Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7778091
Kyle D. Julian, Jessica Lopez, J. Brush, Michael P. Owen, Mykel J. Kochenderfer
One approach to designing the decision making logic for an aircraft collision avoidance system is to frame the problem as Markov decision process and optimize the system using dynamic programming. The resulting strategy can be represented as a numeric table. This methodology has been used in the development of the ACAS X family of collision avoidance systems for manned and unmanned aircraft. However, due to the high dimensionality of the state space, discretizing the state variables can lead to very large tables. To improve storage efficiency, we propose two approaches for compressing the lookup table. The first approach exploits redundancy in the table. The table is decomposed into a set of lower-dimensional tables, some of which can be represented by single tables in areas where the lower-dimensional tables are identical or nearly identical with respect to a similarity metric. The second approach uses a deep neural network to learn a complex non-linear function approximation of the table. With the use of an asymmetric loss function and a gradient descent algorithm, the parameters for this network can be trained to provide very accurate estimates of values while preserving the relative preferences of the possible advisories for each state. As a result, the table can be approximately represented by only the parameters of the network, which reduces the required storage space by a factor of 1000. Simulation studies show that system performance is very similar using either compressed table representation in place of the original table. Even though the neural network was trained directly on the original table, the network surpasses the original table on the performance metrics and encounter sets evaluated here.
{"title":"Policy compression for aircraft collision avoidance systems","authors":"Kyle D. Julian, Jessica Lopez, J. Brush, Michael P. Owen, Mykel J. Kochenderfer","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7778091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7778091","url":null,"abstract":"One approach to designing the decision making logic for an aircraft collision avoidance system is to frame the problem as Markov decision process and optimize the system using dynamic programming. The resulting strategy can be represented as a numeric table. This methodology has been used in the development of the ACAS X family of collision avoidance systems for manned and unmanned aircraft. However, due to the high dimensionality of the state space, discretizing the state variables can lead to very large tables. To improve storage efficiency, we propose two approaches for compressing the lookup table. The first approach exploits redundancy in the table. The table is decomposed into a set of lower-dimensional tables, some of which can be represented by single tables in areas where the lower-dimensional tables are identical or nearly identical with respect to a similarity metric. The second approach uses a deep neural network to learn a complex non-linear function approximation of the table. With the use of an asymmetric loss function and a gradient descent algorithm, the parameters for this network can be trained to provide very accurate estimates of values while preserving the relative preferences of the possible advisories for each state. As a result, the table can be approximately represented by only the parameters of the network, which reduces the required storage space by a factor of 1000. Simulation studies show that system performance is very similar using either compressed table representation in place of the original table. Even though the neural network was trained directly on the original table, the network surpasses the original table on the performance metrics and encounter sets evaluated here.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114859028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7777943
Rajendra Prasad Sirigina, A. Madhukumar, V. A. Prasad, A. Krishna
In this work, full frequency reuse based transmission scheme is proposed for the ground-air communication systems. In full frequency reuse based systems, the receivers are interference-limited, and in this work, interference forwarding with a half-duplex (HD) dynamic decode-and-forward (DDF) relay is proposed to mitigate the interference. The HD DDF relay forwards the interference towards the interference-limited air station. The interference forwarding enhances the interference level such that the interference-limited air station can mitigate the strong interference. The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) for the proposed HD DDF relay-aided interference mitigation scheme is evaluated. The impact of the multiplexing gain of the interfering signal on the reliability of the signal detection at the interference-limited air station is evaluated. The DMT of the proposed protocol is compared with that of the direct transmission scheme and the half-duplex decode-and-forward relay-aided interference mitigation scheme.
{"title":"Dynamic decode-and-forward relay-assisted interference management for spectrum efficient ground-to-air communication systems","authors":"Rajendra Prasad Sirigina, A. Madhukumar, V. A. Prasad, A. Krishna","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7777943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7777943","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, full frequency reuse based transmission scheme is proposed for the ground-air communication systems. In full frequency reuse based systems, the receivers are interference-limited, and in this work, interference forwarding with a half-duplex (HD) dynamic decode-and-forward (DDF) relay is proposed to mitigate the interference. The HD DDF relay forwards the interference towards the interference-limited air station. The interference forwarding enhances the interference level such that the interference-limited air station can mitigate the strong interference. The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) for the proposed HD DDF relay-aided interference mitigation scheme is evaluated. The impact of the multiplexing gain of the interfering signal on the reliability of the signal detection at the interference-limited air station is evaluated. The DMT of the proposed protocol is compared with that of the direct transmission scheme and the half-duplex decode-and-forward relay-aided interference mitigation scheme.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126906545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7778109
Bae-Hyeon Lim, Jong Woo Kim, S. Ha, Y. Moon
In recent years, multiple UAVs-based application service have been actively considered in various application fields. Since the UAV has a high-performance camera and avionic modules, multiple UAVs can be effectively applied to the surveillance system based on autonomous flight. In order to perform the mission successfully, the flights of multiple UAVs are efficiently monitored and the communication between UAVs is supported in this system. In addition, it is needed to protect flight data from opposite party because the mission information can be deduced from the flight data. In this paper, we present a software platform displaying the flight information of multiple UAVs and protecting the important flight data based on data-sharing technique. Experimental results show that the flight data and videos for either multiple UAVs or a single UAV are seamlessly displayed through the GUI of the proposed software platform. In addition, the important flight information can be protected by the data-sharing technique.
{"title":"Development of software platform for monitoring of multiple small UAVs","authors":"Bae-Hyeon Lim, Jong Woo Kim, S. Ha, Y. Moon","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7778109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7778109","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, multiple UAVs-based application service have been actively considered in various application fields. Since the UAV has a high-performance camera and avionic modules, multiple UAVs can be effectively applied to the surveillance system based on autonomous flight. In order to perform the mission successfully, the flights of multiple UAVs are efficiently monitored and the communication between UAVs is supported in this system. In addition, it is needed to protect flight data from opposite party because the mission information can be deduced from the flight data. In this paper, we present a software platform displaying the flight information of multiple UAVs and protecting the important flight data based on data-sharing technique. Experimental results show that the flight data and videos for either multiple UAVs or a single UAV are seamlessly displayed through the GUI of the proposed software platform. In addition, the important flight information can be protected by the data-sharing technique.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126114545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7778105
G. Tokadlı, A. Marzuoli, Emmanuel Boidot
As air traffic grows, improving the resilience of an increasingly congested airspace is becoming a primary concern to ensure its sustainability and avoid the propagation of localized disruptions. The fire set at Chicago Air Traffic Control facility in September 2014 is a striking and worrisome case where one ill-intentioned individual halted traffic in a facility which caused ripple effects across the National Airspace. This paper analyzes the particular role that the Chicago center plays in the National airspace. Then it provides a detailed analysis of the local and global impact of the fire, through the day of the event and for the next two weeks while the facility remained closed for repairs. Finally, it draws the lessons learnt from this event as well as other recent infrastructure failures.
{"title":"Resilience of the national airspace system: A case study of the fire at the Chicago ARTCC","authors":"G. Tokadlı, A. Marzuoli, Emmanuel Boidot","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7778105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7778105","url":null,"abstract":"As air traffic grows, improving the resilience of an increasingly congested airspace is becoming a primary concern to ensure its sustainability and avoid the propagation of localized disruptions. The fire set at Chicago Air Traffic Control facility in September 2014 is a striking and worrisome case where one ill-intentioned individual halted traffic in a facility which caused ripple effects across the National Airspace. This paper analyzes the particular role that the Chicago center plays in the National airspace. Then it provides a detailed analysis of the local and global impact of the fire, through the day of the event and for the next two weeks while the facility remained closed for repairs. Finally, it draws the lessons learnt from this event as well as other recent infrastructure failures.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121610144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7777991
P. Mehlitz, N. Shafiei, O. Tkachuk, M. Davies
Creating large, distributed, human-in-the-loop airspace simulations does not have to take armies of developers and years of work. Related code bases can be kept manageable even if they include sophisticated interactive visualization. Starting such projects does not have to require huge upfront licensing fees. We showed this by using contemporary internet software technology. Our Runtime for Airspace Concept Evaluation (RACE) framework utilizes the actor programming model and open source components such as Akka and WorldWind to facilitate rapid development and deployment of distributed simulations that run on top of Java virtual machines, integrate well with external systems, and communicate across the internet. RACE itself is open sourced and available from https://github.com/NASARace/race.
创建大型的、分布式的、人在循环的空域模拟并不需要大量的开发人员和多年的工作。即使相关代码库包含复杂的交互式可视化，它们也可以保持易于管理。启动这样的项目并不需要巨额的前期许可费。我们通过使用当代互联网软件技术来展示这一点。我们的Runtime for Airspace Concept Evaluation (RACE)框架利用actor编程模型和开源组件(如Akka和WorldWind)来促进分布式模拟的快速开发和部署，这些模拟运行在Java虚拟机上，与外部系统很好地集成，并通过互联网进行通信。RACE本身是开源的，可以从https://github.com/NASARace/race获得。
{"title":"RACE: Building airspace simulations faster and better with actors","authors":"P. Mehlitz, N. Shafiei, O. Tkachuk, M. Davies","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7777991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7777991","url":null,"abstract":"Creating large, distributed, human-in-the-loop airspace simulations does not have to take armies of developers and years of work. Related code bases can be kept manageable even if they include sophisticated interactive visualization. Starting such projects does not have to require huge upfront licensing fees. We showed this by using contemporary internet software technology. Our Runtime for Airspace Concept Evaluation (RACE) framework utilizes the actor programming model and open source components such as Akka and WorldWind to facilitate rapid development and deployment of distributed simulations that run on top of Java virtual machines, integrate well with external systems, and communicate across the internet. RACE itself is open sourced and available from https://github.com/NASARace/race.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123520880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7777964
S. Ramasamy, R. Sabatini, A. Gardi
The introduction of dedicated software functions for separation assurance and collision avoidance in Next Generation Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS) has the potential to enable significant advances in the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) operational context. In this paper, key elements of the NG-FMS architecture are presented that allow planning and optimisation of 4-dimensional trajectories. The NG-FMS is designed to be fully interoperable with a future ground based 4DT Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) system, enabling automated Trajectory/Intent-Based Operations (TBO/IBO). This paper addresses one of the key technological challenges for integrating UAS in non-segregated airspace by implementing suitable hardware and software (data fusion) techniques for cooperative and non-cooperative separation assurance and collision avoidance tasks. The sensor/system providing the most reliable separation maintenance and collision avoidance solution is automatically selected and this approach provides robustness in all flight phases supporting all-weather and trusted autonomous operations. The mathematical algorithms employed in the unified approach to cooperative and non-cooperative separation assurance and collision avoidance scenarios are presented. In this method, navigation and tracking errors affecting the host platform and intruder sensor measurements are translated to unified range and bearing uncertainty descriptors. Simulation case studies are presented, including UTM elements such as dynamic geo-fencing, and the results corroborate the validity of separation assurance and collision avoidance algorithms for the considered mission- and safety-critical tasks.
{"title":"A unified approach to separation assurance and collision avoidance for flight management systems","authors":"S. Ramasamy, R. Sabatini, A. Gardi","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7777964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7777964","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of dedicated software functions for separation assurance and collision avoidance in Next Generation Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS) has the potential to enable significant advances in the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) operational context. In this paper, key elements of the NG-FMS architecture are presented that allow planning and optimisation of 4-dimensional trajectories. The NG-FMS is designed to be fully interoperable with a future ground based 4DT Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) system, enabling automated Trajectory/Intent-Based Operations (TBO/IBO). This paper addresses one of the key technological challenges for integrating UAS in non-segregated airspace by implementing suitable hardware and software (data fusion) techniques for cooperative and non-cooperative separation assurance and collision avoidance tasks. The sensor/system providing the most reliable separation maintenance and collision avoidance solution is automatically selected and this approach provides robustness in all flight phases supporting all-weather and trusted autonomous operations. The mathematical algorithms employed in the unified approach to cooperative and non-cooperative separation assurance and collision avoidance scenarios are presented. In this method, navigation and tracking errors affecting the host platform and intruder sensor measurements are translated to unified range and bearing uncertainty descriptors. Simulation case studies are presented, including UTM elements such as dynamic geo-fencing, and the results corroborate the validity of separation assurance and collision avoidance algorithms for the considered mission- and safety-critical tasks.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"379 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124721383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7778087
Radim Bloudíček, P. Makula, J. Bajer, Miloslav Svarc
The paper is aimed at the analysis of possibilities of the implementation of the hyperbolic TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival) based system intended for aircraft navigation during the approach to landing phase of flight. For this purpose, conventional systems like ILS, MLS, GNSS, etc. are used today. Requirements on hyperbolic system were determined based on accuracy of actually utilized systems. The possibility to achieve these requirements was verified by simulation for LKPD Pardubice airport. The final section describes the configuration of the system together with proposed coded signals, which are starting point for initial real experiments.
{"title":"Possibilities of hyperbolic navigation during the approach to landing phase","authors":"Radim Bloudíček, P. Makula, J. Bajer, Miloslav Svarc","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7778087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7778087","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is aimed at the analysis of possibilities of the implementation of the hyperbolic TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival) based system intended for aircraft navigation during the approach to landing phase of flight. For this purpose, conventional systems like ILS, MLS, GNSS, etc. are used today. Requirements on hyperbolic system were determined based on accuracy of actually utilized systems. The possibility to achieve these requirements was verified by simulation for LKPD Pardubice airport. The final section describes the configuration of the system together with proposed coded signals, which are starting point for initial real experiments.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129516843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7777992
G. Hunter
Trajectory predictors are core components of many air traffic applications. This includes cockpit, dispatch, flight planning, strategic fleet planning, air traffic control, traffic flow management, and aviation research applications. In all these different approaches, aircraft performance models are often required such as, for instance, drag polar aerodynamic data and maximum thrust propulsion data. For many applications these performance data may be required for a large number of different airframes and propulsion models. The emergence of new and non-traditional vehicle types, such as unmanned aerospace vehicles, further adds to and complicates this effort. Furthermore, the trajectory predictor software itself often is highly complicated. It has its own development and maintenance costs, and inevitably raises issues of portability, standardization and modeling consistency. Finally, two common drawbacks in typical trajectory predictors are that (i) they are deterministic and do not model the many uncertainties that impact flights in the national airspace system, and (ii) they often do not account for air traffic control constraints which flights are subjected to. Here I describe a Probabilistic Trajectory Constraint Modeler (PTM) that addresses these many issues, and stochastically models flight constraints and flight times. These outputs can be used by existing trajectory models or other decision support tools.
{"title":"A probabilistic trajectory constraint modeler","authors":"G. Hunter","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7777992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7777992","url":null,"abstract":"Trajectory predictors are core components of many air traffic applications. This includes cockpit, dispatch, flight planning, strategic fleet planning, air traffic control, traffic flow management, and aviation research applications. In all these different approaches, aircraft performance models are often required such as, for instance, drag polar aerodynamic data and maximum thrust propulsion data. For many applications these performance data may be required for a large number of different airframes and propulsion models. The emergence of new and non-traditional vehicle types, such as unmanned aerospace vehicles, further adds to and complicates this effort. Furthermore, the trajectory predictor software itself often is highly complicated. It has its own development and maintenance costs, and inevitably raises issues of portability, standardization and modeling consistency. Finally, two common drawbacks in typical trajectory predictors are that (i) they are deterministic and do not model the many uncertainties that impact flights in the national airspace system, and (ii) they often do not account for air traffic control constraints which flights are subjected to. Here I describe a Probabilistic Trajectory Constraint Modeler (PTM) that addresses these many issues, and stochastically models flight constraints and flight times. These outputs can be used by existing trajectory models or other decision support tools.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134006146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7778083
A. Gardi, M. Marino, S. Ramasamy, R. Sabatini, Trevor Kistan
This paper presents Multi Objective Trajectory Optimization (MOTO) algorithms that were developed for integration in state-of-the-art Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) systems. The MOTO algorithms are conceived for the automation-assisted replanning of 4-Dimensional Trajectories (4DT) when unforeseen perturbations arise at strategic and tactical online operational timeframes. The MOTO algorithms take into account updated weather and neighbouring traffic data, as well as the related forecasts from selected sources. Multiple user-defined operational, economic and environmental objectives can be integrated as necessary. Two different MOTO algorithms are developed for future implementation in ATM systems: an en-route variant and a Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) variant. In particular, the automated optimal 4DT replanning algorithm for en-route airspace operations is restricted to constant flight level to avoid violating the current vertical airspace structure. As such, the complexity of the generated trajectories reduces to 2 dimensions plus time (2D+T), which are optimally represented in the present 2D ATM display formats. Departing traffic operations will also significantly benefit from MOTO-4D by enabling steep/continuous climb operations with optimal throttle, reducing perceived noise and gaseous emissions.
{"title":"4-Dimensional trajectory optimisation algorithm for air traffic management systems","authors":"A. Gardi, M. Marino, S. Ramasamy, R. Sabatini, Trevor Kistan","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2016.7778083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2016.7778083","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents Multi Objective Trajectory Optimization (MOTO) algorithms that were developed for integration in state-of-the-art Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) systems. The MOTO algorithms are conceived for the automation-assisted replanning of 4-Dimensional Trajectories (4DT) when unforeseen perturbations arise at strategic and tactical online operational timeframes. The MOTO algorithms take into account updated weather and neighbouring traffic data, as well as the related forecasts from selected sources. Multiple user-defined operational, economic and environmental objectives can be integrated as necessary. Two different MOTO algorithms are developed for future implementation in ATM systems: an en-route variant and a Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) variant. In particular, the automated optimal 4DT replanning algorithm for en-route airspace operations is restricted to constant flight level to avoid violating the current vertical airspace structure. As such, the complexity of the generated trajectories reduces to 2 dimensions plus time (2D+T), which are optimally represented in the present 2D ATM display formats. Departing traffic operations will also significantly benefit from MOTO-4D by enabling steep/continuous climb operations with optimal throttle, reducing perceived noise and gaseous emissions.","PeriodicalId":340472,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"338 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116449368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2016.7778055
Guido Manfredi, Y. Jestin
According to a 2013 AUVSI report, delays in integrating Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS) could cost more than $10 billions a year for the United States alone. Worldwide regulatory bodies are under pressure by the UAS industry to accelerate the regulation process, but safety remains their main objective. One condition for the safe introduction of UAS in the NAS is for them to be equipped with a collision avoidance system. Though the existing Airborne Collision Avoidance System II (ACAS II) could have been an option, the transformations of air traffic management engaged through NextGen (US) and SESAR (Europe) led to the definition of a new ACAS based on new logics, namely ACAS X. Its definition contains in particular two variations : ACAS Xa, for large aircraft, and ACAS Xu, for unmanned aircraft. As noted in a 2014 RTCA annual report, divide in technological knowledge between those experienced in ACAS II and those involved in the development of ACAS X is a concern. To help preventing this divide we believe it is essential to keep the community updated with the latest evolutions of the ACAS X standards. As work on Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for ACAS Xu just started, it is of interest to know which parts of the MOPS are already decided, which remain flexible for the industries to make the difference and which are open research problems. Being a member of the ACAS X family, ACAS Xu lays on the same foundations as the well defined ACAS Xa standard. This work proposes an introduction to the ACAS Xa/Xu common basis, as it is unlikely to change, including the general architecture and Collision Avoidance (CA) logics. It is followed by a presentation of concepts specific to ACAS Xu such as the tailored threat logic, horizontal CA logic, CA coordination and automatic responses. For the flexible part, we believe it mainly concerns the surveillance sources. Instead of a precise standard, the regulation is likely to ask for requirements on the sensors capabilities. A state of the art of recent works allows proposing minimum sensor performances and focusing on an essential set of sensors. This work is concluded by presenting future challenges that need to be addressed to build a safe ACAS Xu baseline and to extend it to smaller and lower altitude UAS.
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