This study examines the mechanical and thermal performance of adobe masonry units built with highly chalky soils from the Champagne region (France), focusing on the effect of hydraulic lime content (0, 5, and 14 wt%) in mortar joints. Adobe and mortar samples were fabricated from 19th-century adobe barn soil and tested for their physical and structural properties. Results show that adding hydraulic lime improves wall performance by 37.3 %. However, this gain remains modest in absolute terms, and all mortars exceeded the 0.3 MPa minimum required for structural adobe walls. Lime also slightly reduces thermal conductivity, enhancing insulation. Digital image correlation revealed that lime delays crack formation and modifies failure patterns. Yet, a simplified life cycle analysis showed that 14 wt% lime increases global warming potential (GWP) by 479 %. The results suggest that for low-rise adobe structures, unstabilized mortar may offer a more sustainable alternative.
{"title":"Analysis of a chalky earthen masonry unit from the champagne region (France): Is it relevant to stabilize mortar with hydraulic lime?","authors":"Guillaume Polidori , Erwan Hamard , Adrien Aras-Gaudry , Céline Rousse , Fabien Beaumont , Sébastien Murer , Mohammed Lachi , Christophe Bliard , Fabien Bogard","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the mechanical and thermal performance of adobe masonry units built with highly chalky soils from the Champagne region (France), focusing on the effect of hydraulic lime content (0, 5, and 14 wt%) in mortar joints. Adobe and mortar samples were fabricated from 19th-century adobe barn soil and tested for their physical and structural properties. Results show that adding hydraulic lime improves wall performance by 37.3 %. However, this gain remains modest in absolute terms, and all mortars exceeded the 0.3 MPa minimum required for structural adobe walls. Lime also slightly reduces thermal conductivity, enhancing insulation. Digital image correlation revealed that lime delays crack formation and modifies failure patterns. Yet, a simplified life cycle analysis showed that 14 wt% lime increases global warming potential (GWP) by 479 %. The results suggest that for low-rise adobe structures, unstabilized mortar may offer a more sustainable alternative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100805
Xun Sha , Weichuan Zhang , Shengli Ren , Xiao-Yong Wang , Run-Sheng Lin
Lime mud (LM), a highly alkaline by-product from the paper industry, is usually disposed of by landfilling, causing environmental risks and resource waste. Previous attempts to use LM in cementitious materials often relied on calcination, which increases energy use and CO2 emissions, or direct blending, which leads to reduced strength and poor durability. To address these limitations, this study investigates the direct incorporation of uncalcined LM, alone or with slag, into cement-based materials (CBMs) subjected to carbonation curing. The hydration–carbonation behavior, pore structure, mechanical properties, and high-temperature resistance were comprehensively evaluated. The results show that LM provided nucleation sites and high alkalinity, accelerating CO2 uptake and enhancing early strength under carbonation curing. At 14 days, LM20 under carbonation curing reached a compressive strength of 52 MPa, 54 % higher than its normally cured counterpart. When combined with slag, the LM20A10 mixture achieved the best balance of strength and CO2 sequestration, showing a greater carbonation degree and a CO2 uptake exceeding 11 wt%. Multi-scale analyses (XRD, TG-IR, FTIR, SEM/TEM, MIP) confirmed the formation of N,C-A-S-H gels and CaCO3–SiO2 composites, which densified the matrix and linked microstructure with macroscopic performance. Furthermore, carbonation-cured specimens retained over 60 % of their compressive strength at 600 °C, whereas normally cured specimens showed severe degradation, indicating improved thermal resistance. This study demonstrates a sustainable strategy for LM valorization, integrating solid waste recycling, CO2 sequestration, and performance enhancement, thereby contributing to the development of low-carbon and durable construction materials.
{"title":"From waste to value: Enhancing strength and CO2 sequestration of cement composites with lime mud under carbonation curing","authors":"Xun Sha , Weichuan Zhang , Shengli Ren , Xiao-Yong Wang , Run-Sheng Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lime mud (LM), a highly alkaline by-product from the paper industry, is usually disposed of by landfilling, causing environmental risks and resource waste. Previous attempts to use LM in cementitious materials often relied on calcination, which increases energy use and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, or direct blending, which leads to reduced strength and poor durability. To address these limitations, this study investigates the direct incorporation of uncalcined LM, alone or with slag, into cement-based materials (CBMs) subjected to carbonation curing. The hydration–carbonation behavior, pore structure, mechanical properties, and high-temperature resistance were comprehensively evaluated. The results show that LM provided nucleation sites and high alkalinity, accelerating CO<sub>2</sub> uptake and enhancing early strength under carbonation curing. At 14 days, LM20 under carbonation curing reached a compressive strength of 52 MPa, 54 % higher than its normally cured counterpart. When combined with slag, the LM20A10 mixture achieved the best balance of strength and CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration, showing a greater carbonation degree and a CO<sub>2</sub> uptake exceeding 11 wt%. Multi-scale analyses (XRD, TG-IR, FTIR, SEM/TEM, MIP) confirmed the formation of N,C-A-S-H gels and CaCO<sub>3</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub> composites, which densified the matrix and linked microstructure with macroscopic performance. Furthermore, carbonation-cured specimens retained over 60 % of their compressive strength at 600 °C, whereas normally cured specimens showed severe degradation, indicating improved thermal resistance. This study demonstrates a sustainable strategy for LM valorization, integrating solid waste recycling, CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration, and performance enhancement, thereby contributing to the development of low-carbon and durable construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100805"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100797
Lin Chen , Lepeng Huang , Xiang Li , Zimeng Chen , Kok Sin Woon , Pow-Seng Yap , Jianmin Hua , Liang Dong , Jinbing Wang , Jingzhen Chen
Carbon emissions from building construction phase contribute 26.6 % of China's energy-related carbon emissions, yet their assessment remains a key scientific and engineering challenge. Existing systems depend on subjective weighting and linear assumptions, failing to capture the nonlinear relationship between resource inputs and emissions. This study establishes a data-driven sustainability assessment framework for green construction integrating emergy theory and machine learning. Based on data from 5110 buildings across 190 projects, six algorithms (DT, LightGBM, CatBoost, XGBoost, RF, ET) were used to build emergy–carbon emission regression models. The ET model achieved the best performance (R2 = 0.9714), effectively characterizing the nonlinear interactions between emergy inputs and emissions. Purchased and non-renewable emergy drive emissions, while renewable emergy mitigates them. The emergy sustainability index correlates strongly with emissions, serving as an objective evaluation metric. This framework connects emergy theory with empirical modeling, supporting a scientific basis and practical tool for low-carbon construction and policy standardization.
{"title":"Sustainability assessment on green construction using a novel analytical framework integrating machine learning and emergy analysis","authors":"Lin Chen , Lepeng Huang , Xiang Li , Zimeng Chen , Kok Sin Woon , Pow-Seng Yap , Jianmin Hua , Liang Dong , Jinbing Wang , Jingzhen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon emissions from building construction phase contribute 26.6 % of China's energy-related carbon emissions, yet their assessment remains a key scientific and engineering challenge. Existing systems depend on subjective weighting and linear assumptions, failing to capture the nonlinear relationship between resource inputs and emissions. This study establishes a data-driven sustainability assessment framework for green construction integrating emergy theory and machine learning. Based on data from 5110 buildings across 190 projects, six algorithms (DT, LightGBM, CatBoost, XGBoost, RF, ET) were used to build emergy–carbon emission regression models. The ET model achieved the best performance (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.9714), effectively characterizing the nonlinear interactions between emergy inputs and emissions. Purchased and non-renewable emergy drive emissions, while renewable emergy mitigates them. The emergy sustainability index correlates strongly with emissions, serving as an objective evaluation metric. This framework connects emergy theory with empirical modeling, supporting a scientific basis and practical tool for low-carbon construction and policy standardization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100797"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100793
Sophie H. Gruber , Manuel Bode , Thomas Marcher , Roman Lackner
Crewed missions to Mars will require the construction of habitable structures using locally available materials due to limited cargo capacity from Earth. Both sulfur and regolith are abundant on Mars and can be processed to sulfur-concrete via melting of sulfur. This article investigates thermal and mechanical properties of three sulfur-concrete mixtures containing either Mars regolith simulant or standard sand. With average temperatures of about -60 °C and approx. 1/3 of the gravity we experience on Earth, Mars poses new challenges to construction materials. Based on experiment data, a regolith covered sulfur-concrete cupola on Mars is modeled to investigate the impact of thermal load cases. These include internal heating to 290 K (17 °C) and exposure to a one-year Martian temperature cycle from outside. Results reveal the level of loading experienced by the cupola (utilization in tension, risk of material failure), offering insights into potential improvements of material/structural performance.
{"title":"Thermomechanical loading scenarios of habitat structures on Mars: Experimental material characterization and numerical assessment of sulfur-concrete constructions","authors":"Sophie H. Gruber , Manuel Bode , Thomas Marcher , Roman Lackner","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crewed missions to Mars will require the construction of habitable structures using locally available materials due to limited cargo capacity from Earth. Both sulfur and regolith are abundant on Mars and can be processed to sulfur-concrete via melting of sulfur. This article investigates thermal and mechanical properties of three sulfur-concrete mixtures containing either Mars regolith simulant or standard sand. With average temperatures of about -60<!--> <!-->°C and approx. 1/3 of the gravity we experience on Earth, Mars poses new challenges to construction materials. Based on experiment data, a regolith covered sulfur-concrete cupola on Mars is modeled to investigate the impact of thermal load cases. These include internal heating to 290<!--> <!-->K (<span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span>17<!--> <!-->°C) and exposure to a one-year Martian temperature cycle from outside. Results reveal the level of loading experienced by the cupola (utilization in tension, risk of material failure), offering insights into potential improvements of material/structural performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100793"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100787
Chun Sik Kim , Melaku N. Seifu , Seonhyeok Kim , Naru Kim , Joonho Seo , Jinman Kim , Solmoi Park
The composition of Portland cement clinker is crucial for determining the hydration and phase assemblages of blended cement systems incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). This study investigates the influence of cement clinker compositions on the degree of reaction of fly ash and slag, and the phase evolution in blended systems. Thermodynamic modelling was employed to calculate the mineralogical compositions of clinkers from simulated raw materials and phase assemblages of blended cements, while the reaction degrees of SCMs were predicted using a machine learning model. The results indicate that a C3S content of approximately 57 % is optimal, as it maintains sufficient portlandite availability for SCM dissolution. Fly ash showed greater dependency on portlandite availability, whereas slag exhibited higher intrinsic reactivity even at lower C3S levels. These results highlight the impact of clinker composition and SCM replacement levels on hydration products, providing insights for optimizing cement formulations from production to hydration.
{"title":"Thermodynamic optimization of Portland cement clinkers for designing SCM-blended cements","authors":"Chun Sik Kim , Melaku N. Seifu , Seonhyeok Kim , Naru Kim , Joonho Seo , Jinman Kim , Solmoi Park","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The composition of Portland cement clinker is crucial for determining the hydration and phase assemblages of blended cement systems incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). This study investigates the influence of cement clinker compositions on the degree of reaction of fly ash and slag, and the phase evolution in blended systems. Thermodynamic modelling was employed to calculate the mineralogical compositions of clinkers from simulated raw materials and phase assemblages of blended cements, while the reaction degrees of SCMs were predicted using a machine learning model. The results indicate that a C<sub>3</sub>S content of approximately 57 % is optimal, as it maintains sufficient portlandite availability for SCM dissolution. Fly ash showed greater dependency on portlandite availability, whereas slag exhibited higher intrinsic reactivity even at lower C<sub>3</sub>S levels. These results highlight the impact of clinker composition and SCM replacement levels on hydration products, providing insights for optimizing cement formulations from production to hydration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100787"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100819
Meng Du , Yinuo Zhang , Xinyue Zhang , Zihan Tang , Meiheng Zhai , Bo Hong
Underground environments without light wells or skylights lack a connection to the natural outdoors, heightening stress and mental fatigue, jeopardizing health and productivity. While green walls are established restorative agents, the contribution of floral colour to underground stress recovery remains unclear. Ninety-six adults completed baseline and stress-induction phases before immersive exposure—via virtual reality—to yellow-floral, white-floral, red-floral or green walls. Multi-modal assessment integrated self-reports, cardiovascular metrics and cognitive tasks. Relative to the stressor phase, all scenes reduced negative affect and elevated perceived restoration, with yellow-floral and red-floral walls additionally increasing positive affect above baseline. Red-floral wall uniquely maximised vagal reactivation (largest root mean square of successive differences gain, steepest stress-index decline), indicating superior autonomic recovery. Green wall expedited information processing, whereas yellow-floral wall optimised working-memory capacity. These findings elucidate colour-specific pathways by which floral stimuli mitigate underground stress and inform evidence-based chromatic interventions for subterranean design.
{"title":"Floral walls versus green wall for stress recovery and cognitive restoration in underground environments: A VR-based experimental study","authors":"Meng Du , Yinuo Zhang , Xinyue Zhang , Zihan Tang , Meiheng Zhai , Bo Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underground environments without light wells or skylights lack a connection to the natural outdoors, heightening stress and mental fatigue, jeopardizing health and productivity. While green walls are established restorative agents, the contribution of floral colour to underground stress recovery remains unclear. Ninety-six adults completed baseline and stress-induction phases before immersive exposure—via virtual reality—to yellow-floral, white-floral, red-floral or green walls. Multi-modal assessment integrated self-reports, cardiovascular metrics and cognitive tasks. Relative to the stressor phase, all scenes reduced negative affect and elevated perceived restoration, with yellow-floral and red-floral walls additionally increasing positive affect above baseline. Red-floral wall uniquely maximised vagal reactivation (largest root mean square of successive differences gain, steepest stress-index decline), indicating superior autonomic recovery. Green wall expedited information processing, whereas yellow-floral wall optimised working-memory capacity. These findings elucidate colour-specific pathways by which floral stimuli mitigate underground stress and inform evidence-based chromatic interventions for subterranean design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100819"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100788
Bo Yu , Zhaoyang Qiu , Vivian W.Y. Tam , Jian Zuo , Jiayuan Wang , Yifu Ou , Huanyu Wu , Zhikang Bao
Due to the negative externalities associated with construction and demolition waste (C&DW) landfilling, such facilities often face strong public opposition, commonly referred to as the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) effect. Ecological compensation, a market-based mechanism that internalizes environmental externalities by offering economic incentives to affected stakeholders, has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate NIMBY-related resistance. A critical aspect of implementing ecological compensation is identifying methods that are publicly acceptable, thereby addressing the question of “how to compensate.” This study aims to explore compensation approaches that are both suitable for C&DW landfilling and acceptable to local communities. A comprehensive literature review was first conducted to summarize existing ecological compensation mechanisms and identify those most applicable to C&DW landfilling. Using Shenzhen, China, as a case study, public preferences regarding different compensation methods were examined through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings explicitly reveal that financial compensation is the most preferred option among the public, followed by project-based compensation, with policy-related compensation being the least preferred. Specifically, the public prefers to receive financial compensation as a lump-sum bank transfer before landfill operations, favors local village collectives managing landfills with annual profit distribution for project-based compensation, and prioritizes housing expropriation and compensation policies for policy-related compensation. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights for the development of scientifically grounded and socially acceptable ecological compensation strategies in the context of C&DW landfilling.
{"title":"Public willingness to accept ecological compensation methods for construction and demolition waste landfilling","authors":"Bo Yu , Zhaoyang Qiu , Vivian W.Y. Tam , Jian Zuo , Jiayuan Wang , Yifu Ou , Huanyu Wu , Zhikang Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the negative externalities associated with construction and demolition waste (C&DW) landfilling, such facilities often face strong public opposition, commonly referred to as the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) effect. Ecological compensation, a market-based mechanism that internalizes environmental externalities by offering economic incentives to affected stakeholders, has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate NIMBY-related resistance. A critical aspect of implementing ecological compensation is identifying methods that are publicly acceptable, thereby addressing the question of “how to compensate.” This study aims to explore compensation approaches that are both suitable for C&DW landfilling and acceptable to local communities. A comprehensive literature review was first conducted to summarize existing ecological compensation mechanisms and identify those most applicable to C&DW landfilling. Using Shenzhen, China, as a case study, public preferences regarding different compensation methods were examined through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings explicitly reveal that financial compensation is the most preferred option among the public, followed by project-based compensation, with policy-related compensation being the least preferred. Specifically, the public prefers to receive financial compensation as a lump-sum bank transfer before landfill operations, favors local village collectives managing landfills with annual profit distribution for project-based compensation, and prioritizes housing expropriation and compensation policies for policy-related compensation. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights for the development of scientifically grounded and socially acceptable ecological compensation strategies in the context of C&DW landfilling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100788"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100784
Sunnie Haam , Hyunseok Kim , Mintaek Yoo , Woo Seung Song
This study examines the optimal additional pathways to reduce the maximum evacuation time using Dijkstra's algorithm, targeting a deep underground station structure in Seoul. The reduction rates in the maximum evacuation time were evaluated across seven cases, including baseline scenarios without additional pathways. Pedestrian speed was adjusted by applying a crowd density-based reduction factor. The maximum evacuation time was 590 s without the additional pathways and 369 s when additional pathways were implemented on floors B2 and B1, representing a 37.5 % reduction. The most significant reduction occurred when pathways were simultaneously added on B6 and B1, as well as B2 and B1, resulting in a maximum evacuation time of 340 s, a 42.4 % decrease compared with the baseline scenario. These findings underscore the importance of constructing additional pathways to ensure occupants can evacuate within the 6-min golden time specified by the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport.
{"title":"Optimal additional evacuation route analysis in deep underground station structures using Dijkstra's algorithm","authors":"Sunnie Haam , Hyunseok Kim , Mintaek Yoo , Woo Seung Song","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the optimal additional pathways to reduce the maximum evacuation time using Dijkstra's algorithm, targeting a deep underground station structure in Seoul. The reduction rates in the maximum evacuation time were evaluated across seven cases, including baseline scenarios without additional pathways. Pedestrian speed was adjusted by applying a crowd density-based reduction factor. The maximum evacuation time was 590 s without the additional pathways and 369 s when additional pathways were implemented on floors B2 and B1, representing a 37.5 % reduction. The most significant reduction occurred when pathways were simultaneously added on B6 and B1, as well as B2 and B1, resulting in a maximum evacuation time of 340 s, a 42.4 % decrease compared with the baseline scenario. These findings underscore the importance of constructing additional pathways to ensure occupants can evacuate within the 6-min golden time specified by the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100784"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100816
Shuying Wang , Xiangcou Zheng , Zhunlin Ni , Cong Zhang , Junsheng Yang , Xiangsheng Chen
The conventional method of preparing synchronous grouting with shield muck usually involves using cement as main binder. However, to enhance environmental sustainability of reusing shield muck in synchronous grouting, developing alternative binders is crucial. Based on the principles of geopolymerisation, this study uses shield muck as the main raw material and mixes it with sand. It incorporates ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a precursor and uses sodium sulfate and hydrated lime serving as activators to develop a new grouting material. Experimental results indicate that the consistency, fluidity, and moisture content of the grout decrease over time. Notably, both consistency and fluidity exhibit pronounced changes in their variation rates at the setting time, with opposite trends observed before and after this point. Additionally, the bleeding rate and bulk shrinkage rate, as well as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), increase with time. The bleeding rate stabilises once the setting time is reached, while the bulk shrinkage rate stabilises after three days. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses reveal the solidification mechanism of the new grouting material. The superior strength of the new grouting material is attributed to differences in hydration processes and the types of products formed. The excellent performance of the newly developed material, with an optimal proportion of 140 % moisture, 100 % GGBS, and 230 % sand, is confirmed by comparing it with traditional grouting materials on site at Nanjing Metro Line 6, and both its economic and environmental benefits in practical application are assessed.
{"title":"Mechanical performance and solidification mechanism of synchronous grouting materials from the reuse of geopolymer-modified shield tunnel muck","authors":"Shuying Wang , Xiangcou Zheng , Zhunlin Ni , Cong Zhang , Junsheng Yang , Xiangsheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conventional method of preparing synchronous grouting with shield muck usually involves using cement as main binder. However, to enhance environmental sustainability of reusing shield muck in synchronous grouting, developing alternative binders is crucial. Based on the principles of geopolymerisation, this study uses shield muck as the main raw material and mixes it with sand. It incorporates ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a precursor and uses sodium sulfate and hydrated lime serving as activators to develop a new grouting material. Experimental results indicate that the consistency, fluidity, and moisture content of the grout decrease over time. Notably, both consistency and fluidity exhibit pronounced changes in their variation rates at the setting time, with opposite trends observed before and after this point. Additionally, the bleeding rate and bulk shrinkage rate, as well as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), increase with time. The bleeding rate stabilises once the setting time is reached, while the bulk shrinkage rate stabilises after three days. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses reveal the solidification mechanism of the new grouting material. The superior strength of the new grouting material is attributed to differences in hydration processes and the types of products formed. The excellent performance of the newly developed material, with an optimal proportion of 140 % moisture, 100 % GGBS, and 230 % sand, is confirmed by comparing it with traditional grouting materials on site at Nanjing Metro Line 6, and both its economic and environmental benefits in practical application are assessed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100816"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100770
Kun Wang , Tianhao Shen , Jinlong Liu , Shiqi Wang , Xu Bao , Jingyu Wei , Weicheng Hu , Lei Xu
In dense urban environments, wind-induced interference effects introduce significant uncertainties in predicting aerodynamic forces on high-rise buildings. Conventional methods such as wind tunnel tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) suffer from high cost and long runtime, while multivariate regression analysis (MRA) lacks the ability to capture nonlinear couplings, and black-box models (e.g., CatBoost) fail to ensure physical consistency. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a KM-KAN-SR framework that integrates Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KAN) with K-means clustering (KM) and symbolic regression (SR) to derive explicit aerodynamic force formulas. Benchmarking results highlight the superior performance of KM-KAN-SR. Specifically, KM-KAN-SR achieved R2 values of 0.931 and 0.961 for CFx_mean and CFy_mean, respectively, significantly higher than those of CFD (0.830 and 0.795) and MRA (0.849 and 0.532). Moreover, the expressions derived by KM-KAN-SR are on average 50 % less complex than those of conventional KAN-SR and remain concise and interpretable. In terms of efficiency, KM-KAN-SR generates predictions within milliseconds, whereas CFD requires millions of grid cells and hours of computation under large-eddy simulation. Sensitivity analyses further reveal that KM-KAN-SR preserves smooth, physically consistent aerodynamic trends, unlike CatBoost which exhibits step-like discontinuities. Overall, the KM-KAN-SR framework demonstrates high predictive accuracy, low formula complexity, strong physical consistency, and orders-of-magnitude faster computation, providing a robust and interpretable tool for wind-resistant design of high-rise buildings.
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