering active engagement through interactive quizzes and games. By illuminating the diverse dimensions of technology's transformative role in writing performance, this review offers valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers alike. It underscores the importance of leveraging technology as a strategic tool to enhance students' writing skills and foster a dynamic and enriching learning experience. Moreover, it highlights the need for continued exploration and adaptation of innovative technological solutions to meet the evolving needs of modern education.
本系统性文献综述深入探讨了基于计算机的技术对写作成绩的变革性影响,特别关注2017年至2023年期间开展的研究。综述仔细研究了各种技术的影响,从 TikTok、Twitter 和 Instagram 等流行平台到 Grammarly、Digital Storytelling 和 Kahoot 等专业工具,不一而足。通过综合这些研究的结果,综述阐明了技术影响学生写作水平的多方面方式。主要研究结果强调了这些技术的细微影响,揭示了它们在培养学习动机、提高语言技能、促进参与和推动协作学习环境方面的重要作用。值得注意的是,Grammarly 是一个重要的工具,被广泛用于解决语法、拼写和标点错误,从而帮助提高写作质量。与此同时,Instagram 等平台因培养创造力而得到认可,Twitter 因促进个性化学习体验而得到认可,Kahoot 则因通过互动测验和游戏促进积极参与而得到认可。通过阐明技术在写作成绩中的变革性作用的不同层面,本综述为教育工作者、政策制定者和研究人员提供了宝贵的见解。它强调了将技术作为一种战略工具来提高学生写作技巧和促进动态、丰富的学习体验的重要性。此外,它还强调了继续探索和调整创新技术解决方案的必要性,以满足现代教育不断发展的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Embodying Learners’ Semasiological Disparateness in an English First Additional Language Classroom 在英语为第一附加语的课堂上体现学习者的语义差异
Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.33394/jollt.v12i2.9317
Kufakunesu Zano
Language-in-education policy in the apartheid era in South Africa reflected a divide-and-rule strategy, which stipulated that each ethnic group was to be taught in its language. Thus, the post-1994 period in South Africa involved a dramatic re-imagination of the country from a racially divided nation to a diverse but united, non-racial nation. This is pertinent to South Africa, a linguistically diverse country whose history of language in education has been shaped by political interests, as well as pedagogical considerations. Against this background, since the impact of cultural diversity on education policy and reforms is a strategically significant issue for us all, this study sought to explore how Grade 4 English First Additional Language (EFAL) teachers incorporate Grade 4 EFAL learners’ linguistic diversity in teaching and learning. For this qualitative study, 10 Grade 4 teachers in 5 primary schools in one district in South Africa were used as respondents. The researcher used one-on-one telephonic interviews to collect data. The results revealed that teachers acknowledge the need to use some approaches to support oral language development. Besides, teachers use a range of strategies, from translanguaging, and code-switching to translation, to encourage learners to use their home languages to develop proficiency in the EFAL. Also, the study has shown that cooperative language learning, which shares some characteristics with communicative language teaching helps learners develop a great liking of EFAL.
南非种族隔离时代的教育语言政策反映了一种分而治之的战略,规定每个种族群体都要用自己的语言进行教学。因此,1994 年后的南非发生了巨大的变化,从一个种族分裂的国家变成了一个多样但统一的非种族国家。南非是一个语言多样化的国家,其教育语言的历史是由政治利益和教学考虑决定的。在此背景下,由于文化多样性对教育政策和改革的影响是一个对我们所有人都具有战略意义的问题,本研究试图探讨四年级英语第一附加语(EFAL)教师如何将四年级英语第一附加语学习者的语言多样性纳入教学中。在这项定性研究中,南非一个地区 5 所小学的 10 名四年级教师作为调查对象。研究人员采用一对一电话访谈的方式收集数据。结果显示,教师们承认有必要使用一些方法来支持口语发展。此外,教师还使用了一系列策略,从翻译语言、代码转换到翻译,鼓励学习者使用自己的母语来提高英语语言能力。研究还表明,与交际语言教学有相同特点的合作语言学习有助于培养学习者对英孚语言的浓厚兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
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